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❊♥③♦✲❊ ✴ ❈❡❧❧♦ ❆❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ▼❡s❤ ❘❡✜♥❡♠❡♥t ❆str♦♣❤②s✐❝s ✉s✐♥❣ ❈❤❛r♠✰✰ ❏❛♠❡s ❇♦r❞♥❡r✱ ▼✐❝❤❛❡❧ ▲✳ ◆♦r♠❛♥ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❈❛❧✐❢♦r♥✐❛✱ ❙❛♥ ❉✐❡❣♦ ❙❛♥ ❉✐❡❣♦ ❙✉♣❡r❝♦♠♣✉t❡r ❈❡♥t❡r ✶✼t❤ ❆♥♥✉❛❧ ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣ ♦♥ ❈❤❛r♠✰✰ ❛♥❞ ■ts ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✷✵✶✾✲✵✺✲✵✶✴✵✷ ❏✳❇♦r❞♥❡r✱ ▼✳▲✳◆♦r♠❛♥ ❊♥③♦✲❊ ✴ ❈❡❧❧♦ ❈❤❛r♠✰✰ ✷✵✶✾

❙❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝ q✉❡st✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❛str♦♣❤②s✐❝s ❛♥❞ ❝♦s♠♦❧♦❣② C o s m o l o g i c a l v o l u m e s , g a l a x y c l u s t e r s [ 7 5 0 M p c ] l o g ( O b j e c t S i z e ) Cosmology F i r s t S t a r T u r b u l e n c e p c ] F o r m a t i o n [ 0 . 0 1 S t e l l a r C o m m o n [ s c a l e - f r e e ] 0 -6 E n v e l o p e [ 1 p c ] S t a r & P l a n e t F i r s t g a l a x i e s F o r m a t i o n c ] [ 1 0 k p G a l a x y S a m p l e o f f i r s t F o r m a t g a l a x i e s a n d r e i o n i z a t i o n i o n [ 5 M p c ] ❬ ❏♦❤♥ ❲✐s❡ ❪ ❏✳❇♦r❞♥❡r✱ ▼✳▲✳◆♦r♠❛♥ ❊♥③♦✲❊ ✴ ❈❡❧❧♦ ❈❤❛r♠✰✰ ✷✵✶✾

❚❤❡ ❊◆❩❖ ▼P■✲♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ❛str♦♣❤②s✐❝s ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❛ ✇✐❞❡ r❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ❛str♦♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❝♦s♠♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❙❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥s ✿ t♦♣✐❝s ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❡st ❼ ❙t❛r ❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❼ ▼♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r ❝❧♦✉❞ t✉r❜✉❧❡♥❝❡ ❼ ■♥t❡rst❡❧❧❛r ♠❡❞✐✉♠ ❼ ●❛❧❛①② ❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❼ ■♥t❡r❣❛❧❛❝t✐❝ ♠❡❞✐✉♠ ❼ ●❛❧❛①② ❝❧✉st❡rs ❼ ❈♦s♠✐❝ r❡✐♦♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ . . . P❤②s✐❝s ❊q✉❛t✐♦♥s ✿ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❼ ❍②❞r♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝s ✭❊✉❧❡r ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s✮ ❼ ●r❛✈✐t② ✭ ∇ ✷ Φ = ✹ π G ρ ✮ ❼ ❈❤❡♠✐str②✴❝♦♦❧✐♥❣ ❼ ▼❛❣♥❡t✐s♠ ❼ ❘❛❞✐❛t✐♦♥ tr❛♥s♣♦rt . . . ◆✉♠❡r✐❝❛❧ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ✿ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t❡ ❛♥❞ s♦❧✈❡ ❼ PP▼✱ ❼ ❩❊❯❙✱ ❼ ▼❯❙❈▲ ❼ ❋❋❚ ❼ ♠✉❧t✐❣r✐❞ ❼ ●❛❞❣❡t ❝♦♦❧✐♥❣ ❼ ❈❧♦✉❞② ❝♦♦❧✐♥❣ ❼ ●r❛❝❦❧❡ ❼ ❉❡❞♥❡r ▼❍❉ ❼ ▼❍❉✲❈❚ ❼ ■♠♣❧✐❝✐t ❋▲❉ ❼ ▼♦r❛② . . . ❉❛t❛ ❙tr✉❝t✉r❡s ✿ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❼ ❆❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ▼❡s❤ ❘❡✜♥❡♠❡♥t ✭❙❆▼❘✮ ❼ ❊✉❧❡r✐❛♥ ✜❡❧❞s ❼ ▲❛❣r❛♥❣✐❛♥ ♣❛rt✐❝❧❡s . . . ❏✳❇♦r❞♥❡r✱ ▼✳▲✳◆♦r♠❛♥ ❊♥③♦✲❊ ✴ ❈❡❧❧♦ ❈❤❛r♠✰✰ ✷✵✶✾

❚❤❡ ❊◆❩❖ ▼P■✲♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ❛str♦♣❤②s✐❝s ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❙✉♣♣♦rts ♠❛♥② r❡❧❛t❡❞ ♣❤②s✐❝s ❝❛♣❛❜✐❧✐t✐❡s ❙❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥s ✿ t♦♣✐❝s ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❡st ❼ ❙t❛r ❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❼ ▼♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r ❝❧♦✉❞ t✉r❜✉❧❡♥❝❡ ❼ ■♥t❡rst❡❧❧❛r ♠❡❞✐✉♠ ❼ ●❛❧❛①② ❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❼ ■♥t❡r❣❛❧❛❝t✐❝ ♠❡❞✐✉♠ ❼ ●❛❧❛①② ❝❧✉st❡rs ❼ ❈♦s♠✐❝ r❡✐♦♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ . . . P❤②s✐❝s ❊q✉❛t✐♦♥s ✿ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❼ ❍②❞r♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝s ✭❊✉❧❡r ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s✮ ❼ ●r❛✈✐t② ✭ ∇ ✷ Φ = ✹ π G ρ ✮ ❼ ❈❤❡♠✐str②✴❝♦♦❧✐♥❣ ❼ ▼❛❣♥❡t✐s♠ ❼ ❘❛❞✐❛t✐♦♥ tr❛♥s♣♦rt . . . ◆✉♠❡r✐❝❛❧ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ✿ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t❡ ❛♥❞ s♦❧✈❡ ❼ PP▼✱ ❼ ❩❊❯❙✱ ❼ ▼❯❙❈▲ ❼ ❋❋❚ ❼ ♠✉❧t✐❣r✐❞ ❼ ●❛❞❣❡t ❝♦♦❧✐♥❣ ❼ ❈❧♦✉❞② ❝♦♦❧✐♥❣ ❼ ●r❛❝❦❧❡ ❼ ❉❡❞♥❡r ▼❍❉ ❼ ▼❍❉✲❈❚ ❼ ■♠♣❧✐❝✐t ❋▲❉ ❼ ▼♦r❛② . . . ❉❛t❛ ❙tr✉❝t✉r❡s ✿ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❼ ❆❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ▼❡s❤ ❘❡✜♥❡♠❡♥t ✭❙❆▼❘✮ ❼ ❊✉❧❡r✐❛♥ ✜❡❧❞s ❼ ▲❛❣r❛♥❣✐❛♥ ♣❛rt✐❝❧❡s . . . ❏✳❇♦r❞♥❡r✱ ▼✳▲✳◆♦r♠❛♥ ❊♥③♦✲❊ ✴ ❈❡❧❧♦ ❈❤❛r♠✰✰ ✷✵✶✾

❚❤❡ ❊◆❩❖ ▼P■✲♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ❛str♦♣❤②s✐❝s ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥ts ❛ ✈❛r✐❡t② ♦❢ s♦♣❤✐st✐❝❛t❡❞ ♥✉♠❡r✐❝❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❙❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥s ✿ t♦♣✐❝s ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❡st ❼ ❙t❛r ❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❼ ▼♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r ❝❧♦✉❞ t✉r❜✉❧❡♥❝❡ ❼ ■♥t❡rst❡❧❧❛r ♠❡❞✐✉♠ ❼ ●❛❧❛①② ❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❼ ■♥t❡r❣❛❧❛❝t✐❝ ♠❡❞✐✉♠ ❼ ●❛❧❛①② ❝❧✉st❡rs ❼ ❈♦s♠✐❝ r❡✐♦♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ . . . P❤②s✐❝s ❊q✉❛t✐♦♥s ✿ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❼ ❍②❞r♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝s ✭❊✉❧❡r ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s✮ ❼ ●r❛✈✐t② ✭ ∇ ✷ Φ = ✹ π G ρ ✮ ❼ ❈❤❡♠✐str②✴❝♦♦❧✐♥❣ ❼ ▼❛❣♥❡t✐s♠ ❼ ❘❛❞✐❛t✐♦♥ tr❛♥s♣♦rt . . . ◆✉♠❡r✐❝❛❧ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ✿ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t❡ ❛♥❞ s♦❧✈❡ ❼ PP▼✱ ❼ ❩❊❯❙✱ ❼ ▼❯❙❈▲ ❼ ❋❋❚ ❼ ♠✉❧t✐❣r✐❞ ❼ ●❛❞❣❡t ❝♦♦❧✐♥❣ ❼ ❈❧♦✉❞② ❝♦♦❧✐♥❣ ❼ ●r❛❝❦❧❡ ❼ ❉❡❞♥❡r ▼❍❉ ❼ ▼❍❉✲❈❚ ❼ ■♠♣❧✐❝✐t ❋▲❉ ❼ ▼♦r❛② . . . ❉❛t❛ ❙tr✉❝t✉r❡s ✿ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❼ ❆❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ▼❡s❤ ❘❡✜♥❡♠❡♥t ✭❙❆▼❘✮ ❼ ❊✉❧❡r✐❛♥ ✜❡❧❞s ❼ ▲❛❣r❛♥❣✐❛♥ ♣❛rt✐❝❧❡s . . . ❏✳❇♦r❞♥❡r✱ ▼✳▲✳◆♦r♠❛♥ ❊♥③♦✲❊ ✴ ❈❡❧❧♦ ❈❤❛r♠✰✰ ✷✵✶✾

❚❤❡ ❊◆❩❖ ▼P■✲♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ❛str♦♣❤②s✐❝s ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❊♥❛❜❧❡❞ ❜② ❛❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ♠❡s❤ r❡✜♥❡♠❡♥t ✇✐t❤ ♣❛rt✐❝❧❡s ❛♥❞ ✜❡❧❞s ❙❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥s ✿ t♦♣✐❝s ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❡st ❼ ❙t❛r ❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❼ ▼♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r ❝❧♦✉❞ t✉r❜✉❧❡♥❝❡ ❼ ■♥t❡rst❡❧❧❛r ♠❡❞✐✉♠ ❼ ●❛❧❛①② ❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❼ ■♥t❡r❣❛❧❛❝t✐❝ ♠❡❞✐✉♠ ❼ ●❛❧❛①② ❝❧✉st❡rs ❼ ❈♦s♠✐❝ r❡✐♦♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ . . . P❤②s✐❝s ❊q✉❛t✐♦♥s ✿ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❼ ❍②❞r♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝s ✭❊✉❧❡r ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s✮ ❼ ●r❛✈✐t② ✭ ∇ ✷ Φ = ✹ π G ρ ✮ ❼ ❈❤❡♠✐str②✴❝♦♦❧✐♥❣ ❼ ▼❛❣♥❡t✐s♠ ❼ ❘❛❞✐❛t✐♦♥ tr❛♥s♣♦rt . . . ◆✉♠❡r✐❝❛❧ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ✿ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t❡ ❛♥❞ s♦❧✈❡ ❼ PP▼✱ ❼ ❩❊❯❙✱ ❼ ▼❯❙❈▲ ❼ ❋❋❚ ❼ ♠✉❧t✐❣r✐❞ ❼ ●❛❞❣❡t ❝♦♦❧✐♥❣ ❼ ❈❧♦✉❞② ❝♦♦❧✐♥❣ ❼ ●r❛❝❦❧❡ ❼ ❉❡❞♥❡r ▼❍❉ ❼ ▼❍❉✲❈❚ ❼ ■♠♣❧✐❝✐t ❋▲❉ ❼ ▼♦r❛② . . . ❉❛t❛ ❙tr✉❝t✉r❡s ✿ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❼ ❆❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ▼❡s❤ ❘❡✜♥❡♠❡♥t ✭❙❆▼❘✮ ❼ ❊✉❧❡r✐❛♥ ✜❡❧❞s ❼ ▲❛❣r❛♥❣✐❛♥ ♣❛rt✐❝❧❡s . . . ❏✳❇♦r❞♥❡r✱ ▼✳▲✳◆♦r♠❛♥ ❊♥③♦✲❊ ✴ ❈❡❧❧♦ ❈❤❛r♠✰✰ ✷✵✶✾