Tax Reform in Vermont: Final Report Caucus Presentation Blue Ribbon Tax Structure Commission January 18, 2011
Commission’s Report
Guiding Principles • Fairness, Actual and Perceived • Tax Neutrality • Economic Competitiveness • Sustainability • Simplicity • Executive and Legislative Accountability to Tax Payers • Transparency • Revenue Neutrality and Interoperability
Commission Findings
Commission Findings • Is conventional wisdom wrong? ▫ Certainly more complicated than tax debate or discourse suggest. ▫ Findings address six common tax debates comparing perception and reality.
Commission Findings: Perception Versus Reality Conventional Wisdom Commission Finding
Commission Findings: Perception Versus Reality Conventional Wisdom Commission Finding
Finding 1: Do All Vermonters Pay Their Fair Share? Yes. • Fair share argument is based on fact that 60% of Vermont’s income tax is paid by top 11% of earners. ▫ Argument ignores rising income inequality. ▫ Argument ignores total tax contribution of each taxpayer.
Total Tax Contribution: Vermont
Tax Contribution: New Hampshire
Finding 2: Vermont’s Tax Base Promotes High Marginal Rates and Lower Effective Rates • Vermont is out of step with most states regarding choice of tax base. • Taxes smaller base and leaves deduction choices largely to federal government. • Creates gap between marginal and effective rates.
Vermont’s Tax Base: Not an Apples to Apples Comparison • New Hampshire • Connecticut (AGI + No Itemized ▫ No Income Tax Deductions) ▫ 3.5% $0-$10,000 • Rhode Island (AGI + No ▫ 5% $10,001-$500k itemized Deductions) ▫ 6.5% $500k+ ▫ 3.75% $0-$55,000 ▫ 4.75% $55,001 - $125k • Maine (AGI + Capped Itemized ▫ 5.99% $125,001+ Deductions) ▫ 2% $0-$4,850 • Vermont (TI + Permissive ▫ 4.5% $4,851-$9700 Deductions) ▫ 7% $9,700-$19,450 • 3.55%: Under $54,399 ▫ 8.5% $19,451+ • 7.00% : $54,400 -$131,450 • 8.00%: $131,450 – $200,300 • Massachusetts (AGI + No • 8.90% : $200,300 – $357,700 itemized Deductions) • 8.95%: Above $357,700 ▫ Flat 5.3%
Effective Vermont Personal Income Tax Rate 0.04 32 Year Average = 3.08% 0.035 e m o c 0.03 sIn s o r dG 0.025 te s ju d /A 0.02 x a eT m o c 0.015 tIn n o m r e 0.01 V 0.005 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 Source: Vermont Department of Taxes
Finding 3: New Hampshire is Only One Factor Impacting Sales Tax Base • Economy focused on services not goods, opposite of the sales tax. • Internet and remote sales reduce sales tax collection by $35- $40 million annually.
Taxation of Services • Mainstream approach to taxing services. • Every service taxed in Vermont is taxed in at least 23 other states. Also, Vermont exempts only six services from taxation that are taxed by a majority of states. Tuxedo Rental Commercial Linen Supply Tire Repair Overnight Trailer Park Fees Service Contracts Sold at the Time of Sale of Tangible Personal Property Welding Labor
Finding 4: Tax Expenditures Form a Shadow Budget of >$1 Billion • Tax expenditures, are an exception to the normal rules of the tax structure that take many forms, including “permanent exclusions from income, deductions, deferrals of tax liabilities, credits against tax, or special rates.” • These policy preferences provide preferential treatment for a particular industry, activity, or class or persons, and they are found throughout the personal income tax, corporate income tax, consumption taxes, and the property tax.
Pass Through Tax Policy Vetted Through Budget Process
Residential Fuel: Hard Choices in Tax Expenditure Policy • The tax expenditure may be duplicative. ▫ Vermont administers the Low-Income Heating Assistance Program (LIHEAP) which will allocate $15.1 million helping Vermonters of modest means with heating fuel this winter. • The tax expenditure is not targeted or means tested. ▫ The tax expenditure for residential fuel is available to all Vermonters regardless of income level. This drives up the cost of the expenditure without furthering the policy’s goal. • The tax expenditure may contradict other policy choices. ▫ Vermont is investing in green policies, but this tax expenditure subsidizes fossil fuels by more than $50 million.
Finding 5: Data Does Not Support Claims of Tax Flight • On average, tax filers moving to Vermont earn 18% more than tax filers moving out • Data demonstrates that Vermont’s “high income” population is defined by events rather than annual income ▫ Should you design a tax code around 200 filers?
High Income Earners or Events?
High Income Earners or Events?
Perception 6: The Statewide Education Property Tax • Two Perception Issues ▫ No agreement on whether the tax should be more income based or property based. ▫ Taxpayers who pay based on income and taxpayers who pay based on property both think that the other side has a better deal. They’re both right.
The Equity Double Bind • Taxpayers with an income <$90,000. ▫ Income sensitivity and rebate programs are a better deal than paying full amount of educational property taxes; however, they are still regressive taxes. (Lower income Vermonters pay more of their income for education than households with higher income.) • Taxpayers with an income >$90,000. ▫ Current system may be better than paying based on income; however, property tax rates are pushed higher due to income sensitivity and circuit breaker. • Move toward either point of view involves major tax shift and equity/competitiveness issues.
Recommendation 1 Restructure Personal Income Tax • Addresses perception issue of high rates while substantially maintaining equity of the system. • Local Control: AGI base means Vermont reasserts control over deduction based policy choices. • Competitiveness: AGI Base means apples to apples comparison with majority of states and opportunity to broaden base and lower rates. • Simplicity: AGI base, elimination of deductions, and addition of credit make code more simple.
Personal Income Tax Reform • Move to AGI base • Eliminate all deductions and exemptions • Replace with a limited credit for residents only • $350 per filer, $150 per exemption, $800 max credit • Credit available until income level of $125,000 AGI. • Fewer Brackets and Lower and Flatter Rates Adjusted Gross Income Rates Over But Not Over $ 0 $50,000 3.00% $ 50,000 $ 150,000 4.50% > $ 150,000 6.95%
Recommendation 2 Broaden the Sales Tax Base • Addresses perception problem that all sales tax roads lead to New Hampshire. • Sustainability: broaden tax base to reflect 21 st century with consumer services and most goods. Only exceptions to rule are Food, RX, and some education and health services. • Competitiveness: Opportunity to lower sales tax rate to at least 4.5% • Neutrality: move aggressively to tax internet sales to keep parity for brick and mortar stores. • Transparency: Eliminate sale tax expenditure on soda.
Recommendation 3 Enhance Scrutiny of Tax Expenditures • Addresses perception issue that only budget has substantial spending choices. • Accountability: legislative intent would help public measure effectiveness of policy choices. • Transparency: spending in budget and tax code deserve similar scrutiny. • Competitiveness: substantial opportunity to broaden base if legislature reviews, sunsets, and eliminates tax expenditures.
Recommendation 4 Invest in Tax Policy Resources • Tax incidence study would demystify public discourse on taxes and provide policymakers with a powerful tool to assess the intent and impact of tax policy changes.
How to Think about Tax Reform • Tax system is a collection of certain broad rules. ▫ These rules have many, many policy exceptions. • These policy choices create perception problems for Vermont’s tax system and tax discourse. • Broad rules with few exceptions push rates down. ▫ Tax system is simple, competitive, and straightforward to explain/defend. • Exceptions within the code drive rates up. ▫ Exceptions tend to create complexity, economic distortions, and make system difficult to defend.
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