[PPT] - TAR GUIDELINE A STA N D A R D METH O D FOR SA MPLING AN D AN ALYSIS PowerPoint Presentation

SLIDE 1

TAR GUIDELINE

A STA N D A R D METH O D FOR SA MPLING AN D AN ALYSIS OF TARS A N D PARTICLES IN BIOM A SS PRO D U CER G ASES

J .P .A . Nee f t(ECN / Novem) , S .V . B. van Paasen (ECN) , H.A .M. Knoe f and G . J . Bu f f i nga ( BTG) , U . Z i e l ke ( DTI ) , K. S jös t röm and C. B rage (KTH) , P . Has l e r(Ve renum) , P .A . S ime l land M. Suoma la inen (VTT) , M.A . Dor r i ng ton and L . Thomas ( EMC) Sponso red by

SLIDE 2

Conten t s

A

im o f th i s p r esen ta t i

n
In

t roduc t i

n
Out

l i ne

f

t he Gu ide l i ne

Def

i n i t i

n
f

t a r

Use

i n p rac t i c e and s tanda r d i sa t i

n
Conc

lus i

ns

and acknow ledgement

Di

scuss i

n

SLIDE 3

Aim of t his p resen ta t ion

1 .Presen t p roj e c t “Ta r P r

toco

l ” 2 .S ta r t d i s cus s i

n
n

ques t i

ns

‘ do we have to de f i n e the word “ t a r ” ? ’ ‘ do we need a P ro toco l , Gu ide l i n e

r

S tanda rd ? ’ Discuss i

ns w

i l l con t i n ue ton igh t i n Expe r t Meet i ng (19 .00

22

.00 , same room) Resu l t s w i l l be p resen t ed i n Sess i

n

O2J (F r i day morn ing , 10 .00

11

.00 )

SLIDE 4

In t roduc t ion

P

ro je c t “Tar Pro toco l”

Pro jec t was execu ted by 17 pa r tne r s f r

m

Europe and No r th

Amer

i ca :

BTG The Ne t he r l ands ECN The Ne t he r l ands Ve r e num Swi t z e r l and VTT Fi nl and CRE Uni t e d Ki ngdom DTI De nm a r k K TH Swe de n NREL USA Ener ke m Ca na da TUV Aus t r i a UCL Bel gi um NTUA Gr e e c e UCM Spa i n CI RAD Fr anc e Lur gi Ge r many

Cont r ac t

r

s Re vi e we r s

TPS Swe de n FW EO Y Fi nl and

SLIDE 5

In t roduc t ion

P

ro je c t “Tar Pro toco l”

A im o f the p r

jec

t i s t

:

(1 ) Deve lop a Gu ide l i ne :

Desc

r i b i ng necessa ry equ ipment and p rocedures f

r

samp l i ng

,

pos t

s

amp l i ng

and

ana l y s i s

f

t a r s

Su

i t ab l e fo r measu rement

f

t a r s a t a l l r e l evan t cond i t i

ns

(0

9

00°C; .9

60

ba r s ) and concen t r a t i

ns

(1 mg/m3

n - 100

g/m3

n)

S

imu l taneous measurement

f

par t i c l e s and soot

(2 ) D i s sem ina te the Gu idel i ne t

become

a wor ld

w

ide accep ted s tanda rd measu rement method

SLIDE 6

In t roduc t ion

P

ro je c t “Tar Pro toco l”

We renamed the P ro toco l i n to “Gu ide l i ne ” as : Pro toco l = Outcome of two Work i ng Groups (1998) Guide l ine = Method to be recom m ended and bas i s f

r

compar i son , no th ing mor e and no t h ing l e s s ( s e e l a t e r ) Standard = Method to be app roved by ce r t i f i ca t i

n

i n s t i t u te ( e . g . CEN) .

SLIDE 7

Out l ine

f

the Guide l ine

The Gu ide l i ne i s a modu la r me thod :

Vol um e f l

w

m e t e r Pum p Pa r t i c l e f i l t e r ( he a t e d)

T P

Li qui d c i r c ul a t i

n

pum p Pr

be
Fl
w

i ndi c a t

r

Pi t

t

t ube s

Ba

c kup a ds

r

be r Ga s wa s hi ng bot t l e s

1 2 3 4 5 6

W a t e r ba t h Sa l t a nd i c e ba t h ( T = 20 ° C) ( T =

20

° C)

Li

qui d que nc h

SLIDE 8

Out l ine

f

the Guide l ine

F igu re

f

s amp l i ng t r a i n

SLIDE 9

Out l ine

f

the Guide l ine

Samp led ta r s

nimp

inge r bo t t l e s

SLIDE 10

Out l ine

f

Guide l ine

R&D Resu

l t s

Ma in R&D resu l t s a re :

Aeroso

l f

rmat

i

n

i s a ma jo r prob l em in t a r s amp l i ng Resu l t i s i n comp le te t a r co l l e c t i

n

=> a l i qu id so l ven t i s needed

Se

lec t i

n
f

l i q u ids gave 4 cand ida tes DCM, e thano l a nd 1

methoxypropano

l have di s advan tages => i sop ropanoli s an app rop r i a te and the se l ec ted so l ven t

Even

w i th a so l ven t , quan t i t a t i ve co l l e c t i

n

i s no t

bv

ious => samp l i ng t r a i n mus t be c a re fu l l y des igned

Imp . T ra in t emp. : 4 x +20°C 2x

20°C +

a qua r t z f i l t e r

r

f r i t s

CONCLUSION: A Gu ide l i ne ensu res good samp l i ng and ana l y s i s p rocedur e s

ve

r a w ide r ange

f

cond i t i

ns

SLIDE 11

Out l ine

f

Guide l ine

R&D Resu

l t s

Tar s a re f

und

i n s i x t h imp inge rbo t t l e as we l l a s a f te rt hei mpinge rt r a in

35 14 11 12 18 9 43 10 12 12 9 14

10 20 30 40 1. bot t l e 2. bot t l e 3. bot t l e 4. bot t l e 5. bot t l e 6. bot t l e Percent of tar amount in the numbered impinge total tar, % Test 1 Test 2

Y

a

x i s : S um

f

t a r c

mp
u

n d s m e a s u r e d b y GC u p t

p

y r e n e . Ta r s c

l

l e c t e d i n 1

Me

t h

x

y

2
p

r

p

a n

l

a t °C ( 1

4

) a n d

7

° ( 5

6

)

SLIDE 12

(Def in i t i

n
f

t a r )

In

te rmezzo

12

Ana l ys i s

f

t a r s => two poss i b l e numbers :

Grav

imet r i c ( evapo ra t i

n

/ condensa t i

n)
Compounds

ana l y s i s

20

40 60 80 100 T

l

u e n e N a p h t h a l e n A c e n a p h t y l e n P h e n a n t h r e n P y r e n e C h r y s e n e P e r y l e n e C

r
n

e n e 8

r

i n g 9

r

i n g 1

r

i n g … … . Tar com pounds ( i ncr easi ng si ze) Detectability

G C

+ gr avi m et r i c G C anal ysi s G r av i m et r i c ( exp. ) G r av i m et r i c ( f i t )

SLIDE 13

Def in i t i

n
f

t a r

Def i n i t i

n

i s con t rove r s i a l : “wha t a re t a r s ” ? We be l i eve and p ropose tha t the word “ t a r ”

i

r r e spec t i ve

f

t he de f i n i t i

n

g i ven , w i l l a lways cause d i s cussi

n

and con fus i

n

as i t i s u sed i n seve ra l f i e l d s and app l i ca t i

ns

neve r hav i ng exac t l y the same mean ing

Fo

r examp le : even de f i ned as “ compounds tha t condense” i s amb iguous a s condensa t i

n
r

con tam ina t i

n

va r i e s w i th T , p , [ t a r ] , [H2O]

I f a de f i n i t i

n

causes con fus i

n

and i s amb iguous , t hen : D O N OT DEFINE !

SLIDE 14

Def in i t i

n
f

t a r

How to measu re “ t a r s ” when we accep t t ha t “ t a r ” i t i s an amb i guous t e rm w i thou t we l l

de

f i ned mean ing?

‘

We can

measu re “ t a r s ”

nce

w e d e f i n e wh a t we m e a s u r e ! How to compare “ ta r s ”?

Measu

re w i th t he same met hod (=> same de f i n i t i

n

) ;

Measu

re w i th d i f f e ren t me t hods us i ng the same de f i n i t i

n

(=> o the r methods . F i r s t : compare i f two methods g i ve same resu l t a t cond i t i

ns

cons ide red )

SLIDE 15

Def in i t i

n
f

t a r

Example : Compar i son

f

Gu ide l i ne w i t h SPA method: Conc lus i

n

: methods g i ve same resu l t s i n r ange pheno l

py

rene . SPA can be used i n tha t r ange .

0, 0, 5 1, 1, 5

Benzeen Tol ueen

Xyl

een + St y r een Phenol I ndeen m / p- Cr esol Naf t al een 2- m et hyl naf t al een 1- m et hyl naf t al een Bi phenyl Et henyl napht al een Acenapht yl een Fl uor een Phenant hr een Ant hr aceen Fl uor ant heen Pyr een Benzo( a) ant hr aceen Chr yseen Benzo( b) f l uor ant heen Benzo( k) f l uor ant heen Benzo( e) py r een Benzo( a) pyr een Per yl een I ndeno( 123- cd) per yl een Di benz( a, h) ant hr aceen Benzo( ghi ) per yl een

Gui del i ne / SPA Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Test 5

SLIDE 16

Def in i t i

n
f

t a r

In the Gu ide l i ne we measu re two concen t ra t i

ns

:

Concen

t ra t ion

f

g rav imetr i c t a r = evapora t i

n

r e s i due a t s t a nda rd cond i t i

ns

(T , p , and t )

Concen

t ra t ion

f

ind iv idua l t a r compounds = t hose to be expec ted i n b i

mass

p roduce r gases a re l i s t ed (upd ra f t , downdra f t and f l u i d i sed bed gas i f i c a t i

n

)

Ind i v i dua l t a r compounds : SPA c an a l so be used

( r ange pheno l

py

rene , downdra f t and f l u i d i sed bed gas i f i e rt a r compounds )

SLIDE 17

Def in i t i

n
f

t a r

In conc lus i

n

:

Do NOT def

i ne the amb iguous word “ t a r ”

Measu

re w i t h

wn de

f i n i t i

n

Repor t what you have measu red

Fo

r compari s

n
f

t a r concen t ra t i

ns

, u se

ne

bas i s f

r

compar i son ( the Gu ide l i ne ) :

( a ) measu re numbers accord i ng to Gu ide l i ne de f i n i t i

ns

( g rav ime t r i c t a r and/o r s i ng l e compounds ) ;

r

: ( b ) u se the Gu ide l i ne

SLIDE 18

Use in pr a c t i c e ,

Standard i sa t i

n

Impl i ca t ions fo r use

The

above does NOT imp l i c a te :

Use
f

t he Gu ide l i ne i s manda to ry

r

necessa ry

We

a l l shoul d compare

The

above DOES imp l i ca te:

I

f you wan t t

compare

y

ur

r e su l t s w i t h

the

r s , u se a me thod tha t has been compared to

the

r methods

Prac

t i ca l imp l i ca t i

ns

tha t we fo resee :

sma

l l gas i f i e r s ys tems: method tha t has been compared w i th Gu ide l i ne . Resu l t i s g rav ime t r i c t a r

l

a rge r gas i f i e r sys tems: i dem or Gu ide l i ne . Compounds and/o r g rav imet r i c t a r

com miss

i

n

ing

f

p l an t s : i dem, u se

ne

method ! Gu ide l i ne i s p ref e r red .

SLIDE 19

Use in p rac t i ce , S

tanda rd i sa t i

n

S tanda rd i s a t i

n

needs:

da

ta

n

accuracy and r eproduc ib i l i t y

approva

l

f

na t i

na

l s t anda rd i sa t i

n

i n s t i t u tes S tanda rd i s a t i

n

= gua ran tee f

r

qua l i t y => We be l i eve s tandard i sa t i

n

i s use fu l A 2nd EU p r

jec

t has been app l i ed f

r

A im o f p ro j ec t i s t

s

t anda rd i se t he Gu ide l i ne i n to a CEN s tanda rd

(CEN = Com mis s i

n

Eu ropeène de Norma l i sat i

n

)

SLIDE 20

Conc lus i

n

and Acknowledgement

Conc lus i

ns

ar e :

Gu

ide l i ne has been p repa r ed

Samp

l i ng cond i t i

ns

a re e s sen t i a l due to ae roso l f

rmat

i

n
Def

i n i t i

n
f

t a r i s con t rover s i a l . We p ropose :

Do no

t de f i ne t he gene ra l wor d “Ta r ”

Def

ine wha t you measu re and make su re ever yone measures the s ame = (1 ) Gu i de l i ne g rav ime t r i c t a r and (2 ) GC based compound ana l y s i s

Use

the Gu ide l i ne when approp r i a te E l se use met hod tha t was compared to Gu ide l i ne

SLIDE 21

Conc lus i

n

and Acknowledgement

The fo l l

w

i ng

rgan

i s a t i

ns

a re acknow ledged f

r

f i nanc i a l suppo r t :

European Com miss i

n

Nethe r l ands agency fo r ene rgy and the env i ronmen t (NOVEM) Sw i s s Fede ra l O f f i c e

f

Educa t i

n

and Sc i ence Nat iona l Resou rces Canada US Depar tment

f

Ene rgy