Technologies coping with global T h l i i ith l b l and local - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

International Conference on Science and Technology for Sustainability 2009 Global Food Security and Sustainability Global Food Security and Sustainability September 17 and 18, 2009 Science Council of Japan

T h l i i ith l b l Technologies coping with global and local environmental issues and local environmental issues related to livestock development

M ki Shib t Masaki Shibata Institute of Livestock Industry’s Environmental Technology, Livestock Industry’s Environmental Improvement Organization, y p g , Japan

Increase in the demand of livestock products in developing countries:

N t iti l b fit t th l

• Nutritional benefits to the people
• Provision of income and increase in economic

t bilit stability

• Rapid expansion of livestock development likely

p p p y causes global and local environmental problems Current developments of technologies to solve such Current developments of technologies to solve such problems based on the Japanese experience

• Use of food waste for animal feed

Use of food waste for animal feed

• Development of technologies on animal waste

treatment

• Development of technology on climate change

Use of food waste for animal feed

Economical and Ecological feed

“Ecofeed”

Traditional but new technology

Industrial Food Waste (11 illi t ) Environmental burden Incineration (11 million ton) Incineration Landfill (40%) (40%) Use as feed (21%) Use as feed (21%) Compost (22%) (22%)

Promotion of the use as feed !! Promotion of the use as feed !!

Background

• Self-sufficiency of food 41% (Feed 26%) (2009)

– Corn import 12 million ton per year y

• Food Waste Recycling Law enforced (2001, revised

2007)

– Ecofeed as first priority

• BSE incidence and Amendment of Feed Safety Law

(2001) (2001)

– Food waste can be fed to swine and poulrty No animal materials for ruminants – No animal materials for ruminants

• Council for improving self-sufficiency of feed (2005）

Feed self sufficiency 24% → 35% – Feed self-sufficiency 24% → 35% – Concentrate feed self-sufficiency 10% → 14% – Producing ecofeed from food waste Producing ecofeed from food waste

• 2.5 million ton → 5.1 million ton

Processing of food waste for ecofeed

Distribution Distribution

Wide area Small area

Dehydration Silage Liquid feeding

Fermented Liquid feeding system

Food industry Soup center Pig farm Food industry Collection and formulation Feed Preparation

Heat treatment

Feeding system Soup center Pig farm formulation

Nutritive value Feed formulation Heat treatment Use of organic acid Inoculation of lactic acid bacteria Inc bation

system

Feeding system Effect of animals Incubation Nutritive value

Integration of Feed Producing Technology

Fermented liquid feeding High moisture materials Soft grains Rice and wheat Shochu (distiller’s) residue Cheese whey & milk Corn cob mix Cheese whey & milk Vegitables residue Bi th l id Bio-ethanol residue

Structural reform of feed producing capacity feed producing capacity

Animal production and environment

NH

p

NH3 N2O CH4 CO2

2

CO2 NO3 W t N CH4 NH3 Buffer

Hojito 2008

Water N purification CO2

4

Diversity Buffer zone

Introduction of the Vacuum Aeration System ( VAS ) Introduction of the Vacuum Aeration System ( VAS )

Positive Pressure Aeration (Conventional)

14.4％(N)

High Ammonia Gas Emission!

Positive Pressure Aeration (Conventional)

Air 85.6％(N) Now on researching about the utilization of the liquid fertilizer and thermal energy in greenhouse. ( )

Vacuum Aeration

<3 5％(N)

Reduction of

Chemical Scrubber g ee

• use

<3.5％(N)

High concentration ammonia gas is scrubbed, and recovered as liquid fertilizer. Reduction of the Ammonia Gas Emission

77.4％(N)

Liquid Thermal energy & CO2 q fertilizer

19.1％(N)

Abe et al. 2008

VAS Pilot Plant

Semi-open Vessel with Automatic Compost Turner Semi-open Vessel with Automatic Compost Turner Chemical Scrubber Chemical Scrubber Greenhouse Greenhouse

1) Organic matter decomposition is accelerated and thermophilic phase is finish within 4 weeks. 2) Ammonia gas emission from the surface of the pile is reduced to 1 10% 2) Ammonia gas emission from the surface of the pile is reduced to 1 - 10%. 3) 0.94kg of nitrogen is recovered from 1 ton of dairy cow feces by the chemical scrubber. 4) 2 95×105 kcal of thermal energy (estimated 23 8 L of kerosene in calories) is 4) 2.95×105 kcal of thermal energy (estimated 23.8 L of kerosene in calories) is generated from 1 ton of feces. 5) CO2 gas is supplied continuously to the greenhouse.

Summary of the technology for phosphate removal and recovery from swine wastewater from swine wastewater

MAP : Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate

Phosphate recovery from swine wastewater

Suzuki et al., 2008

Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB）Reactor

Biogas UASB Reactor Biogas Effluent Biogas Granule Granule Granule layer Waste water

A granule of anaerobic g bacteria, including high concentration of methanogenic bacteria. (2~4 mm in diameter) Tanaka & Suzuki, 2004 Tanaka & Suzuki, 2004

Napier grass production under various application rates of cattle feces (Matsuo et al 2001) rates of cattle feces (Matsuo et al. 2001)

• Development of sustainable agriculture in Northeast Thailand (JIRCAS)-

Site: Khon Kaen Animal Nutrition Research Center, Khon Kaen, Northeast Thailand

Comparison of soil fertility between Thailand and Japan

Crops: Napiergrass

p Northeast Japan Thailand Total Carbon (g C / kg soil) 3.6 32.7

Fertilizer application: Dried cattle feces: 100 kg N/ha

Total Nitrogen (g N / kg soil) 0.31 2.75 Available Phosphorus (mg P / kg soil) 19 83

Dried cattle feces: 200 kg N/ha Dried cattle feces: 350 kg N/ha Dried cattle feces: 500 kg N/ha

( g g )

Dried cattle feces: 500 kg N/ha Chemical: 0-150-150 kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha Chemical: 150-150-150 kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha Chemical: 150 150 150 kg N P2O5 K2O/ha DCF: 200 kg N/ha + AS: 80 kg N/ha

6.0

35

Napier Production (DM t/ha) Total Carbon in Soil (g C / kg soil)

4.0 5.0 6.0

20 25 30 1st year (2000) 2nd year (2001)

1 0 2.0 3.0

10 15 20

0.0 1.0

5

Soil pH Total Nitrogen in Soil (g N / kg soil)

6.5 7.0 7.5 0.4 0.5

Soil pH Total Nitrogen in Soil (g N / kg soil)

5 0 5.5 6.0 6 5 0.1 0.2 0.3 4.5 5.0 0.0

100N 200N 350N 500N 0N‐ 150N‐ 200N Dried Dried Dried Dried 150P‐ 150P‐ Dried 100N 200N 350N 500N 0N‐ 150N‐ 200N Dried Dried Dried Dried 150P‐ 150P‐ Dried Dried Dried Dried Dried 150P‐ 150P‐ Dried cattle cattle cattle cattle 150K 150K cattle feces feces feces feces Chemical Chemical feces +80N Chemical Dried Dried Dried Dried 150P 150P Dried cattle cattle cattle cattle 150K 150K cattle feces feces feces feces Chemical Chemical feces +80N Chemical

Crop Crop-Animal Integration Animal Integration Crop Crop-Animal Integration Animal Integration

Animal waste: precious resource Animal waste: precious resource Improvement of soil fertility Improvement of soil fertility Improvement of soil fertility Improvement of soil fertility Improvement of crop Improvement of crop-

• animal production and

animal production and its sustainability its sustainability ts susta ab ty ts susta ab ty

Improvement of farmer’s income Improvement of farmer’s income

Research issues of global warming in animal production

Methane(CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are potential greenhouse gases produced from animal production system.

• 1. Development of the technology to

estimate CH4 emission from ruminant

In the Kyoto Protocol (1997),

• ur country promises

greenhouse gas 6% reduction.

150 200 250

estimate CH4 emission from ruminant accurately and to reduce the amounts

• f the gases emitted from animal

production

50 100

production.

• 2. Development of the technology to

estimate greenhouse gas emission f i l t t t t from animal waste treatment

• 3. Evaluation of the effect of increase in

ambient temperature on animal production

Agriculture is main methane gas source. Mikaloff Fletcher et al., 2004

Spatial distribution of the declining degree of broiler meat production in current and 2060’s August

Current 2060’s

meat production in current and 2060 s August.

15 Decline degree(%) 5 15 By the combination of the database of “Climate Change Mesh Data (Japan)” and the data on the relation between ambient temperature and meat production the data on the relation between ambient temperature and meat production, geographical differences of the climate change on meat production in Japan were

• examined. (Yamazaki et al. 2006)

Research for control of greenhouse gas emission Methane reduction by improvement of productivity

60 70 L/kg)

6000 7000 DG

30 40 50 p er FCM yield (L

Y=8.19+300/FCM r=0.82

y = 273.77x-0.8435 R2 = 0.9396

3000 4000 5000 ssion per (L/kg)

10 20 30 CH 4 emission

1000 2000 3000 CH4 emis (

(a)

10 20 30 40 FCM yield (kg)

(b) 0.00 0.50 1.00 DG (kg/day) Terada et al 1997 Kurihara et al 1997 Terada et al., 1997 Kurihara et al., 1997

(a) CH4 emission per kg fat corrected milk(FCM) (b) CH4 emission per kg daily gain (DG) The relationship between productivity and methane (CH4) emission ( ) g ( )

Methane Reduction by feeding management

Feeding calcium salts of fatty acid Feeding sweet potato

Feed intake (kg/day) ( g y)

Hay Sweet potato DM intake 6.9 8.6 Hay 6.9 3.1

50 60 FCM

y Sweet potato

• 5.5

30 40 50 roduction/F L/kg)

Cost analysis of feeding calcium salts

• f fatty acid to beef cattle (Yen)

10 20 Methane pr (L Hay Sweet potato

Methane production per fat-corrected-milk (FCM) yield

Control Experiment Difference Feed cost 86035 119841 33806 Carcass price 482820 517400 34580

(FCM) yield Shiba et al., 2003 Shioya et al., 2001

Collaboration between JIRCAS & Dept. Livestock Development of Thailand

Establishment of a Feeding Standard of Beef Cattle and g a Feed Database for the Indochinese Peninsula

Heat

Distribution of gross energy consumed

Feces 30-50% Methane 6-10% Feed 100% Feces 30-40% Body tissue (-10)-10% Urine 3-5%

Measurement system of green house gas from animal waste treatment from animal waste treatment

From slurry storage From slurry storage From composting

• w

Draw by Draw by inverter inverter-

• tical air flo

controlled controlled blower. blower. Vert Fresh air was introduced and Fresh air was introduced and exhaust gas was removed through exhaust gas was removed through tl t l d t f th tl t l d t f th an outlet placed on top of the an outlet placed on top of the chamber chamber

Gas monitor Gas monitor Gas monitor Gas monitor

National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Hokkaido Animal Research Center, Okayama Prefectural Center for Animal Husbandry & Research, and Kumamoto Prefectural agricultural Research Center

Reduction of GHG from animal waste treatment

• CH4 & N2O emission can be reduced by decreasing

moisture content of the pile manure (Osada et al., 2005) .

Moisture 81% Moisture 75% Moisture 81% Moisture 75%

• CH4 and N2O emission from composting can be lowered by

strong forced aeration (Osada & Kuroda, 2000).

• N2O emission from wastewater treatment can be reduced

with Intermittent aeration (Osada, 2003).

Conclusion

• Importance of resource-recycling type animal production

The use of locally available feed resources – The use of locally available feed resources – Upgrading of animal waste treatment and its recycle use Transfer of technologies to developing countries

• Transfer of technologies to developing countries

– Modification of technologies suit to the field I t f ll b ti h t i bl i l

• Importance of collaborative research on sustainable animal

production R li i l d ti – Resource-recycling animal production – Technological development for the mitigation of global i warming

We are sharing common risk g Transboundary problems to be solved