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trt t ts Prt s sr t Prr r t

  1. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ✴✷ ❉❡s✐r❛❜❧❡ ❋❡❛t✉r❡s ❢♦r ❘✉❧❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❲❡❜✿ • ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ■♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐t② • ■♠♣♦rt✐♥❣ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ • ❊❛s✐❧② ❡①t❡♥❞❛❜❧❡ r❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ • ❍✐❣❤❡r✲❖r❞❡r ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣✿ r✉❧❡s t❤❛t t❛❧❦ ❛❜♦✉t ♣r❡❞✐❝❛t❡s • ❙t❛t✐♥❣ ❣❡♥❡r✐❝ r✉❧❡s ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❲❆ r✉❧❡✮ • ❉❡✜♥✐♥❣ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣② s❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ✐♥ ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠ ❖✉r ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❍✐❣❤❡r✲♦r❞❡r ❧♦❣✐❝ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s ✇✐t❤ ❊❳t❡r♥❛❧ ❛t♦♠s ✭ ❤❡① ✲♣r♦❣r❛♠s✮ ❬✷✻❪ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  2. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ✴✷ ❉❡s✐r❛❜❧❡ ❋❡❛t✉r❡s ❢♦r ❘✉❧❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❲❡❜✿ • ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ■♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐t② • ■♠♣♦rt✐♥❣ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ • ❊❛s✐❧② ❡①t❡♥❞❛❜❧❡ r❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ • ❍✐❣❤❡r✲❖r❞❡r ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣✿ r✉❧❡s t❤❛t t❛❧❦ ❛❜♦✉t ♣r❡❞✐❝❛t❡s • ❙t❛t✐♥❣ ❣❡♥❡r✐❝ r✉❧❡s ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❲❆ r✉❧❡✮ • ❉❡✜♥✐♥❣ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣② s❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ✐♥ ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠ ❖✉r ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❍✐❣❤❡r✲♦r❞❡r ❧♦❣✐❝ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s ✇✐t❤ ❊❳t❡r♥❛❧ ❛t♦♠s ✭ ❤❡① ✲♣r♦❣r❛♠s✮ ❬✷✻❪ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  3. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s ❙②♥t❛① ❉❡❢✳ ❆ ❤❡① ✲♣r♦❣r❛♠ ✐s ❛ ✜♥✐t❡ s❡t P ♦❢ r✉❧❡s✿ α 1 ∨ · · · ∨ α k ← β 1 , . . . , β n , not β n +1 , . . . , not β m , m, k ≥ 0 ✱ ✇❤❡r❡ α 1 , . . . , α k ❛r❡ ❛t♦♠s✱ ❛♥❞ β 1 , . . . , β m ❛r❡ ❡✐t❤❡r ❤✐❣❤❡r✲♦r❞❡r ❛t♦♠s ♦r ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ❛t♦♠s✳ ❍✐❣❤❡r✲❖r❞❡r ❆t♦♠s ❛r❡ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠ ( t 0 , t 1 , . . . , t n ) r❡s♣✳ t 0 ( t 1 , . . . , t n ) , ✇❤❡r❡ t 0 , . . . , t n ❛r❡ ✭❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥✲❢r❡❡✮ t❡r♠s✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡s✿ ( x, rdf : type , c ) ✱ node ( X ) ✱ D ( a, b ) ✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  4. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s ❙②♥t❛① ❉❡❢✳ ❆ ❤❡① ✲♣r♦❣r❛♠ ✐s ❛ ✜♥✐t❡ s❡t P ♦❢ r✉❧❡s✿ α 1 ∨ · · · ∨ α k ← β 1 , . . . , β n , not β n +1 , . . . , not β m , m, k ≥ 0 ✱ ✇❤❡r❡ α 1 , . . . , α k ❛r❡ ❛t♦♠s✱ ❛♥❞ β 1 , . . . , β m ❛r❡ ❡✐t❤❡r ❤✐❣❤❡r✲♦r❞❡r ❛t♦♠s ♦r ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ❛t♦♠s✳ ❍✐❣❤❡r✲❖r❞❡r ❆t♦♠s ❛r❡ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠ ( t 0 , t 1 , . . . , t n ) r❡s♣✳ t 0 ( t 1 , . . . , t n ) , ✇❤❡r❡ t 0 , . . . , t n ❛r❡ ✭❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥✲❢r❡❡✮ t❡r♠s✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡s✿ ( x, rdf : type , c ) ✱ node ( X ) ✱ D ( a, b ) ✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  5. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s ❙②♥t❛① ✴✷ ❊①t❡r♥❛❧ ❆t♦♠s ❛r❡ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠ & g [ t 1 , . . . , t n ]( t ′ 1 , . . . , t ′ m ) , ✇❤❡r❡ • & g ✐s ❛♥ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛t❡ ♥❛♠❡✱ ❛♥❞ • t 1 , . . . , t n ❛♥❞ t ′ 1 , . . . , t ′ m ❛r❡ ❧✐sts ♦❢ t❡r♠s ✭ ✐♥♣✉t ✴ ♦✉t♣✉t ❧✐sts✮✳ ■♥t✉✐t✐♦♥✿ ❉❡❝✐❞❡ ♠❡♠❜❡rs❤✐♣ ♦❢ ( t ′ 1 , . . . , t ′ m ) ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦✉t♣✉t ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ I ❛♥❞ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs t 1 , . . . , t n ✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ & sum [ p ]( X ) ⇒ I : { p (2) , p (3) , q (4) } ⇒ ♦✉t♣✉t ❧✐st✿ ✺ ✐♥♣✉t ❧✐st✿ p ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  6. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s ❙②♥t❛① ✴✷ ❊①t❡r♥❛❧ ❆t♦♠s ❛r❡ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠ & g [ t 1 , . . . , t n ]( t ′ 1 , . . . , t ′ m ) , ✇❤❡r❡ • & g ✐s ❛♥ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛t❡ ♥❛♠❡✱ ❛♥❞ • t 1 , . . . , t n ❛♥❞ t ′ 1 , . . . , t ′ m ❛r❡ ❧✐sts ♦❢ t❡r♠s ✭ ✐♥♣✉t ✴ ♦✉t♣✉t ❧✐sts✮✳ ■♥t✉✐t✐♦♥✿ ❉❡❝✐❞❡ ♠❡♠❜❡rs❤✐♣ ♦❢ ( t ′ 1 , . . . , t ′ m ) ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦✉t♣✉t ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ I ❛♥❞ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs t 1 , . . . , t n ✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ & sum [ p ]( X ) ⇒ I : { p (2) , p (3) , q (4) } ⇒ ♦✉t♣✉t ❧✐st✿ ✺ ✐♥♣✉t ❧✐st✿ p ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  7. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s ❙②♥t❛① ✴✷ ❊①t❡r♥❛❧ ❆t♦♠s ❛r❡ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠ & g [ t 1 , . . . , t n ]( t ′ 1 , . . . , t ′ m ) , ✇❤❡r❡ • & g ✐s ❛♥ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛t❡ ♥❛♠❡✱ ❛♥❞ • t 1 , . . . , t n ❛♥❞ t ′ 1 , . . . , t ′ m ❛r❡ ❧✐sts ♦❢ t❡r♠s ✭ ✐♥♣✉t ✴ ♦✉t♣✉t ❧✐sts✮✳ ■♥t✉✐t✐♦♥✿ ❉❡❝✐❞❡ ♠❡♠❜❡rs❤✐♣ ♦❢ ( t ′ 1 , . . . , t ′ m ) ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦✉t♣✉t ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ I ❛♥❞ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs t 1 , . . . , t n ✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ & sum [ p ]( X ) ⇒ I : { p (2) , p (3) , q (4) } ⇒ ♦✉t♣✉t ❧✐st✿ ✺ ✐♥♣✉t ❧✐st✿ p ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  8. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s ❙②♥t❛① ✴✷ ❊①t❡r♥❛❧ ❆t♦♠s ❛r❡ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠ & g [ t 1 , . . . , t n ]( t ′ 1 , . . . , t ′ m ) , ✇❤❡r❡ • & g ✐s ❛♥ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛t❡ ♥❛♠❡✱ ❛♥❞ • t 1 , . . . , t n ❛♥❞ t ′ 1 , . . . , t ′ m ❛r❡ ❧✐sts ♦❢ t❡r♠s ✭ ✐♥♣✉t ✴ ♦✉t♣✉t ❧✐sts✮✳ ■♥t✉✐t✐♦♥✿ ❉❡❝✐❞❡ ♠❡♠❜❡rs❤✐♣ ♦❢ ( t ′ 1 , . . . , t ′ m ) ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦✉t♣✉t ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ I ❛♥❞ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs t 1 , . . . , t n ✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ & sum [ p ]( X ) ⇒ I : { p (2) , p (3) , q (4) } ⇒ ♦✉t♣✉t ❧✐st✿ ✺ ✐♥♣✉t ❧✐st✿ p ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  9. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s ❙②♥t❛① ✴✷ ❊①t❡r♥❛❧ ❆t♦♠s ❛r❡ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠ & g [ t 1 , . . . , t n ]( t ′ 1 , . . . , t ′ m ) , ✇❤❡r❡ • & g ✐s ❛♥ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛t❡ ♥❛♠❡✱ ❛♥❞ • t 1 , . . . , t n ❛♥❞ t ′ 1 , . . . , t ′ m ❛r❡ ❧✐sts ♦❢ t❡r♠s ✭ ✐♥♣✉t ✴ ♦✉t♣✉t ❧✐sts✮✳ ■♥t✉✐t✐♦♥✿ ❉❡❝✐❞❡ ♠❡♠❜❡rs❤✐♣ ♦❢ ( t ′ 1 , . . . , t ′ m ) ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦✉t♣✉t ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ I ❛♥❞ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs t 1 , . . . , t n ✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ & sum [ p ]( X ) ⇒ I : { p (2) , p (3) , q (4) } ⇒ ♦✉t♣✉t ❧✐st✿ ✺ ✐♥♣✉t ❧✐st✿ p ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  10. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s ❊①❛♠♣❧❡s✿ & reach [ edge , a ]( X ) ✳ ✳ ✳ r❡❛❝❤❛❜❧❡ ♥♦❞❡s ❢r♦♠ a ✐♥ edge ✳ ⇒ ✏❘❡t✉r♥ ✶ ✐❢ � a, X � ✐s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ♦❢ edge ✐♥ I ✳✑ & rdf [ uri ]( X, Y, Z ) ✳ ✳ ✳ ❘❉❋✲tr✐♣❧❡s ❢♦✉♥❞ ✉♥❞❡r uri ✳ ⇒ ✏❘❡t✉r♥ ✶ ✐❢ � X, Y, Z � ✐s ❛♥ ❘❉❋✲tr✐♣❧❡ ✐♥ uri ✳✑ ✭❆s ❛❧r❡❛❞② ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ✐♥ ❯♥✐t ✹✮ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  11. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s ❊①❛♠♣❧❡s✿ & reach [ edge , a ]( X ) ✳ ✳ ✳ r❡❛❝❤❛❜❧❡ ♥♦❞❡s ❢r♦♠ a ✐♥ edge ✳ ⇒ ✏❘❡t✉r♥ ✶ ✐❢ � a, X � ✐s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ♦❢ edge ✐♥ I ✳✑ & rdf [ uri ]( X, Y, Z ) ✳ ✳ ✳ ❘❉❋✲tr✐♣❧❡s ❢♦✉♥❞ ✉♥❞❡r uri ✳ ⇒ ✏❘❡t✉r♥ ✶ ✐❢ � X, Y, Z � ✐s ❛♥ ❘❉❋✲tr✐♣❧❡ ✐♥ uri ✳✑ ✭❆s ❛❧r❡❛❞② ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ✐♥ ❯♥✐t ✹✮ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  12. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❉❡✜♥❡ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ♦❢ P ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ✐ts ❣r♦✉♥❞✐♥❣ grnd ( P ) ✳ ⇒ ❍❡r❜r❛♥❞ ❜❛s❡ HB P ♦❢ P ✿ s❡t ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ❣r♦✉♥❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ ❛t♦♠s ❛♥❞ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ❛t♦♠s ✐♥ P ✭r❡❧❛t✐✈❡ t♦ s❡t ♦❢ ❝♦♥st❛♥ts C ✮✳ • I ⊆ HB P ♠♦❞❡❧s ❣r♦✉♥❞ ❛t♦♠ a ✱ ✐❢ a ∈ I • I ⊆ HB P ♠♦❞❡❧s ❣r♦✉♥❞ & g [ y 1 , . . . , y n ]( x 1 , . . . , x m ) ✐✛ f & g ( I, y 1 . . . , y n , x 1 , . . . , x m ) = 1 , ✇❤❡r❡ f & g ✐s ❛♥ ( n + m +1) ✲❛r② ❇♦♦❧❡❛♥ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ t❡❧❧✐♥❣ ✇❤❡t❤❡r ( x 1 , . . . , x m ) ✐s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦✉t♣✉t ❢♦r ✐♥♣✉t I, y 1 . . . , y n ✳ • I ⊆ HB P ♠♦❞❡❧s P ✐✛ ✐t ♠♦❞❡❧s grnd ( P ) • I ⊆ HB P ✐s ❛♥ ❛♥s✇❡r s❡t ♦❢ P ✐✛ I ✐s ❛ ♠✐♥✐♠❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ fP I ✱ ✇❤❡r❡ fP I ✐s t❤❡ ❋▲P✲r❡❞✉❝t ♦❢ P ✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  13. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❉❡✜♥❡ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ♦❢ P ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ✐ts ❣r♦✉♥❞✐♥❣ grnd ( P ) ✳ ⇒ ❍❡r❜r❛♥❞ ❜❛s❡ HB P ♦❢ P ✿ s❡t ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ❣r♦✉♥❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ ❛t♦♠s ❛♥❞ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ❛t♦♠s ✐♥ P ✭r❡❧❛t✐✈❡ t♦ s❡t ♦❢ ❝♦♥st❛♥ts C ✮✳ • I ⊆ HB P ♠♦❞❡❧s ❣r♦✉♥❞ ❛t♦♠ a ✱ ✐❢ a ∈ I • I ⊆ HB P ♠♦❞❡❧s ❣r♦✉♥❞ & g [ y 1 , . . . , y n ]( x 1 , . . . , x m ) ✐✛ f & g ( I, y 1 . . . , y n , x 1 , . . . , x m ) = 1 , ✇❤❡r❡ f & g ✐s ❛♥ ( n + m +1) ✲❛r② ❇♦♦❧❡❛♥ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ t❡❧❧✐♥❣ ✇❤❡t❤❡r ( x 1 , . . . , x m ) ✐s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦✉t♣✉t ❢♦r ✐♥♣✉t I, y 1 . . . , y n ✳ • I ⊆ HB P ♠♦❞❡❧s P ✐✛ ✐t ♠♦❞❡❧s grnd ( P ) • I ⊆ HB P ✐s ❛♥ ❛♥s✇❡r s❡t ♦❢ P ✐✛ I ✐s ❛ ♠✐♥✐♠❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ fP I ✱ ✇❤❡r❡ fP I ✐s t❤❡ ❋▲P✲r❡❞✉❝t ♦❢ P ✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  14. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❉❡✜♥❡ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ♦❢ P ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ✐ts ❣r♦✉♥❞✐♥❣ grnd ( P ) ✳ ⇒ ❍❡r❜r❛♥❞ ❜❛s❡ HB P ♦❢ P ✿ s❡t ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ❣r♦✉♥❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ ❛t♦♠s ❛♥❞ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ❛t♦♠s ✐♥ P ✭r❡❧❛t✐✈❡ t♦ s❡t ♦❢ ❝♦♥st❛♥ts C ✮✳ • I ⊆ HB P ♠♦❞❡❧s ❣r♦✉♥❞ ❛t♦♠ a ✱ ✐❢ a ∈ I • I ⊆ HB P ♠♦❞❡❧s ❣r♦✉♥❞ & g [ y 1 , . . . , y n ]( x 1 , . . . , x m ) ✐✛ f & g ( I, y 1 . . . , y n , x 1 , . . . , x m ) = 1 , ✇❤❡r❡ f & g ✐s ❛♥ ( n + m +1) ✲❛r② ❇♦♦❧❡❛♥ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ t❡❧❧✐♥❣ ✇❤❡t❤❡r ( x 1 , . . . , x m ) ✐s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦✉t♣✉t ❢♦r ✐♥♣✉t I, y 1 . . . , y n ✳ • I ⊆ HB P ♠♦❞❡❧s P ✐✛ ✐t ♠♦❞❡❧s grnd ( P ) • I ⊆ HB P ✐s ❛♥ ❛♥s✇❡r s❡t ♦❢ P ✐✛ I ✐s ❛ ♠✐♥✐♠❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ fP I ✱ ✇❤❡r❡ fP I ✐s t❤❡ ❋▲P✲r❡❞✉❝t ♦❢ P ✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  15. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s • ■♠♣♦rt✐♥❣ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ t❤❡♦r✐❡s✱ st♦r❡❞ ✐♥ ❘❉❋✿ triple ( X, Y, Z ) ← & rdf [ < uri1 > ]( X, Y, Z ); triple ( X, Y, Z ) ← & rdf [ < uri2 > ]( X, Y, Z ); proposition ( P ) ← triple ( P, rdfs ✿ type , rdf ✿ Statement ) . ⇒ ❆✈♦✐❞ ✐♥❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝✐❡s ✇❤❡♥ ♠❡r❣✐♥❣ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❡s O 1 ✱ O 2 ✳ • ❚r❛♥s❧❛t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛t✐♥❣ r❡✐✜❡❞ ❛ss❡rt✐♦♥s✿ ( X, Y, Z ) ← pick ( P ) , triple ( P, rdf ✿ subject , X ) , triple ( P, rdf ✿ predicate , Y ) , triple ( P, rdf ✿ object , Z ); C ( X ) ← ( X, rdf ✿ type , C ) . ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  16. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s • ■♠♣♦rt✐♥❣ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ t❤❡♦r✐❡s✱ st♦r❡❞ ✐♥ ❘❉❋✿ triple ( X, Y, Z ) ← & rdf [ < uri1 > ]( X, Y, Z ); triple ( X, Y, Z ) ← & rdf [ < uri2 > ]( X, Y, Z ); proposition ( P ) ← triple ( P, rdfs ✿ type , rdf ✿ Statement ) . ⇒ ❆✈♦✐❞ ✐♥❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝✐❡s ✇❤❡♥ ♠❡r❣✐♥❣ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❡s O 1 ✱ O 2 ✳ • ❚r❛♥s❧❛t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛t✐♥❣ r❡✐✜❡❞ ❛ss❡rt✐♦♥s✿ ( X, Y, Z ) ← pick ( P ) , triple ( P, rdf ✿ subject , X ) , triple ( P, rdf ✿ predicate , Y ) , triple ( P, rdf ✿ object , Z ); C ( X ) ← ( X, rdf ✿ type , C ) . ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  17. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✴✷ • ❉❡✜♥✐♥❣ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣② s❡♠❛♥t✐❝s✿ D ( X ) ← subClassOf ( D, C ) , C ( X ) . ← maxCardinality ( C, R, N ) , C ( X ) , & count [ R, X ]( M ) , M > N. • ❈❧♦s❡❞ ❲♦r❧❞ r❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ cwa ( faculty , project ) ← . C ′ ( X ) ← not & DL [ C ]( X ) , concept ( C ) , cwa ( C, C ′ ) , ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  18. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✴✷ • ❉❡✜♥✐♥❣ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣② s❡♠❛♥t✐❝s✿ D ( X ) ← subClassOf ( D, C ) , C ( X ) . ← maxCardinality ( C, R, N ) , C ( X ) , & count [ R, X ]( M ) , M > N. • ❈❧♦s❡❞ ❲♦r❧❞ r❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ cwa ( faculty , project ) ← . C ′ ( X ) ← not & DL [ C ]( X ) , concept ( C ) , cwa ( C, C ′ ) , ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  19. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s ❙❛❢❡t② ■❢ ♥❡✇ ✈❛❧✉❡s ❛r❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❡❞ ❜② ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ❛t♦♠s✱ ❤♦✇ ❝❛♥ ✇❡ ❣✉❛r❛♥t❡❡ ❛ ✜♥✐t❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❄ ❇② ✐♠♣♦s✐♥❣ s❛❢❡t② r❡str✐❝t✐♦♥s✦ ✭s❡❡ ❛❧s♦ ❬✷✽❪✮ ✏❚r❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧✑ s❛❢❡t② ❊❛❝❤ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ ❛ r✉❧❡ ♠✉st ♦❝❝✉r ✐♥ ❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❜♦❞② ❧✐t❡r❛❧✳ ❊①♣❛♥s✐♦♥ s❛❢❡t② ❚❤❡ ✐♥♣✉t ❧✐st ♦❢ ❛♥ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ❛t♦♠ ♠✉st ❜❡ ❜♦✉♥❞❡❞✿ triple ( S, P, O ) ← & rdf [ U ]( S, P, O ) , uri ( U ) . ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  20. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s ❙❛❢❡t② ■❢ ♥❡✇ ✈❛❧✉❡s ❛r❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❡❞ ❜② ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ❛t♦♠s✱ ❤♦✇ ❝❛♥ ✇❡ ❣✉❛r❛♥t❡❡ ❛ ✜♥✐t❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❄ ❇② ✐♠♣♦s✐♥❣ s❛❢❡t② r❡str✐❝t✐♦♥s✦ ✭s❡❡ ❛❧s♦ ❬✷✽❪✮ ✏❚r❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧✑ s❛❢❡t② ❊❛❝❤ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ ❛ r✉❧❡ ♠✉st ♦❝❝✉r ✐♥ ❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❜♦❞② ❧✐t❡r❛❧✳ ❊①♣❛♥s✐♦♥ s❛❢❡t② ❚❤❡ ✐♥♣✉t ❧✐st ♦❢ ❛♥ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ❛t♦♠ ♠✉st ❜❡ ❜♦✉♥❞❡❞✿ triple ( S, P, O ) ← & rdf [ U ]( S, P, O ) , uri ( U ) . ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  21. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s ❙❛❢❡t② ■❢ ♥❡✇ ✈❛❧✉❡s ❛r❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❡❞ ❜② ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ❛t♦♠s✱ ❤♦✇ ❝❛♥ ✇❡ ❣✉❛r❛♥t❡❡ ❛ ✜♥✐t❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❄ ❇② ✐♠♣♦s✐♥❣ s❛❢❡t② r❡str✐❝t✐♦♥s✦ ✭s❡❡ ❛❧s♦ ❬✷✽❪✮ ✏❚r❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧✑ s❛❢❡t② ❊❛❝❤ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ ❛ r✉❧❡ ♠✉st ♦❝❝✉r ✐♥ ❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❜♦❞② ❧✐t❡r❛❧✳ ❊①♣❛♥s✐♦♥ s❛❢❡t② ❚❤❡ ✐♥♣✉t ❧✐st ♦❢ ❛♥ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ❛t♦♠ ♠✉st ❜❡ ❜♦✉♥❞❡❞✿ triple ( S, P, O ) ← & rdf [ U ]( S, P, O ) , uri ( U ) . ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  22. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s ❙❛❢❡t② ■❢ ♥❡✇ ✈❛❧✉❡s ❛r❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❡❞ ❜② ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ❛t♦♠s✱ ❤♦✇ ❝❛♥ ✇❡ ❣✉❛r❛♥t❡❡ ❛ ✜♥✐t❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❄ ❇② ✐♠♣♦s✐♥❣ s❛❢❡t② r❡str✐❝t✐♦♥s✦ ✭s❡❡ ❛❧s♦ ❬✷✽❪✮ ✏❚r❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧✑ s❛❢❡t② ❊❛❝❤ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ ❛ r✉❧❡ ♠✉st ♦❝❝✉r ✐♥ ❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❜♦❞② ❧✐t❡r❛❧✳ ❊①♣❛♥s✐♦♥ s❛❢❡t② ❚❤❡ ✐♥♣✉t ❧✐st ♦❢ ❛♥ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ❛t♦♠ ♠✉st ❜❡ ❜♦✉♥❞❡❞✿ triple ( S, P, O ) ← & rdf [ U ]( S, P, O ) , uri ( U ) . uri ( X ) ← triple ( ❴ , ′′ seeAlso ′′ , X ) . ❯♥s❛❢❡✦ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  23. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s ❙❛❢❡t② ■❢ ♥❡✇ ✈❛❧✉❡s ❛r❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❡❞ ❜② ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ❛t♦♠s✱ ❤♦✇ ❝❛♥ ✇❡ ❣✉❛r❛♥t❡❡ ❛ ✜♥✐t❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❄ ❇② ✐♠♣♦s✐♥❣ s❛❢❡t② r❡str✐❝t✐♦♥s✦ ✭s❡❡ ❛❧s♦ ❬✷✽❪✮ ✏❚r❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧✑ s❛❢❡t② ❊❛❝❤ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ ❛ r✉❧❡ ♠✉st ♦❝❝✉r ✐♥ ❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❜♦❞② ❧✐t❡r❛❧✳ ❊①♣❛♥s✐♦♥ s❛❢❡t② ❚❤❡ ✐♥♣✉t ❧✐st ♦❢ ❛♥ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ❛t♦♠ ♠✉st ❜❡ ❜♦✉♥❞❡❞✿ triple ( S, P, O ) ← & rdf [ U ]( S, P, O ) , uri ( U ) , known ( U ) . uri ( X ) ← triple ( ❴ , ′′ seeAlso ′′ , X ) . ❙❛❢❡✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  24. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s ❞❧✈❤❡① ❲❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞ ❛ r❡❛s♦♥❡r ❢♦r ❤❡① ✲♣r♦❣r❛♠s✱ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❞❧✈❤❡① ❬✷✾❪✳ ⇒ ❈♦♠♠❛♥❞ ❧✐♥❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥✱ t❤❛t ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❉▲❱ ❛♥❞ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s ❢♦r ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ❛t♦♠s ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠✳ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡✿ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  25. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s ❞❧✈❤❡① ❲❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞ ❛ r❡❛s♦♥❡r ❢♦r ❤❡① ✲♣r♦❣r❛♠s✱ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❞❧✈❤❡① ❬✷✾❪✳ ⇒ ❈♦♠♠❛♥❞ ❧✐♥❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥✱ t❤❛t ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❉▲❱ ❛♥❞ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s ❢♦r ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ❛t♦♠s ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠✳ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡✿ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  26. P❧✉❣✐♥ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t t♦♦❧❦✐t ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡✦ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P❧✉❣✐♥ ▼❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠ • ❆ ♣❧✉❣✐♥ ✐s ❛ s❤❛r❡❞ ❧✐❜r❛r②✱ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝❛❧❧② ❧✐♥❦❡❞ ❛t r✉♥t✐♠❡ • ❆ ♣❧✉❣✐♥ ❝❛♥ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❆t♦♠s • ❆ ♣❧✉❣✐♥ ❝❛♥ r❡✇r✐t❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  27. P❧✉❣✐♥ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t t♦♦❧❦✐t ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡✦ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P❧✉❣✐♥ ▼❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠ • ❆ ♣❧✉❣✐♥ ✐s ❛ s❤❛r❡❞ ❧✐❜r❛r②✱ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝❛❧❧② ❧✐♥❦❡❞ ❛t r✉♥t✐♠❡ • ❆ ♣❧✉❣✐♥ ❝❛♥ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❆t♦♠s • ❆ ♣❧✉❣✐♥ ❝❛♥ r❡✇r✐t❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  28. P❧✉❣✐♥ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t t♦♦❧❦✐t ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡✦ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P❧✉❣✐♥ ▼❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠ • ❆ ♣❧✉❣✐♥ ✐s ❛ s❤❛r❡❞ ❧✐❜r❛r②✱ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝❛❧❧② ❧✐♥❦❡❞ ❛t r✉♥t✐♠❡ • ❆ ♣❧✉❣✐♥ ❝❛♥ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❆t♦♠s • ❆ ♣❧✉❣✐♥ ❝❛♥ r❡✇r✐t❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  29. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P❧✉❣✐♥ ▼❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠ • ❆ ♣❧✉❣✐♥ ✐s ❛ s❤❛r❡❞ ❧✐❜r❛r②✱ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝❛❧❧② ❧✐♥❦❡❞ ❛t r✉♥t✐♠❡ • ❆ ♣❧✉❣✐♥ ❝❛♥ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❆t♦♠s • ❆ ♣❧✉❣✐♥ ❝❛♥ r❡✇r✐t❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t t♦♦❧❦✐t ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡✦ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  30. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ P✉r♣♦s❡✿ ❙tr✐♥❣ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ♦♥ ♥❛♠❡s✳ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❛t♦♠s✿ ✫❝♦♥❝❛t ❈♦♥❝❛t❡♥❛t❡s t✇♦ str✐♥❣s✳ ✫❝♠♣ ❈♦♠♣❛r❡s t✇♦ str✐♥❣s ❧❡①✐❝♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧❧② ♦r t✇♦ ♥✉♠❜❡rs ❛r✐t❤♠❡t✐❝❛❧❧②✳ ✫strstr ❚❡sts t✇♦ str✐♥❣s ❢♦r s✉❜str✐♥❣ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥✳ ✫s♣❧✐t ❙♣❧✐ts ❛ str✐♥❣ ❛❧♦♥❣ ❛ s♣❡❝✐✜❡❞ ❞❡❧✐♠✐t❡r✳ ✫s❤❛✶s✉♠ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡s ❙❍❆✶ ❝❤❡❝❦s✉♠ ❢r♦♠ ❛ str✐♥❣✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  31. ✐s tr✉❡ ✐❢ ❆ ♦❝❝✉rs ✐♥ ❇✳ ✫strstr❬❆✱❇❪ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ✐s❯❘▲✭❳✮ ✿✲ ✫strstr❬✧❤tt♣✿✴✴✧✱❳❪✳ ✫❝♠♣❬❆✱❇❪ ✐s tr✉❡ ✐❢ ❆ ❁ ❇ ✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ❜❡❢♦r❡✭❳✱❨✮ ✿✲ ✫❝♠♣❬❳✱❨❪✱ ❞❛t❡✭❳✮✱ ❞❛t❡✭❨✮✳ ❞❛t❡✭✧✷✵✵✻✲✵✻✲✶✽✧✮✳ ❞❛t❡✭✧✷✵✵✻✲✵✻✲✷✵✧✮✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆t♦♠s ✫❝♦♥❝❛t❬❆✱❇❪✭❈✮ ❜✉✐❧❞s ❛ str✐♥❣ ❈ ❢r♦♠ ❆ ✰ ❇ ✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ❢✉❧❧❯❘■✭❳✮ ✿✲ ✫❝♦♥❝❛t❬✧❤tt♣✿✴✴✧✱P❪✭❳✮✱ r❡s♦✉r❝❡♣❛t❤✭P✮✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  32. ✐s tr✉❡ ✐❢ ❆ ♦❝❝✉rs ✐♥ ❇✳ ✫strstr❬❆✱❇❪ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ✐s❯❘▲✭❳✮ ✿✲ ✫strstr❬✧❤tt♣✿✴✴✧✱❳❪✳ ✫❝♠♣❬❆✱❇❪ ✐s tr✉❡ ✐❢ ❆ ❁ ❇ ✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ❜❡❢♦r❡✭❳✱❨✮ ✿✲ ✫❝♠♣❬❳✱❨❪✱ ❞❛t❡✭❳✮✱ ❞❛t❡✭❨✮✳ ❞❛t❡✭✧✷✵✵✻✲✵✻✲✶✽✧✮✳ ❞❛t❡✭✧✷✵✵✻✲✵✻✲✷✵✧✮✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆t♦♠s ✫❝♦♥❝❛t❬❆✱❇❪✭❈✮ ❜✉✐❧❞s ❛ str✐♥❣ ❈ ❢r♦♠ ❆ ✰ ❇ ✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ❢✉❧❧❯❘■✭❳✮ ✿✲ ✫❝♦♥❝❛t❬✧❤tt♣✿✴✴✧✱P❪✭❳✮✱ r❡s♦✉r❝❡♣❛t❤✭P✮✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  33. ✐s tr✉❡ ✐❢ ❆ ♦❝❝✉rs ✐♥ ❇✳ ✫strstr❬❆✱❇❪ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ✐s❯❘▲✭❳✮ ✿✲ ✫strstr❬✧❤tt♣✿✴✴✧✱❳❪✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆t♦♠s ✫❝♦♥❝❛t❬❆✱❇❪✭❈✮ ❜✉✐❧❞s ❛ str✐♥❣ ❈ ❢r♦♠ ❆ ✰ ❇ ✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ❢✉❧❧❯❘■✭❳✮ ✿✲ ✫❝♦♥❝❛t❬✧❤tt♣✿✴✴✧✱P❪✭❳✮✱ r❡s♦✉r❝❡♣❛t❤✭P✮✳ ✫❝♠♣❬❆✱❇❪ ✐s tr✉❡ ✐❢ ❆ ❁ ❇ ✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ❜❡❢♦r❡✭❳✱❨✮ ✿✲ ✫❝♠♣❬❳✱❨❪✱ ❞❛t❡✭❳✮✱ ❞❛t❡✭❨✮✳ ❞❛t❡✭✧✷✵✵✻✲✵✻✲✶✽✧✮✳ ❞❛t❡✭✧✷✵✵✻✲✵✻✲✷✵✧✮✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  34. ✐s tr✉❡ ✐❢ ❆ ♦❝❝✉rs ✐♥ ❇✳ ✫strstr❬❆✱❇❪ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ✐s❯❘▲✭❳✮ ✿✲ ✫strstr❬✧❤tt♣✿✴✴✧✱❳❪✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆t♦♠s ✫❝♦♥❝❛t❬❆✱❇❪✭❈✮ ❜✉✐❧❞s ❛ str✐♥❣ ❈ ❢r♦♠ ❆ ✰ ❇ ✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ❢✉❧❧❯❘■✭❳✮ ✿✲ ✫❝♦♥❝❛t❬✧❤tt♣✿✴✴✧✱P❪✭❳✮✱ r❡s♦✉r❝❡♣❛t❤✭P✮✳ ✫❝♠♣❬❆✱❇❪ ✐s tr✉❡ ✐❢ ❆ ❁ ❇ ✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ❜❡❢♦r❡✭❳✱❨✮ ✿✲ ✫❝♠♣❬❳✱❨❪✱ ❞❛t❡✭❳✮✱ ❞❛t❡✭❨✮✳ ❞❛t❡✭✧✷✵✵✻✲✵✻✲✶✽✧✮✳ ❞❛t❡✭✧✷✵✵✻✲✵✻✲✷✵✧✮✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  35. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆t♦♠s ✫❝♦♥❝❛t❬❆✱❇❪✭❈✮ ❜✉✐❧❞s ❛ str✐♥❣ ❈ ❢r♦♠ ❆ ✰ ❇ ✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ❢✉❧❧❯❘■✭❳✮ ✿✲ ✫❝♦♥❝❛t❬✧❤tt♣✿✴✴✧✱P❪✭❳✮✱ r❡s♦✉r❝❡♣❛t❤✭P✮✳ ✫❝♠♣❬❆✱❇❪ ✐s tr✉❡ ✐❢ ❆ ❁ ❇ ✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ❜❡❢♦r❡✭❳✱❨✮ ✿✲ ✫❝♠♣❬❳✱❨❪✱ ❞❛t❡✭❳✮✱ ❞❛t❡✭❨✮✳ ❞❛t❡✭✧✷✵✵✻✲✵✻✲✶✽✧✮✳ ❞❛t❡✭✧✷✵✵✻✲✵✻✲✷✵✧✮✳ ✐s tr✉❡ ✐❢ ❆ ♦❝❝✉rs ✐♥ ❇✳ ✫strstr❬❆✱❇❪ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ✐s❯❘▲✭❳✮ ✿✲ ✫strstr❬✧❤tt♣✿✴✴✧✱❳❪✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  36. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆t♦♠s ✫❝♦♥❝❛t❬❆✱❇❪✭❈✮ ❜✉✐❧❞s ❛ str✐♥❣ ❈ ❢r♦♠ ❆ ✰ ❇ ✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ❢✉❧❧❯❘■✭❳✮ ✿✲ ✫❝♦♥❝❛t❬✧❤tt♣✿✴✴✧✱P❪✭❳✮✱ r❡s♦✉r❝❡♣❛t❤✭P✮✳ ✫❝♠♣❬❆✱❇❪ ✐s tr✉❡ ✐❢ ❆ ❁ ❇ ✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ❜❡❢♦r❡✭❳✱❨✮ ✿✲ ✫❝♠♣❬❳✱❨❪✱ ❞❛t❡✭❳✮✱ ❞❛t❡✭❨✮✳ ❞❛t❡✭✧✷✵✵✻✲✵✻✲✶✽✧✮✳ ❞❛t❡✭✧✷✵✵✻✲✵✻✲✷✵✧✮✳ ✐s tr✉❡ ✐❢ ❆ ♦❝❝✉rs ✐♥ ❇✳ ✫strstr❬❆✱❇❪ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ✐s❯❘▲✭❳✮ ✿✲ ✫strstr❬✧❤tt♣✿✴✴✧✱❳❪✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  37. ✫s❤❛✶s✉♠❬❆❪✭❇✮ r❡t✉r♥s ❇ ❛s ❙❍❆✶ ❝❤❡❝❦s✉♠ ♦❢ ❆ ✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ♦✇♥❡r■❉✭❳✮ ✿✲ ✫s❤❛✶s✉♠❬❳❪✭❨✮✱ ♠❛✐❧❜♦①✭❳✮✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆t♦♠s ✴✷ s♣❧✐ts ❆ ❜② ❞❡❧✐♠✐t❡r ❇ ❛♥❞ r❡t✉r♥s ✐t❡♠ ❈✳ ✫s♣❧✐t❬❆✱❇✱❈❪✭❉✮ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ♠♦♥t❤✭❳✮ ✿✲ ✫s♣❧✐t❬❉✱✧✲✧✱✶❪✭❳✮✱ ❞❛t❡✭❉✮✳ ❞❛t❡✭✧✷✵✵✻✲✵✻✲✶✽✧✮✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  38. ✫s❤❛✶s✉♠❬❆❪✭❇✮ r❡t✉r♥s ❇ ❛s ❙❍❆✶ ❝❤❡❝❦s✉♠ ♦❢ ❆ ✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ♦✇♥❡r■❉✭❳✮ ✿✲ ✫s❤❛✶s✉♠❬❳❪✭❨✮✱ ♠❛✐❧❜♦①✭❳✮✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆t♦♠s ✴✷ s♣❧✐ts ❆ ❜② ❞❡❧✐♠✐t❡r ❇ ❛♥❞ r❡t✉r♥s ✐t❡♠ ❈✳ ✫s♣❧✐t❬❆✱❇✱❈❪✭❉✮ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ♠♦♥t❤✭❳✮ ✿✲ ✫s♣❧✐t❬❉✱✧✲✧✱✶❪✭❳✮✱ ❞❛t❡✭❉✮✳ ❞❛t❡✭✧✷✵✵✻✲✵✻✲✶✽✧✮✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  39. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆t♦♠s ✴✷ s♣❧✐ts ❆ ❜② ❞❡❧✐♠✐t❡r ❇ ❛♥❞ r❡t✉r♥s ✐t❡♠ ❈✳ ✫s♣❧✐t❬❆✱❇✱❈❪✭❉✮ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ♠♦♥t❤✭❳✮ ✿✲ ✫s♣❧✐t❬❉✱✧✲✧✱✶❪✭❳✮✱ ❞❛t❡✭❉✮✳ ❞❛t❡✭✧✷✵✵✻✲✵✻✲✶✽✧✮✳ ✫s❤❛✶s✉♠❬❆❪✭❇✮ r❡t✉r♥s ❇ ❛s ❙❍❆✶ ❝❤❡❝❦s✉♠ ♦❢ ❆ ✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ♦✇♥❡r■❉✭❳✮ ✿✲ ✫s❤❛✶s✉♠❬❳❪✭❨✮✱ ♠❛✐❧❜♦①✭❳✮✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  40. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆t♦♠s ✴✷ s♣❧✐ts ❆ ❜② ❞❡❧✐♠✐t❡r ❇ ❛♥❞ r❡t✉r♥s ✐t❡♠ ❈✳ ✫s♣❧✐t❬❆✱❇✱❈❪✭❉✮ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ♠♦♥t❤✭❳✮ ✿✲ ✫s♣❧✐t❬❉✱✧✲✧✱✶❪✭❳✮✱ ❞❛t❡✭❉✮✳ ❞❛t❡✭✧✷✵✵✻✲✵✻✲✶✽✧✮✳ ✫s❤❛✶s✉♠❬❆❪✭❇✮ r❡t✉r♥s ❇ ❛s ❙❍❆✶ ❝❤❡❝❦s✉♠ ♦❢ ❆ ✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ♦✇♥❡r■❉✭❳✮ ✿✲ ✫s❤❛✶s✉♠❬❳❪✭❨✮✱ ♠❛✐❧❜♦①✭❳✮✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  41. r❡t✉r♥s ❛❧❧ tr✐♣❧❡s ❁❙✱P✱❖❃ ❢r♦♠ ❯ ✳ ✫r❞❢❬❯❪✭❙✱P✱❖✮ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ tr✭❳✱❨✱❩✮ ✿✲ ✫r❞❢❬❯❪✭❳✱❨✱❩✮✱ ✉r✐✭❯✮✳ ✉r✐✭✧❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✳♦r❣✴❢♦❛❢✳r❞❢✧✮✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ P✉r♣♦s❡✿ ❆❝❝❡ss ❘❉❋ ❦♥✇♦❧❡❞❣❡ ❜❛s❡s✳ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❛t♦♠✿ ✫r❞❢ ❘❡tr✐❡✈❡ ❘❉❋✲tr✐♣❧❡s ❢r♦♠ ❛ ❯❘■✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  42. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ P✉r♣♦s❡✿ ❆❝❝❡ss ❘❉❋ ❦♥✇♦❧❡❞❣❡ ❜❛s❡s✳ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❛t♦♠✿ ✫r❞❢ ❘❡tr✐❡✈❡ ❘❉❋✲tr✐♣❧❡s ❢r♦♠ ❛ ❯❘■✳ r❡t✉r♥s ❛❧❧ tr✐♣❧❡s ❁❙✱P✱❖❃ ❢r♦♠ ❯ ✳ ✫r❞❢❬❯❪✭❙✱P✱❖✮ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ tr✭❳✱❨✱❩✮ ✿✲ ✫r❞❢❬❯❪✭❳✱❨✱❩✮✱ ✉r✐✭❯✮✳ ✉r✐✭✧❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✳♦r❣✴❢♦❛❢✳r❞❢✧✮✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  43. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ P✉r♣♦s❡✿ ❆❝❝❡ss ❘❉❋ ❦♥✇♦❧❡❞❣❡ ❜❛s❡s✳ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❛t♦♠✿ ✫r❞❢ ❘❡tr✐❡✈❡ ❘❉❋✲tr✐♣❧❡s ❢r♦♠ ❛ ❯❘■✳ r❡t✉r♥s ❛❧❧ tr✐♣❧❡s ❁❙✱P✱❖❃ ❢r♦♠ ❯ ✳ ✫r❞❢❬❯❪✭❙✱P✱❖✮ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ tr✭❳✱❨✱❩✮ ✿✲ ✫r❞❢❬❯❪✭❳✱❨✱❩✮✱ ✉r✐✭❯✮✳ ✉r✐✭✧❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❡①❛♠♣❧❡✳♦r❣✴❢♦❛❢✳r❞❢✧✮✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  44. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠ ❞❡❧✐❝✐♦✉s❴❛✳❞❧❤ r❡tr✐❡✈❡s tr✐♣❧❡s ❢r♦♠ ❛ ❞❡❧✳✐❝✐♦✳✉s ❯❘■✳ ❉❡❧✳✐❝✐♦✳✉s ✐s ❛ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❜♦♦❦♠❛r❦✐♥❣ s❡r✈✐❝❡✿ ❯s❡rs st♦r❡ t❤❡✐r ❜♦♦❦♠❛r❦s ❛♥❞ t❛❣ t❤❡♠ ✇✐t❤ ❦❡②✇♦r❞s✳ ■t ❤❛s ❛♥ ❘❉❋✴❘❙❙✲✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡✿ ❛❞❞✐♥❣ ❛ ❦❡②✇♦r❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❯❘▲ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞❡❧✳✐❝✐♦✳✉s✴rss✴t❛❣✴ r❡t✉r♥s ❛❧❧ ❜♦♦❦♠❛r❦s ✇✐t❤ t❤✐s t❛❣✳ • ❚❤❡ ♥❛♠❡s♣❛❝❡ ❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛❜❜r❡✈✐❛t❡s ❧♦♥❣ str✐♥❣s✱ s✐♠♣❧❡ s②♥t❛❝t✐❝ s✉❣❛r✳ • ❚❤❡ s✐♥❣❧❡ ❯❘▲ ❣✐✈❡♥ r❡t✉r♥s ❛❧❧ ❜♦♦❦♠❛r❦s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ t❛❣ ❡s✇❝ ✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  45. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠ ❞❡❧✐❝✐♦✉s❴❛✳❞❧❤ r❡tr✐❡✈❡s tr✐♣❧❡s ❢r♦♠ ❛ ❞❡❧✳✐❝✐♦✳✉s ❯❘■✳ ❉❡❧✳✐❝✐♦✳✉s ✐s ❛ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❜♦♦❦♠❛r❦✐♥❣ s❡r✈✐❝❡✿ ❯s❡rs st♦r❡ t❤❡✐r ❜♦♦❦♠❛r❦s ❛♥❞ t❛❣ t❤❡♠ ✇✐t❤ ❦❡②✇♦r❞s✳ ■t ❤❛s ❛♥ ❘❉❋✴❘❙❙✲✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡✿ ❛❞❞✐♥❣ ❛ ❦❡②✇♦r❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❯❘▲ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞❡❧✳✐❝✐♦✳✉s✴rss✴t❛❣✴ r❡t✉r♥s ❛❧❧ ❜♦♦❦♠❛r❦s ✇✐t❤ t❤✐s t❛❣✳ • ❚❤❡ ♥❛♠❡s♣❛❝❡ ❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛❜❜r❡✈✐❛t❡s ❧♦♥❣ str✐♥❣s✱ s✐♠♣❧❡ s②♥t❛❝t✐❝ s✉❣❛r✳ • ❚❤❡ s✐♥❣❧❡ ❯❘▲ ❣✐✈❡♥ r❡t✉r♥s ❛❧❧ ❜♦♦❦♠❛r❦s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ t❛❣ ❡s✇❝ ✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  46. ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❛s ❞❡❧✐❝✐♦✉s❴❜✳❞❧❤ ❧✐♥❦✭❳✮ ✿✲ ✧r❞❢✿t②♣❡✧✭❳✱✧rss✿✐t❡♠✧✮ ✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❊①❡r❝✐s❡ ❚❛s❦ ✭✶✮ ✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ ❛ ♥❡✇ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛t❡ ❦❡②✇♦r❞ ❛♥❞ ✜♥❞ ❛ ✇❛② t♦ ❛♣♣❡♥❞ ✐ts ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ str✐♥❣ ✧❤tt♣✿✴✴❞❡❧✳✐❝✐♦✳✉s✴rss✴t❛❣✴✧ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❜✉✐❧❞ t❤❡ ❯❘■ ✐♥ ❛ ♠♦r❡ ✢❡①✐❜❧❡ ✇❛②✳ ✷ ❚♦ ❣❡t t❤❡ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❜♦♦❦♠❛r❦s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❛ ❦❡②✇♦r❞✱ ❡①tr❛❝t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ tr✐♣❧❡s ❛❧❧ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s t❤❛t ❤❛✈❡ ✧r❞❢✿t②♣❡✧ ❛s ♣r♦♣❡rt② ❛♥❞ ✧rss✿✐t❡♠✧ ❛s ✈❛❧✉❡✳ ❄ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  47. ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❛s ❞❡❧✐❝✐♦✉s❴❜✳❞❧❤ ❧✐♥❦✭❳✮ ✿✲ ✧r❞❢✿t②♣❡✧✭❳✱✧rss✿✐t❡♠✧✮ ✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❊①❡r❝✐s❡ ❚❛s❦ ✭✶✮ ✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ ❛ ♥❡✇ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛t❡ ❦❡②✇♦r❞ ❛♥❞ ✜♥❞ ❛ ✇❛② t♦ ❛♣♣❡♥❞ ✐ts ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ str✐♥❣ ✧❤tt♣✿✴✴❞❡❧✳✐❝✐♦✳✉s✴rss✴t❛❣✴✧ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❜✉✐❧❞ t❤❡ ❯❘■ ✐♥ ❛ ♠♦r❡ ✢❡①✐❜❧❡ ✇❛②✳ ✷ ❚♦ ❣❡t t❤❡ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❜♦♦❦♠❛r❦s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❛ ❦❡②✇♦r❞✱ ❡①tr❛❝t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ tr✐♣❧❡s ❛❧❧ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s t❤❛t ❤❛✈❡ ✧r❞❢✿t②♣❡✧ ❛s ♣r♦♣❡rt② ❛♥❞ ✧rss✿✐t❡♠✧ ❛s ✈❛❧✉❡✳ t❛❣✭✧❡s✇❝✧✮✳ ✉r❧✭❳✮ ✿✲ ✫❝♦♥❝❛t❬✧❤tt♣✿✴✴❞❡❧✳✐❝✐♦✳✉s✴rss✴t❛❣✴✧✱❲❪✭❳✮✱ t❛❣✭❲✮✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  48. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❊①❡r❝✐s❡ ❚❛s❦ ✭✶✮ ✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ ❛ ♥❡✇ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛t❡ ❦❡②✇♦r❞ ❛♥❞ ✜♥❞ ❛ ✇❛② t♦ ❛♣♣❡♥❞ ✐ts ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ str✐♥❣ ✧❤tt♣✿✴✴❞❡❧✳✐❝✐♦✳✉s✴rss✴t❛❣✴✧ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❜✉✐❧❞ t❤❡ ❯❘■ ✐♥ ❛ ♠♦r❡ ✢❡①✐❜❧❡ ✇❛②✳ ✷ ❚♦ ❣❡t t❤❡ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❜♦♦❦♠❛r❦s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❛ ❦❡②✇♦r❞✱ ❡①tr❛❝t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ tr✐♣❧❡s ❛❧❧ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s t❤❛t ❤❛✈❡ ✧r❞❢✿t②♣❡✧ ❛s ♣r♦♣❡rt② ❛♥❞ ✧rss✿✐t❡♠✧ ❛s ✈❛❧✉❡✳ t❛❣✭✧❡s✇❝✧✮✳ ✉r❧✭❳✮ ✿✲ ✫❝♦♥❝❛t❬✧❤tt♣✿✴✴❞❡❧✳✐❝✐♦✳✉s✴rss✴t❛❣✴✧✱❲❪✭❳✮✱ t❛❣✭❲✮✳ ❧✐♥❦✭❳✮ ✿✲ ✧r❞❢✿t②♣❡✧✭❳✱✧rss✿✐t❡♠✧✮ ✳ ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❛s ❞❡❧✐❝✐♦✉s❴❜✳❞❧❤ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  49. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❉▲ P❧✉❣✐♥ P✉r♣♦s❡✿ ◗✉❡r② ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❜❛s❡s✳ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❛t♦♠s✿ ✫❞❧❈ ◗✉❡r✐❡s ❛ ❉▲ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t✳ ✫❞❧❘ ◗✉❡r✐❡s ❛ ❉▲ r♦❧❡✳ ✫❞❧❉❘ ◗✉❡r✐❡s ❛ ❉▲ ❞❛t❛t②♣❡ r♦❧❡✳ ✫❞❧❈♦♥s✐st❡♥t ❚❡sts ❛ ❉▲ ❑❇ ❢♦r ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝②✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❛t♦♠s ❞❡s❝❡♥t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ❞❧ ✲❛t♦♠s ♦❢ ♦✉r ❞❧ ✲♣r♦❣r❛♠s ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ ❛❧❧♦✇ ❢♦r ❡①t❡♥❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❉▲✲❑❇✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  50. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❉▲ P❧✉❣✐♥ P✉r♣♦s❡✿ ◗✉❡r② ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❜❛s❡s✳ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❛t♦♠s✿ ✫❞❧❈ ◗✉❡r✐❡s ❛ ❉▲ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t✳ ✫❞❧❘ ◗✉❡r✐❡s ❛ ❉▲ r♦❧❡✳ ✫❞❧❉❘ ◗✉❡r✐❡s ❛ ❉▲ ❞❛t❛t②♣❡ r♦❧❡✳ ✫❞❧❈♦♥s✐st❡♥t ❚❡sts ❛ ❉▲ ❑❇ ❢♦r ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝②✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❛t♦♠s ❞❡s❝❡♥t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ❞❧ ✲❛t♦♠s ♦❢ ♦✉r ❞❧ ✲♣r♦❣r❛♠s ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ ❛❧❧♦✇ ❢♦r ❡①t❡♥❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❉▲✲❑❇✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  51. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❉▲ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆t♦♠s ❘❡t✉r♥s ❛❧❧ ♠❡♠❜❡rs ♦❢ ◗ ✐♥ ❑❇ ❯ ✳ ✫❞❧❈❬❯✱❛✱❜✱❝✱❞✱◗❪✭❈✮ ❛✱❜✱❝✱❞ ✿ Pr❡❞✐❝❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❤❡① ✲♣r♦❣r❛♠✱ s♣❡❝✐❢②✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❉▲ ✉♣❞❛t❡✱ ✐♥ t❤✐s ♦r❞❡r✿ ✶ ❆❞❞ ♣ t♦ P ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ t✉♣❧❡ ❁P✱♣❃ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ✳ ✷ ❆❞❞ ♣ t♦ ¬ P ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ t✉♣❧❡ ❁P✱♣❃ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❜ ✳ ✸ ❆❞❞ ❁♣✱q❃ t♦ ❘ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ t✉♣❧❡ ❁❘✱♣✱q❃ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝ ✳ ✹ ❆❞❞ ❁♣✱q❃ t♦ ¬ ❘ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ t✉♣❧❡ ❁❘✱♣✱q❃ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞ ✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ st✉❞❡♥t✭❳✮ ✿✲ ✫❞❧❈❬❯✱①✱①✱❛❞❞✱①✱✧P❤❞❙t✉❞❡♥t✧❪✭❳✮✱ ✉r❧✭❯✮✳ ❛❞❞✭✧s✉♣❡r✈✐s♦r❖❢✧✱✧❘♦♠❛♥✧✱✧❚❤♦♠❛s✧✮✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  52. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❉▲ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆t♦♠s ❘❡t✉r♥s ❛❧❧ ♠❡♠❜❡rs ♦❢ ◗ ✐♥ ❑❇ ❯ ✳ ✫❞❧❈❬❯✱❛✱❜✱❝✱❞✱◗❪✭❈✮ ❛✱❜✱❝✱❞ ✿ Pr❡❞✐❝❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❤❡① ✲♣r♦❣r❛♠✱ s♣❡❝✐❢②✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❉▲ ✉♣❞❛t❡✱ ✐♥ t❤✐s ♦r❞❡r✿ ✶ ❆❞❞ ♣ t♦ P ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ t✉♣❧❡ ❁P✱♣❃ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ✳ ✷ ❆❞❞ ♣ t♦ ¬ P ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ t✉♣❧❡ ❁P✱♣❃ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❜ ✳ ✸ ❆❞❞ ❁♣✱q❃ t♦ ❘ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ t✉♣❧❡ ❁❘✱♣✱q❃ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝ ✳ ✹ ❆❞❞ ❁♣✱q❃ t♦ ¬ ❘ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ t✉♣❧❡ ❁❘✱♣✱q❃ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞ ✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ st✉❞❡♥t✭❳✮ ✿✲ ✫❞❧❈❬❯✱①✱①✱❛❞❞✱①✱✧P❤❞❙t✉❞❡♥t✧❪✭❳✮✱ ✉r❧✭❯✮✳ ❛❞❞✭✧s✉♣❡r✈✐s♦r❖❢✧✱✧❘♦♠❛♥✧✱✧❚❤♦♠❛s✧✮✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  53. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❉▲ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆t♦♠s ❘❡t✉r♥s ❛❧❧ ♠❡♠❜❡rs ♦❢ ◗ ✐♥ ❑❇ ❯ ✳ ✫❞❧❈❬❯✱❛✱❜✱❝✱❞✱◗❪✭❈✮ ❛✱❜✱❝✱❞ ✿ Pr❡❞✐❝❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❤❡① ✲♣r♦❣r❛♠✱ s♣❡❝✐❢②✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❉▲ ✉♣❞❛t❡✱ ✐♥ t❤✐s ♦r❞❡r✿ ✶ ❆❞❞ ♣ t♦ P ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ t✉♣❧❡ ❁P✱♣❃ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ✳ ✷ ❆❞❞ ♣ t♦ ¬ P ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ t✉♣❧❡ ❁P✱♣❃ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❜ ✳ ✸ ❆❞❞ ❁♣✱q❃ t♦ ❘ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ t✉♣❧❡ ❁❘✱♣✱q❃ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝ ✳ ✹ ❆❞❞ ❁♣✱q❃ t♦ ¬ ❘ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ t✉♣❧❡ ❁❘✱♣✱q❃ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞ ✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ st✉❞❡♥t✭❳✮ ✿✲ ✫❞❧❈❬❯✱①✱①✱❛❞❞✱①✱✧P❤❞❙t✉❞❡♥t✧❪✭❳✮✱ ✉r❧✭❯✮✳ ❛❞❞✭✧s✉♣❡r✈✐s♦r❖❢✧✱✧❘♦♠❛♥✧✱✧❚❤♦♠❛s✧✮✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  54. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❉▲ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆t♦♠s ❘❡t✉r♥s ❛❧❧ ♠❡♠❜❡rs ♦❢ ◗ ✐♥ ❑❇ ❯ ✳ ✫❞❧❈❬❯✱❛✱❜✱❝✱❞✱◗❪✭❈✮ ❛✱❜✱❝✱❞ ✿ Pr❡❞✐❝❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❤❡① ✲♣r♦❣r❛♠✱ s♣❡❝✐❢②✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❉▲ ✉♣❞❛t❡✱ ✐♥ t❤✐s ♦r❞❡r✿ ✶ ❆❞❞ ♣ t♦ P ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ t✉♣❧❡ ❁P✱♣❃ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ✳ ✷ ❆❞❞ ♣ t♦ ¬ P ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ t✉♣❧❡ ❁P✱♣❃ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❜ ✳ ✸ ❆❞❞ ❁♣✱q❃ t♦ ❘ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ t✉♣❧❡ ❁❘✱♣✱q❃ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝ ✳ ✹ ❆❞❞ ❁♣✱q❃ t♦ ¬ ❘ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ t✉♣❧❡ ❁❘✱♣✱q❃ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞ ✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ st✉❞❡♥t✭❳✮ ✿✲ ✫❞❧❈❬❯✱①✱①✱❛❞❞✱①✱✧P❤❞❙t✉❞❡♥t✧❪✭❳✮✱ ✉r❧✭❯✮✳ ❛❞❞✭✧s✉♣❡r✈✐s♦r❖❢✧✱✧❘♦♠❛♥✧✱✧❚❤♦♠❛s✧✮✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  55. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❉▲ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆t♦♠s ❘❡t✉r♥s ❛❧❧ ♠❡♠❜❡rs ♦❢ ◗ ✐♥ ❑❇ ❯ ✳ ✫❞❧❈❬❯✱❛✱❜✱❝✱❞✱◗❪✭❈✮ ❛✱❜✱❝✱❞ ✿ Pr❡❞✐❝❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❤❡① ✲♣r♦❣r❛♠✱ s♣❡❝✐❢②✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❉▲ ✉♣❞❛t❡✱ ✐♥ t❤✐s ♦r❞❡r✿ ✶ ❆❞❞ ♣ t♦ P ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ t✉♣❧❡ ❁P✱♣❃ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ✳ ✷ ❆❞❞ ♣ t♦ ¬ P ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ t✉♣❧❡ ❁P✱♣❃ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❜ ✳ ✸ ❆❞❞ ❁♣✱q❃ t♦ ❘ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ t✉♣❧❡ ❁❘✱♣✱q❃ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝ ✳ ✹ ❆❞❞ ❁♣✱q❃ t♦ ¬ ❘ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ t✉♣❧❡ ❁❘✱♣✱q❃ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞ ✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ st✉❞❡♥t✭❳✮ ✿✲ ✫❞❧❈❬❯✱①✱①✱❛❞❞✱①✱✧P❤❞❙t✉❞❡♥t✧❪✭❳✮✱ ✉r❧✭❯✮✳ ❛❞❞✭✧s✉♣❡r✈✐s♦r❖❢✧✱✧❘♦♠❛♥✧✱✧❚❤♦♠❛s✧✮✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  56. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❉▲ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆t♦♠s ❘❡t✉r♥s ❛❧❧ ♠❡♠❜❡rs ♦❢ ◗ ✐♥ ❑❇ ❯ ✳ ✫❞❧❈❬❯✱❛✱❜✱❝✱❞✱◗❪✭❈✮ ❛✱❜✱❝✱❞ ✿ Pr❡❞✐❝❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❤❡① ✲♣r♦❣r❛♠✱ s♣❡❝✐❢②✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❉▲ ✉♣❞❛t❡✱ ✐♥ t❤✐s ♦r❞❡r✿ ✶ ❆❞❞ ♣ t♦ P ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ t✉♣❧❡ ❁P✱♣❃ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ✳ ✷ ❆❞❞ ♣ t♦ ¬ P ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ t✉♣❧❡ ❁P✱♣❃ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❜ ✳ ✸ ❆❞❞ ❁♣✱q❃ t♦ ❘ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ t✉♣❧❡ ❁❘✱♣✱q❃ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝ ✳ ✹ ❆❞❞ ❁♣✱q❃ t♦ ¬ ❘ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ t✉♣❧❡ ❁❘✱♣✱q❃ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞ ✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ st✉❞❡♥t✭❳✮ ✿✲ ✫❞❧❈❬❯✱①✱①✱❛❞❞✱①✱✧P❤❞❙t✉❞❡♥t✧❪✭❳✮✱ ✉r❧✭❯✮✳ ❛❞❞✭✧s✉♣❡r✈✐s♦r❖❢✧✱✧❘♦♠❛♥✧✱✧❚❤♦♠❛s✧✮✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  57. ❘❡t✉r♥s ❛❧❧ ♣❛✐rs ♦❢ ◗ ✐♥ ❑❇ ❯ ✳ ✫❞❧❉❘❬❯✱❛✱❜✱❝✱❞✱◗❪✭❳✱❨✮ ◗ ❤❛s t♦ ❜❡ ❛ ❉❛t❛t②♣❡Pr♦♣❡rt②✦ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ♥❛♠❡✭❳✱❨✮ ✿✲ ✫❞❧❉❘❬❯✱❛✱❜✱❝✱❞✱✧♥❛♠❡✧❪✭❳✱❨✮✱ ♠❡♠❜❡r✭❳✮✱ ✉r❧✭❯✮✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❉▲ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆t♦♠s ✴✷ ❘❡t✉r♥s ❛❧❧ ♣❛✐rs ♦❢ ◗ ✐♥ ❑❇ ❯ ✳ ✫❞❧❘❬❯✱❛✱❜✱❝✱❞✱◗❪✭❳✱❨✮ ◗ ❤❛s t♦ ❜❡ ❛♥ ❖❜❥❡❝tPr♦♣❡rt②✦ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ✉♥❝❧❡✭❳✱❨✮ ✿✲ ✫❞❧❘❬❯✱①✱①✱①✱①✱✧❜r♦t❤❡r❖❢✧❪✭❳✱❩✮✱ ✫❞❧❘❬❯✱①✱①✱①✱①✱✧♣❛r❡♥t❖❢✧❪✭❩✱❨✮✱ ✉r❧✭❯✮✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  58. ❘❡t✉r♥s ❛❧❧ ♣❛✐rs ♦❢ ◗ ✐♥ ❑❇ ❯ ✳ ✫❞❧❉❘❬❯✱❛✱❜✱❝✱❞✱◗❪✭❳✱❨✮ ◗ ❤❛s t♦ ❜❡ ❛ ❉❛t❛t②♣❡Pr♦♣❡rt②✦ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ♥❛♠❡✭❳✱❨✮ ✿✲ ✫❞❧❉❘❬❯✱❛✱❜✱❝✱❞✱✧♥❛♠❡✧❪✭❳✱❨✮✱ ♠❡♠❜❡r✭❳✮✱ ✉r❧✭❯✮✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❉▲ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆t♦♠s ✴✷ ❘❡t✉r♥s ❛❧❧ ♣❛✐rs ♦❢ ◗ ✐♥ ❑❇ ❯ ✳ ✫❞❧❘❬❯✱❛✱❜✱❝✱❞✱◗❪✭❳✱❨✮ ◗ ❤❛s t♦ ❜❡ ❛♥ ❖❜❥❡❝tPr♦♣❡rt②✦ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ✉♥❝❧❡✭❳✱❨✮ ✿✲ ✫❞❧❘❬❯✱①✱①✱①✱①✱✧❜r♦t❤❡r❖❢✧❪✭❳✱❩✮✱ ✫❞❧❘❬❯✱①✱①✱①✱①✱✧♣❛r❡♥t❖❢✧❪✭❩✱❨✮✱ ✉r❧✭❯✮✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  59. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❉▲ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆t♦♠s ✴✷ ❘❡t✉r♥s ❛❧❧ ♣❛✐rs ♦❢ ◗ ✐♥ ❑❇ ❯ ✳ ✫❞❧❘❬❯✱❛✱❜✱❝✱❞✱◗❪✭❳✱❨✮ ◗ ❤❛s t♦ ❜❡ ❛♥ ❖❜❥❡❝tPr♦♣❡rt②✦ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ✉♥❝❧❡✭❳✱❨✮ ✿✲ ✫❞❧❘❬❯✱①✱①✱①✱①✱✧❜r♦t❤❡r❖❢✧❪✭❳✱❩✮✱ ✫❞❧❘❬❯✱①✱①✱①✱①✱✧♣❛r❡♥t❖❢✧❪✭❩✱❨✮✱ ✉r❧✭❯✮✳ ❘❡t✉r♥s ❛❧❧ ♣❛✐rs ♦❢ ◗ ✐♥ ❑❇ ❯ ✳ ✫❞❧❉❘❬❯✱❛✱❜✱❝✱❞✱◗❪✭❳✱❨✮ ◗ ❤❛s t♦ ❜❡ ❛ ❉❛t❛t②♣❡Pr♦♣❡rt②✦ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ♥❛♠❡✭❳✱❨✮ ✿✲ ✫❞❧❉❘❬❯✱❛✱❜✱❝✱❞✱✧♥❛♠❡✧❪✭❳✱❨✮✱ ♠❡♠❜❡r✭❳✮✱ ✉r❧✭❯✮✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  60. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❉▲ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆t♦♠s ✴✷ ❘❡t✉r♥s ❛❧❧ ♣❛✐rs ♦❢ ◗ ✐♥ ❑❇ ❯ ✳ ✫❞❧❘❬❯✱❛✱❜✱❝✱❞✱◗❪✭❳✱❨✮ ◗ ❤❛s t♦ ❜❡ ❛♥ ❖❜❥❡❝tPr♦♣❡rt②✦ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ✉♥❝❧❡✭❳✱❨✮ ✿✲ ✫❞❧❘❬❯✱①✱①✱①✱①✱✧❜r♦t❤❡r❖❢✧❪✭❳✱❩✮✱ ✫❞❧❘❬❯✱①✱①✱①✱①✱✧♣❛r❡♥t❖❢✧❪✭❩✱❨✮✱ ✉r❧✭❯✮✳ ❘❡t✉r♥s ❛❧❧ ♣❛✐rs ♦❢ ◗ ✐♥ ❑❇ ❯ ✳ ✫❞❧❉❘❬❯✱❛✱❜✱❝✱❞✱◗❪✭❳✱❨✮ ◗ ❤❛s t♦ ❜❡ ❛ ❉❛t❛t②♣❡Pr♦♣❡rt②✦ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ♥❛♠❡✭❳✱❨✮ ✿✲ ✫❞❧❉❘❬❯✱❛✱❜✱❝✱❞✱✧♥❛♠❡✧❪✭❳✱❨✮✱ ♠❡♠❜❡r✭❳✮✱ ✉r❧✭❯✮✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  61. ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❛t ✇✐♥❡❈♦✈❡r✶✵❜✳❞❧❤t ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❊①❡r❝✐s❡ ❲✐♥❡ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ✐♠♣♦rt✐♥❣ ✇✐♥❡ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ❢r♦♠ ✭❘❉❋✮ ❢♦❛❢✲❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥s✦ ❘❉❋✲❣r❛♣❤✿ ❳ ❁✧❢♦❛❢✿♥❛♠❡✧❃ ◆❛♠❡ ❳ ❁✧❢♦❛❢♣❧✉s✿✇✐♥❡Pr❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡✧❃ ❲✐♥❡ ❚❛s❦ ✭✷✮ ▼♦❞✐❢② ✇✐♥❡❈♦✈❡r✶✵❛✳❞❧❤t ❜② ❝r❡❛t✐♥❣ ❛ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛t❡ ♣r❡❢❡rr❡❞❲✐♥❡ t❤❛t ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡s ♥❛♠❡s t♦ ✇✐♥❡s✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  62. ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❛t ✇✐♥❡❈♦✈❡r✶✵❜✳❞❧❤t ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❊①❡r❝✐s❡ ❲✐♥❡ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ✐♠♣♦rt✐♥❣ ✇✐♥❡ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ❢r♦♠ ✭❘❉❋✮ ❢♦❛❢✲❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥s✦ ❘❉❋✲❣r❛♣❤✿ ❳ ❁✧❢♦❛❢✿♥❛♠❡✧❃ ◆❛♠❡ ❳ ❁✧❢♦❛❢♣❧✉s✿✇✐♥❡Pr❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡✧❃ ❲✐♥❡ ❚❛s❦ ✭✷✮ ▼♦❞✐❢② ✇✐♥❡❈♦✈❡r✶✵❛✳❞❧❤t ❜② ❝r❡❛t✐♥❣ ❛ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛t❡ ♣r❡❢❡rr❡❞❲✐♥❡ t❤❛t ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡s ♥❛♠❡s t♦ ✇✐♥❡s✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  63. ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❛t ✇✐♥❡❈♦✈❡r✶✵❜✳❞❧❤t ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❊①❡r❝✐s❡ ❲✐♥❡ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ✐♠♣♦rt✐♥❣ ✇✐♥❡ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ❢r♦♠ ✭❘❉❋✮ ❢♦❛❢✲❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥s✦ ❘❉❋✲❣r❛♣❤✿ ❳ ❁✧❢♦❛❢✿♥❛♠❡✧❃ ◆❛♠❡ ❳ ❁✧❢♦❛❢♣❧✉s✿✇✐♥❡Pr❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡✧❃ ❲✐♥❡ ❚❛s❦ ✭✷✮ ▼♦❞✐❢② ✇✐♥❡❈♦✈❡r✶✵❛✳❞❧❤t ❜② ❝r❡❛t✐♥❣ ❛ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛t❡ ♣r❡❢❡rr❡❞❲✐♥❡ t❤❛t ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡s ♥❛♠❡s t♦ ✇✐♥❡s✳ ♣r❡❢❡rr❡❞❲✐♥❡✭◆✱❲✮ ✿✲ ❄ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  64. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❊①❡r❝✐s❡ ❲✐♥❡ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ✐♠♣♦rt✐♥❣ ✇✐♥❡ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ❢r♦♠ ✭❘❉❋✮ ❢♦❛❢✲❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥s✦ ❘❉❋✲❣r❛♣❤✿ ❳ ❁✧❢♦❛❢✿♥❛♠❡✧❃ ◆❛♠❡ ❳ ❁✧❢♦❛❢♣❧✉s✿✇✐♥❡Pr❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡✧❃ ❲✐♥❡ ❚❛s❦ ✭✷✮ ▼♦❞✐❢② ✇✐♥❡❈♦✈❡r✶✵❛✳❞❧❤t ❜② ❝r❡❛t✐♥❣ ❛ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛t❡ ♣r❡❢❡rr❡❞❲✐♥❡ t❤❛t ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡s ♥❛♠❡s t♦ ✇✐♥❡s✳ ♣r❡❢❡rr❡❞❲✐♥❡✭◆✱❲✮ ✿✲ ✧❢♦❛❢✿♥❛♠❡✧✭❳✱◆✮✱ ✧❢♦❛❢♣❧✉s✿✇✐♥❡Pr❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡✧✭❳✱❲✮✳ ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❛t ✇✐♥❡❈♦✈❡r✶✵❜✳❞❧❤t ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  65. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❘❡❝❡♥t ♣r♦❥❡❝t ✉s✐♥❣ ❞❧✈❤❡①✿ P♦❧✐❝② ❙♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ P✳ ❆✳ ❇♦♥❛tt✐✱ ❉✳ ❖❧♠❡❞✐❧❧❛✱ ❛♥❞ ❏✳ P❡❡r✳✿ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ P♦❧✐❝② ◗✉❡r✐❡s✳ ❋♦r✿ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❈♦♠♠✐ss✐♦♥✱ ■❙❚ ✷✵✵✹✲✺✵✻✼✼✾ ✭❘❊❲❊❘❙❊✮✱ ■✷✲❉✹✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❧❡✿ • ●r❛♥t ❛❝❝❡ss t♦ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❞✐s❝❧♦s❡❞ ❝r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧s✳ • ❱❛r✐♦✉s ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❝r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧s ♠✐❣❤t ❧❡❛❞ t♦ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❣♦❛❧✳ • ❈r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧s ❤❛✈❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❞✐s❝❧♦s✉r❡ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t✐❡s✳ • ❖♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ Pr♦❜❧❡♠✿ ❋✐♥❞ ❧❡❛st s❡♥s✐t✐✈❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧s t❤❛t ❣r❛♥t ❛❝❝❡ss✦ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  66. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❘❡❝❡♥t ♣r♦❥❡❝t ✉s✐♥❣ ❞❧✈❤❡①✿ P♦❧✐❝② ❙♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ P✳ ❆✳ ❇♦♥❛tt✐✱ ❉✳ ❖❧♠❡❞✐❧❧❛✱ ❛♥❞ ❏✳ P❡❡r✳✿ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ P♦❧✐❝② ◗✉❡r✐❡s✳ ❋♦r✿ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❈♦♠♠✐ss✐♦♥✱ ■❙❚ ✷✵✵✹✲✺✵✻✼✼✾ ✭❘❊❲❊❘❙❊✮✱ ■✷✲❉✹✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❧❡✿ • ●r❛♥t ❛❝❝❡ss t♦ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❞✐s❝❧♦s❡❞ ❝r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧s✳ • ❱❛r✐♦✉s ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❝r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧s ♠✐❣❤t ❧❡❛❞ t♦ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❣♦❛❧✳ • ❈r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧s ❤❛✈❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❞✐s❝❧♦s✉r❡ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t✐❡s✳ • ❖♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ Pr♦❜❧❡♠✿ ❋✐♥❞ ❧❡❛st s❡♥s✐t✐✈❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧s t❤❛t ❣r❛♥t ❛❝❝❡ss✦ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  67. r❡t✉r♥s ♦✈❡r❛❧❧ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t② ♦❢ ♣r❡❞✳ s❡♥s ✳ ✫♣♦❧✐❝②❬s❡♥s❪✭❙✮ s❡♥s ✐s ❜✐♥❛r②✱ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t✐♥❣ ❛ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t② ✈❛❧✉❡ t♦ ❛ ❝r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ s❡♥s✭❝❛✱✷✮✳ s❡♥s✭❝❜✱✸✮✳ ♦✈❡r❛❧❧✭❙✮ ✿✲ ✫♣♦❧✐❝②❬s❡♥s❪✭❙✮✳ ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥s✐❞❡ t❤❡ ✫♣♦❧✐❝② ✲❛t♦♠ ❡❛s✐❧② ❛❞❛♣t❛❜❧❡✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❈r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❙❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❈❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡✿ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♦✈❡r❛❧❧ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t② ♦❢ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ❝r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧s✳ • ❙✐♠♣❧❡✿ s✉♠✱ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡✱ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ⇒ ❯s❡ ❛❣❣r❡❣❛t❡s • ❈♦♠♣❧✐❝❛t❡❞✿ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❝r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧s✱ ♠✉t✉❛❧ ❡✛❡❝ts ⇒ ❯s❡ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ❛t♦♠✦ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  68. r❡t✉r♥s ♦✈❡r❛❧❧ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t② ♦❢ ♣r❡❞✳ s❡♥s ✳ ✫♣♦❧✐❝②❬s❡♥s❪✭❙✮ s❡♥s ✐s ❜✐♥❛r②✱ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t✐♥❣ ❛ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t② ✈❛❧✉❡ t♦ ❛ ❝r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ s❡♥s✭❝❛✱✷✮✳ s❡♥s✭❝❜✱✸✮✳ ♦✈❡r❛❧❧✭❙✮ ✿✲ ✫♣♦❧✐❝②❬s❡♥s❪✭❙✮✳ ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥s✐❞❡ t❤❡ ✫♣♦❧✐❝② ✲❛t♦♠ ❡❛s✐❧② ❛❞❛♣t❛❜❧❡✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❈r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❙❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❈❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡✿ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♦✈❡r❛❧❧ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t② ♦❢ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ❝r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧s✳ • ❙✐♠♣❧❡✿ s✉♠✱ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡✱ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ⇒ ❯s❡ ❛❣❣r❡❣❛t❡s • ❈♦♠♣❧✐❝❛t❡❞✿ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❝r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧s✱ ♠✉t✉❛❧ ❡✛❡❝ts ⇒ ❯s❡ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ❛t♦♠✦ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  69. r❡t✉r♥s ♦✈❡r❛❧❧ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t② ♦❢ ♣r❡❞✳ s❡♥s ✳ ✫♣♦❧✐❝②❬s❡♥s❪✭❙✮ s❡♥s ✐s ❜✐♥❛r②✱ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t✐♥❣ ❛ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t② ✈❛❧✉❡ t♦ ❛ ❝r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ s❡♥s✭❝❛✱✷✮✳ s❡♥s✭❝❜✱✸✮✳ ♦✈❡r❛❧❧✭❙✮ ✿✲ ✫♣♦❧✐❝②❬s❡♥s❪✭❙✮✳ ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥s✐❞❡ t❤❡ ✫♣♦❧✐❝② ✲❛t♦♠ ❡❛s✐❧② ❛❞❛♣t❛❜❧❡✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❈r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❙❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❈❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡✿ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♦✈❡r❛❧❧ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t② ♦❢ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ❝r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧s✳ • ❙✐♠♣❧❡✿ s✉♠✱ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡✱ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ⇒ ❯s❡ ❛❣❣r❡❣❛t❡s • ❈♦♠♣❧✐❝❛t❡❞✿ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❝r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧s✱ ♠✉t✉❛❧ ❡✛❡❝ts ⇒ ❯s❡ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ❛t♦♠✦ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  70. ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ s❡♥s✭❝❛✱✷✮✳ s❡♥s✭❝❜✱✸✮✳ ♦✈❡r❛❧❧✭❙✮ ✿✲ ✫♣♦❧✐❝②❬s❡♥s❪✭❙✮✳ ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥s✐❞❡ t❤❡ ✫♣♦❧✐❝② ✲❛t♦♠ ❡❛s✐❧② ❛❞❛♣t❛❜❧❡✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❈r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❙❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❈❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡✿ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♦✈❡r❛❧❧ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t② ♦❢ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ❝r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧s✳ • ❙✐♠♣❧❡✿ s✉♠✱ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡✱ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ⇒ ❯s❡ ❛❣❣r❡❣❛t❡s • ❈♦♠♣❧✐❝❛t❡❞✿ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❝r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧s✱ ♠✉t✉❛❧ ❡✛❡❝ts ⇒ ❯s❡ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ❛t♦♠✦ r❡t✉r♥s ♦✈❡r❛❧❧ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t② ♦❢ ♣r❡❞✳ s❡♥s ✳ ✫♣♦❧✐❝②❬s❡♥s❪✭❙✮ s❡♥s ✐s ❜✐♥❛r②✱ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t✐♥❣ ❛ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t② ✈❛❧✉❡ t♦ ❛ ❝r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  71. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❈r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❙❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❈❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡✿ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♦✈❡r❛❧❧ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t② ♦❢ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ❝r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧s✳ • ❙✐♠♣❧❡✿ s✉♠✱ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡✱ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ⇒ ❯s❡ ❛❣❣r❡❣❛t❡s • ❈♦♠♣❧✐❝❛t❡❞✿ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❝r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧s✱ ♠✉t✉❛❧ ❡✛❡❝ts ⇒ ❯s❡ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ❛t♦♠✦ r❡t✉r♥s ♦✈❡r❛❧❧ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t② ♦❢ ♣r❡❞✳ s❡♥s ✳ ✫♣♦❧✐❝②❬s❡♥s❪✭❙✮ s❡♥s ✐s ❜✐♥❛r②✱ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t✐♥❣ ❛ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t② ✈❛❧✉❡ t♦ ❛ ❝r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ s❡♥s✭❝❛✱✷✮✳ s❡♥s✭❝❜✱✸✮✳ ♦✈❡r❛❧❧✭❙✮ ✿✲ ✫♣♦❧✐❝②❬s❡♥s❪✭❙✮✳ ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥s✐❞❡ t❤❡ ✫♣♦❧✐❝② ✲❛t♦♠ ❡❛s✐❧② ❛❞❛♣t❛❜❧❡✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  72. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✿ ❙✉♠ ❙✐♠♣❧❡ ✈❡rs✐♦♥✿ ❙✉♠ ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ❝r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t✐❡s✖❧♦♦❦✐♥❣ ✐♥s✐❞❡ t❤❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥✿ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ P♦❧✐❝②❙❡♥s❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥✿✿❡✈❛❧✭❝♦♥st st❞✿✿✈❡❝t♦r❁❞♦✉❜❧❡❃✫ ✈❛❧✉❡s✮ ④ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ r❡t✭✵✮❀ ❢♦r ✭✈❡❝t♦r❁❞♦✉❜❧❡❃✿✿❝♦♥st❴✐t❡r❛t♦r ❞✐ ❂ ✈❛❧✉❡s✳❜❡❣✐♥✭✮❀ ❞✐ ✦❂ ✈❛❧✉❡s✳❡♥❞✭✮❀ ✰✰❞✐✮ ④ r❡t ✰❂ ✯❞✐❀ ⑥ r❡t✉r♥ r❡t❀ ⑥ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  73. ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❛t ♣♦❧✐❝②❴❜✳❞❧❤ ✶ ✿✲ ♥♦t ❛❧❧♦✇✭❞♦✇♥❧♦❛❞✱❘✮✱ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡❋♦r✭❘✱❴✮✳ ✷ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t②✭❙✮ ✿✲ ✫♣♦❧✐❝②❬s❡♥s❪✭❙✮✳ ✸ ✿ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t②✭❙✮✳ ❬❙✿✶❪ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❊①❡r❝✐s❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠ ♣♦❧✐❝②❴❛✳❞❧❤ ❝r❡❛t❡s ❛ s❡❛r❝❤s♣❛❝❡ ❢♦r ❛❧❧ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❝r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧s → ♣r❡❞✐❝❛t❡ ❝r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❚❛s❦ ✭✸✮ ✶ r❡♠♦✈❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❣r❛♥t❡❞ ❛❝❝❡ss ✭str♦♥❣ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t✮✿ ❋♦r ❡❛❝❤ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡❋♦r✭❘✱❴✮ ✱ ✇❡ ✇❛♥t ❛❧❧♦✇✭❞♦✇♥❧♦❛❞✱❘✮ ✦ ✷ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t②✿ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t②✭❙✮ ✿✲ ✳✳✳ ✸ s❡❧❡❝t ❧❡❛st s❡♥s✐t✐✈❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ✇❡❛❦ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  74. ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❛t ♣♦❧✐❝②❴❜✳❞❧❤ ✶ ✿✲ ♥♦t ❛❧❧♦✇✭❞♦✇♥❧♦❛❞✱❘✮✱ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡❋♦r✭❘✱❴✮✳ ✷ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t②✭❙✮ ✿✲ ✫♣♦❧✐❝②❬s❡♥s❪✭❙✮✳ ✸ ✿ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t②✭❙✮✳ ❬❙✿✶❪ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❊①❡r❝✐s❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠ ♣♦❧✐❝②❴❛✳❞❧❤ ❝r❡❛t❡s ❛ s❡❛r❝❤s♣❛❝❡ ❢♦r ❛❧❧ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❝r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧s → ♣r❡❞✐❝❛t❡ ❝r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❚❛s❦ ✭✸✮ ✶ r❡♠♦✈❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❣r❛♥t❡❞ ❛❝❝❡ss ✭str♦♥❣ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t✮✿ ❋♦r ❡❛❝❤ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡❋♦r✭❘✱❴✮ ✱ ✇❡ ✇❛♥t ❛❧❧♦✇✭❞♦✇♥❧♦❛❞✱❘✮ ✦ ✷ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t②✿ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t②✭❙✮ ✿✲ ✳✳✳ ✸ s❡❧❡❝t ❧❡❛st s❡♥s✐t✐✈❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ✇❡❛❦ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  75. ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❛t ♣♦❧✐❝②❴❜✳❞❧❤ ✶ ✿✲ ♥♦t ❛❧❧♦✇✭❞♦✇♥❧♦❛❞✱❘✮✱ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡❋♦r✭❘✱❴✮✳ ✷ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t②✭❙✮ ✿✲ ✫♣♦❧✐❝②❬s❡♥s❪✭❙✮✳ ✸ ✿ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t②✭❙✮✳ ❬❙✿✶❪ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❊①❡r❝✐s❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠ ♣♦❧✐❝②❴❛✳❞❧❤ ❝r❡❛t❡s ❛ s❡❛r❝❤s♣❛❝❡ ❢♦r ❛❧❧ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❝r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧s → ♣r❡❞✐❝❛t❡ ❝r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❚❛s❦ ✭✸✮ ✶ r❡♠♦✈❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❣r❛♥t❡❞ ❛❝❝❡ss ✭str♦♥❣ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t✮✿ ❋♦r ❡❛❝❤ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡❋♦r✭❘✱❴✮ ✱ ✇❡ ✇❛♥t ❛❧❧♦✇✭❞♦✇♥❧♦❛❞✱❘✮ ✦ ✷ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t②✿ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t②✭❙✮ ✿✲ ✳✳✳ ✸ s❡❧❡❝t ❧❡❛st s❡♥s✐t✐✈❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ✇❡❛❦ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  76. ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❛t ♣♦❧✐❝②❴❜✳❞❧❤ ✶ ✿✲ ♥♦t ❛❧❧♦✇✭❞♦✇♥❧♦❛❞✱❘✮✱ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡❋♦r✭❘✱❴✮✳ ✷ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t②✭❙✮ ✿✲ ✫♣♦❧✐❝②❬s❡♥s❪✭❙✮✳ ✸ ✿ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t②✭❙✮✳ ❬❙✿✶❪ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❊①❡r❝✐s❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠ ♣♦❧✐❝②❴❛✳❞❧❤ ❝r❡❛t❡s ❛ s❡❛r❝❤s♣❛❝❡ ❢♦r ❛❧❧ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❝r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧s → ♣r❡❞✐❝❛t❡ ❝r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❚❛s❦ ✭✸✮ ✶ r❡♠♦✈❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❣r❛♥t❡❞ ❛❝❝❡ss ✭str♦♥❣ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t✮✿ ❋♦r ❡❛❝❤ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡❋♦r✭❘✱❴✮ ✱ ✇❡ ✇❛♥t ❛❧❧♦✇✭❞♦✇♥❧♦❛❞✱❘✮ ✦ ✷ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t②✿ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t②✭❙✮ ✿✲ ✳✳✳ ✸ s❡❧❡❝t ❧❡❛st s❡♥s✐t✐✈❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ✇❡❛❦ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  77. ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❛t ♣♦❧✐❝②❴❜✳❞❧❤ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❊①❡r❝✐s❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠ ♣♦❧✐❝②❴❛✳❞❧❤ ❝r❡❛t❡s ❛ s❡❛r❝❤s♣❛❝❡ ❢♦r ❛❧❧ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❝r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧s → ♣r❡❞✐❝❛t❡ ❝r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❚❛s❦ ✭✸✮ ✶ r❡♠♦✈❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❣r❛♥t❡❞ ❛❝❝❡ss ✭str♦♥❣ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t✮✿ ❋♦r ❡❛❝❤ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡❋♦r✭❘✱❴✮ ✱ ✇❡ ✇❛♥t ❛❧❧♦✇✭❞♦✇♥❧♦❛❞✱❘✮ ✦ ✷ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t②✿ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t②✭❙✮ ✿✲ ✳✳✳ ✸ s❡❧❡❝t ❧❡❛st s❡♥s✐t✐✈❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ✇❡❛❦ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t✳ ✶ ✿✲ ♥♦t ❛❧❧♦✇✭❞♦✇♥❧♦❛❞✱❘✮✱ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡❋♦r✭❘✱❴✮✳ ✷ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t②✭❙✮ ✿✲ ✫♣♦❧✐❝②❬s❡♥s❪✭❙✮✳ ✸ ✿ ∼ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t②✭❙✮✳ ❬❙✿✶❪ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  78. ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❛t ♣♦❧✐❝②❴❜✳❞❧❤ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❊①❡r❝✐s❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠ ♣♦❧✐❝②❴❛✳❞❧❤ ❝r❡❛t❡s ❛ s❡❛r❝❤s♣❛❝❡ ❢♦r ❛❧❧ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❝r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧s → ♣r❡❞✐❝❛t❡ ❝r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❚❛s❦ ✭✸✮ ✶ r❡♠♦✈❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❣r❛♥t❡❞ ❛❝❝❡ss ✭str♦♥❣ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t✮✿ ❋♦r ❡❛❝❤ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡❋♦r✭❘✱❴✮ ✱ ✇❡ ✇❛♥t ❛❧❧♦✇✭❞♦✇♥❧♦❛❞✱❘✮ ✦ ✷ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t②✿ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t②✭❙✮ ✿✲ ✳✳✳ ✸ s❡❧❡❝t ❧❡❛st s❡♥s✐t✐✈❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ✇❡❛❦ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t✳ ✶ ✿✲ ♥♦t ❛❧❧♦✇✭❞♦✇♥❧♦❛❞✱❘✮✱ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡❋♦r✭❘✱❴✮✳ ✷ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t②✭❙✮ ✿✲ ✫♣♦❧✐❝②❬s❡♥s❪✭❙✮✳ ✸ ✿ ∼ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t②✭❙✮✳ ❬❙✿✶❪ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  79. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❊①❡r❝✐s❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠ ♣♦❧✐❝②❴❛✳❞❧❤ ❝r❡❛t❡s ❛ s❡❛r❝❤s♣❛❝❡ ❢♦r ❛❧❧ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❝r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧s → ♣r❡❞✐❝❛t❡ ❝r❡❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❚❛s❦ ✭✸✮ ✶ r❡♠♦✈❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❣r❛♥t❡❞ ❛❝❝❡ss ✭str♦♥❣ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t✮✿ ❋♦r ❡❛❝❤ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡❋♦r✭❘✱❴✮ ✱ ✇❡ ✇❛♥t ❛❧❧♦✇✭❞♦✇♥❧♦❛❞✱❘✮ ✦ ✷ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t②✿ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t②✭❙✮ ✿✲ ✳✳✳ ✸ s❡❧❡❝t ❧❡❛st s❡♥s✐t✐✈❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ✇❡❛❦ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t✳ ✶ ✿✲ ♥♦t ❛❧❧♦✇✭❞♦✇♥❧♦❛❞✱❘✮✱ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡❋♦r✭❘✱❴✮✳ ✷ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t②✭❙✮ ✿✲ ✫♣♦❧✐❝②❬s❡♥s❪✭❙✮✳ ✸ ✿ ∼ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t②✭❙✮✳ ❬❙✿✶❪ ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❛t ♣♦❧✐❝②❴❜✳❞❧❤ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  80. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆ ❧❛r❣❡r ❊①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ❘❡✈✐❡✇❡r ❙❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ▲❡t ✉s ♥♦✇ t❛❦❡ ❛ ❝❧♦s❡r ❧♦♦❦ ♦♥ t❤❡ r❡✈✐❡✇❡r s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ❢r♦♠ ❯♥✐t ✺✿ • ❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ s✉❜♠✐ss✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠ ❝♦♠♠✐tt❡ • ❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❛♥ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣② ❛❜♦✉t ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ r❡s❡❛r❝❤❡rs✿ • ❝❧❛ss❡s ❧✐❦❡ ♣❛♣❡r✱ ❦✇✱ s❡♥✐♦r r❡s❡❛r❝❤❡r✱ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ✳ ✳ ✳ • ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ❧✐❦❡ ❤❛s❆✉t❤♦r✱ ❦❡②✇♦r❞✱ ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞■♥✱ ✜rst♥❛♠❡✱ ✳ ✳ ✳ • ❲❡ ✇❛♥t t♦ ❛ss✐❣♥ r❡✈✐❡✇❡rs ❝♦♠❜✐♥✐♥❣ t❤❡s❡ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❜❛s❡s ✇✐t❤ ❤❡① ✲♣r♦❣r❛♠s ✐♥st❡❛❞ ♦❢ ❞❧✲♣r♦❣r❛♠s ♥♦✇✦ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  81. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❘❡✈✐❡✇❡r ❙❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ✕ ❱❛r✐❛♥t ✶ ❚❛❦❡ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠ ❛t r❡✈✐❡✇❡rs✶✳❞❧♣ ❛s ❛ st❛rt✐♥❣ ♣♦✐♥t ❚❛s❦ ◆♦✇✱ r❡❢♦r♠✉❧❛t❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠ ❛s ❛ ❤❡① ♣r♦❣r❛♠✦ ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥✿ r❡✈✐❡✇❡rs✶✳❞❧❤ ❲❡ ❛❞❞ ♥❛♠❡s♣❛❝❡s✿ ★♥❛♠❡s♣❛❝❡✭✧r❡✈✧✱✧❤tt♣✿✴✴❧♦❝❛❧❤♦st✴❛s♣t✉t✴s❛♥❞❜♦①✴r❡✈✐❡✇❡rs✳r❞❢★✧✮ ✉r❧✭✧❤tt♣✿✴✴❧♦❝❛❧❤♦st✴❛s♣t✉t✴s❛♥❞❜♦①✴r❡✈✐❡✇❡rs✳r❞❢✧✮✳ ✳✳✳ ❛✉t❤♦r✭s✉❜♠✶✱✧❥❞❜r✧✮✳ ❛✉t❤♦r✭s✉❜♠✶✱✧❤t♦♠✧✮✳ ❛✉t❤♦r✭s✉❜♠✶✱✧r❡✈✿❥❞❜r✧✮✳ ❛✉t❤♦r✭s✉❜♠✶✱✧r❡✈✿❤t♦♠✧✮✳ ❲❡ r❡♣❧❛❝❡ ❞❧✲❛t♦♠s ❜② ❤❡① ✬ ❉▲ ♣❧✉❣✐♥ ❛t♦♠s✿ ❝✶✭✧r❡✈✿❝❧✉❜✶✵✵✧✱❳✮ ✿✲ ♣❝✭❳✮✳ ❝❛♥❞✭❳✱P✮ ✿✲ ✉r❧✭❯✮✱ ♣❛♣❡r✭P✮✱ ✫❞❧❈❬❯✱❝✶✱❝✷✱r✶✱r✷✱✧r❡✈✿s❡♥✐♦r✧❪✭❳✮✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  82. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❘❡✈✐❡✇❡r ❙❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ✕ ❱❛r✐❛♥t ✶ ❚❛❦❡ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠ ❛t r❡✈✐❡✇❡rs✶✳❞❧♣ ❛s ❛ st❛rt✐♥❣ ♣♦✐♥t ❚❛s❦ ◆♦✇✱ r❡❢♦r♠✉❧❛t❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠ ❛s ❛ ❤❡① ♣r♦❣r❛♠✦ ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥✿ r❡✈✐❡✇❡rs✶✳❞❧❤ ❲❡ ❛❞❞ ♥❛♠❡s♣❛❝❡s✿ ★♥❛♠❡s♣❛❝❡✭✧r❡✈✧✱✧❤tt♣✿✴✴❧♦❝❛❧❤♦st✴❛s♣t✉t✴s❛♥❞❜♦①✴r❡✈✐❡✇❡rs✳r❞❢★✧✮ ✉r❧✭✧❤tt♣✿✴✴❧♦❝❛❧❤♦st✴❛s♣t✉t✴s❛♥❞❜♦①✴r❡✈✐❡✇❡rs✳r❞❢✧✮✳ ✳✳✳ ❛✉t❤♦r✭s✉❜♠✶✱✧❥❞❜r✧✮✳ ❛✉t❤♦r✭s✉❜♠✶✱✧❤t♦♠✧✮✳ ❛✉t❤♦r✭s✉❜♠✶✱✧r❡✈✿❥❞❜r✧✮✳ ❛✉t❤♦r✭s✉❜♠✶✱✧r❡✈✿❤t♦♠✧✮✳ ❲❡ r❡♣❧❛❝❡ ❞❧✲❛t♦♠s ❜② ❤❡① ✬ ❉▲ ♣❧✉❣✐♥ ❛t♦♠s✿ ❝✶✭✧r❡✈✿❝❧✉❜✶✵✵✧✱❳✮ ✿✲ ♣❝✭❳✮✳ ❝❛♥❞✭❳✱P✮ ✿✲ ✉r❧✭❯✮✱ ♣❛♣❡r✭P✮✱ ✫❞❧❈❬❯✱❝✶✱❝✷✱r✶✱r✷✱✧r❡✈✿s❡♥✐♦r✧❪✭❳✮✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  83. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❘❡✈✐❡✇❡r ❙❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ✕ ❱❛r✐❛♥t ✶ ❚❛❦❡ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠ ❛t r❡✈✐❡✇❡rs✶✳❞❧♣ ❛s ❛ st❛rt✐♥❣ ♣♦✐♥t ❚❛s❦ ◆♦✇✱ r❡❢♦r♠✉❧❛t❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠ ❛s ❛ ❤❡① ♣r♦❣r❛♠✦ ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥✿ r❡✈✐❡✇❡rs✶✳❞❧❤ ❲❡ ❛❞❞ ♥❛♠❡s♣❛❝❡s✿ ★♥❛♠❡s♣❛❝❡✭✧r❡✈✧✱✧❤tt♣✿✴✴❧♦❝❛❧❤♦st✴❛s♣t✉t✴s❛♥❞❜♦①✴r❡✈✐❡✇❡rs✳r❞❢★✧✮ ✉r❧✭✧❤tt♣✿✴✴❧♦❝❛❧❤♦st✴❛s♣t✉t✴s❛♥❞❜♦①✴r❡✈✐❡✇❡rs✳r❞❢✧✮✳ ✳✳✳ ❛✉t❤♦r✭s✉❜♠✶✱✧❥❞❜r✧✮✳ ❛✉t❤♦r✭s✉❜♠✶✱✧❤t♦♠✧✮✳ ❛✉t❤♦r✭s✉❜♠✶✱✧r❡✈✿❥❞❜r✧✮✳ ❛✉t❤♦r✭s✉❜♠✶✱✧r❡✈✿❤t♦♠✧✮✳ ❲❡ r❡♣❧❛❝❡ ❞❧✲❛t♦♠s ❜② ❤❡① ✬ ❉▲ ♣❧✉❣✐♥ ❛t♦♠s✿ ❝✶✭✧r❡✈✿❝❧✉❜✶✵✵✧✱❳✮ ✿✲ ♣❝✭❳✮✳ ❝❛♥❞✭❳✱P✮ ✿✲ ✉r❧✭❯✮✱ ♣❛♣❡r✭P✮✱ ✫❞❧❈❬❯✱❝✶✱❝✷✱r✶✱r✷✱✧r❡✈✿s❡♥✐♦r✧❪✭❳✮✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  84. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❘❡✈✐❡✇❡r ❙❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ✕ ❱❛r✐❛♥t ✷ ◆♦✇✱ ❧❡t✬s ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ❝❧♦s❡r ❧♦♦❦ ✇❤❛t ❤❛♣♣❡♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉▲ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣②✿ ❲❡ ❛❞❞ ❛♥♦t❤❡r P❈ ♠❡♠❜❡r✿ ♣❝✏r❡✈✿❞❦♥✉✑✮✳ ❋✐❧❡✿ r❡✈✐❡✇❡rs✷✳❞❧❤✱ ✜❧t❡r t❤❡ r❡s✉❧t ❜② ❝❛♥❞ ✳ ❚❛s❦ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥✿ ❲❤② ❤❛s ✧r❡✈✿❞❦♥✉✧ ♥♦t ❜❡❡♥ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡ r❡✈✐❡✇❡rs ❛❧t❤♦✉❣❤ ✇❡ ❦♥♦✇ ❤❡ ✐s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❈❧✉❜✶✵✵❄ ❈❤❡❝❦ t❤❡ ❖❲▲ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ ✜♥❞ ♦✉t ✇❤②✦ ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥✿ club 100 ≡ person ≥ 100 isAuthorOf senior ≡ person ≥ 3 isAuthorOf ⊓ ∃ isAuthorOf.publication publication ≡ paper ⊓ ≥ 1 publishedIn ❚❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❜② ❞❦♥✉ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❲▲ ❑❇✦ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  85. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❘❡✈✐❡✇❡r ❙❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ✕ ❱❛r✐❛♥t ✷ ◆♦✇✱ ❧❡t✬s ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ❝❧♦s❡r ❧♦♦❦ ✇❤❛t ❤❛♣♣❡♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉▲ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣②✿ ❲❡ ❛❞❞ ❛♥♦t❤❡r P❈ ♠❡♠❜❡r✿ ♣❝✏r❡✈✿❞❦♥✉✑✮✳ ❋✐❧❡✿ r❡✈✐❡✇❡rs✷✳❞❧❤✱ ✜❧t❡r t❤❡ r❡s✉❧t ❜② ❝❛♥❞ ✳ ❚❛s❦ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥✿ ❲❤② ❤❛s ✧r❡✈✿❞❦♥✉✧ ♥♦t ❜❡❡♥ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡ r❡✈✐❡✇❡rs ❛❧t❤♦✉❣❤ ✇❡ ❦♥♦✇ ❤❡ ✐s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❈❧✉❜✶✵✵❄ ❈❤❡❝❦ t❤❡ ❖❲▲ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ ✜♥❞ ♦✉t ✇❤②✦ ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥✿ club 100 ≡ person ≥ 100 isAuthorOf senior ≡ person ≥ 3 isAuthorOf ⊓ ∃ isAuthorOf.publication publication ≡ paper ⊓ ≥ 1 publishedIn ❚❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❜② ❞❦♥✉ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❲▲ ❑❇✦ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  86. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❘❡✈✐❡✇❡r ❙❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ✕ ❱❛r✐❛♥t ✷ ◆♦✇✱ ❧❡t✬s ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ❝❧♦s❡r ❧♦♦❦ ✇❤❛t ❤❛♣♣❡♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉▲ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣②✿ ❲❡ ❛❞❞ ❛♥♦t❤❡r P❈ ♠❡♠❜❡r✿ ♣❝✏r❡✈✿❞❦♥✉✑✮✳ ❋✐❧❡✿ r❡✈✐❡✇❡rs✷✳❞❧❤✱ ✜❧t❡r t❤❡ r❡s✉❧t ❜② ❝❛♥❞ ✳ ❚❛s❦ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥✿ ❲❤② ❤❛s ✧r❡✈✿❞❦♥✉✧ ♥♦t ❜❡❡♥ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡ r❡✈✐❡✇❡rs ❛❧t❤♦✉❣❤ ✇❡ ❦♥♦✇ ❤❡ ✐s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❈❧✉❜✶✵✵❄ ❈❤❡❝❦ t❤❡ ❖❲▲ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ ✜♥❞ ♦✉t ✇❤②✦ ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥✿ club 100 ≡ person ≥ 100 isAuthorOf senior ≡ person ≥ 3 isAuthorOf ⊓ ∃ isAuthorOf.publication publication ≡ paper ⊓ ≥ 1 publishedIn ❚❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❜② ❞❦♥✉ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❲▲ ❑❇✦ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  87. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❘❡✈✐❡✇❡r ❙❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ✕ ❱❛r✐❛♥t ✸ ◆❡①t ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥✿ ❲❡ ❛❞❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦rs ♦❢ s✉❜♠✐tt❡❞ ♣❛♣❡rs t♦ t❤❡ t❤❡ ❖❲▲ ❑❇✳✿ r✶✭✧r❡✈✿❤❛s❆✉t❤♦r✧✱P✱❆✮ ✿✲ ❛✉t❤♦r✭P✱❆✮✳ ❋✐❧❡✿ r❡✈✐❡✇❡rs✸✳❞❧❤✱ ✜❧t❡r t❤❡ r❡s✉❧t ❜② ❝❛♥❞ ✳ ❚❛s❦ ❊✛❡❝t✿ ❍✳ ❚♦♠♣✐ts ✭❤t♦♠✮ ❛♥❞ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ✭rs❝❤✮ ❛❧s♦ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❝❛♥❞✐t❛t❡s✦ ❆❣❛✐♥✿ ❈❤❡❝❦ t❤❡ ❖❲▲ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ ✜♥❞ ♦✉t ✇❤②✦ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  88. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❘❡✈✐❡✇❡r ❙❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ✕ ❱❛r✐❛♥t ✸ ◆❡①t ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥✿ ❲❡ ❛❞❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦rs ♦❢ s✉❜♠✐tt❡❞ ♣❛♣❡rs t♦ t❤❡ t❤❡ ❖❲▲ ❑❇✳✿ r✶✭✧r❡✈✿❤❛s❆✉t❤♦r✧✱P✱❆✮ ✿✲ ❛✉t❤♦r✭P✱❆✮✳ ❋✐❧❡✿ r❡✈✐❡✇❡rs✸✳❞❧❤✱ ✜❧t❡r t❤❡ r❡s✉❧t ❜② ❝❛♥❞ ✳ ❚❛s❦ ❊✛❡❝t✿ ❍✳ ❚♦♠♣✐ts ✭❤t♦♠✮ ❛♥❞ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ✭rs❝❤✮ ❛❧s♦ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❝❛♥❞✐t❛t❡s✦ ❆❣❛✐♥✿ ❈❤❡❝❦ t❤❡ ❖❲▲ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ ✜♥❞ ♦✉t ✇❤②✦ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  89. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❘❡✈✐❡✇❡r ❙❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ✕ ❱❛r✐❛♥t ✹✴✶ ▲❛st ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥✿ ❈♦♠❜✐♥❡s r❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ s❡✈❡r❛❧ q✉❡r✐❡s✳ ❙✉❜♠✐ss✐♦♥s ❛s ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❜✉t ❛❞❞✐♥❣ ❦❡②✇♦r❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✿ ♣❛♣❡r✭s✉❜♠✶✮✳ ❦✇✭s✉❜♠✶✱✧r❡✈✿❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝❴❲❡❜✧✮✳ ❦✇✭s✉❜♠✶✱✧r❡✈✿❖❲▲✧✮✳ ❛✉t❤♦r✭s✉❜♠✶✱✧r❡✈✿❥❞❜r✧✮✳ ❛✉t❤♦r✭s✉❜♠✶✱✧r❡✈✿❤t♦♠✧✮✳ ♣❛♣❡r✭s✉❜♠✷✮✳ ❦✇✭s✉❜♠✷✱✧r❡✈✿❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝❴❲❡❜✧✮✳ ❦✇✭s✉❜♠✷✱✧r❡✈✿❆♥s✇❡r❴❙❡t❴Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣✧✮✳ ❛✉t❤♦r✭s✉❜♠✷✱✧r❡✈✿t❡✐t✧✮✳ ❛✉t❤♦r✭s✉❜♠✷✱✧r❡✈✿❣✐❛♥✧✮✳ ❛✉t❤♦r✭s✉❜♠✷✱✧r❡✈✿rs❝❤✧✮✳ ❛✉t❤♦r✭s✉❜♠✷✱✧r❡✈✿❛♣♦❧✧✮✳ s❡❡ r❡✈✐❡✇❡rs✹❛✳❞❧❤ ❲❡ ♥♦✇ ✇❛♥t t♦ ❝❤♦♦s❡ t❤❡ r❡✈✐❡✇ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡s ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡s ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❦❡②✇♦r❞s ♦❝❝✉rr✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ s✉❜♠✐tt❡❞ ♣❛♣❡rs ✐♥st❡❛❞✳ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s

  90. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❘❡✈✐❡✇❡r ❙❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ✕ ❱❛r✐❛♥t ✹✴✷ ❈❤♦♦s❡ t❤❡ r❡✈✐❡✇ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡s ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡s ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❦❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ❚❤❡ ❖❲▲ ❑❇ ❤❛s ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ❞❡✜♥✐♥❣ • ❦❡②✇♦r❞s ♦❢ ♣❛♣❡rs ✧r❡✈✿❦❡②✇♦r❞✧ ❛♥❞ ♦✈❡r❧❛♣♣✐♥❣ ❦❡②✇♦r❞s ✧r❡✈✿♦✈❡r❧❛♣s❲✐t❤✧ ❚❛s❦ ▼♦❞✐❢② t❤❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠ r❡✈✐❡✇❡rs✹❛✳❞❧❤ ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✶ ❆ P❈ ♠❡♠❜❡r ✇❤♦ ✐s ❛✉t❤♦r ♦❢ ❛ ♣❛♣❡r ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❦❡②✇♦r❞ ✐s ❛ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡✳ ✷ ❆ P❈ ♠❡♠❜❡r ✇❤♦ ✐s ❛✉t❤♦r ♦❢ ❛ ♣❛♣❡r ✇✐t❤ ❛♥ ♦✈❡r❧❛♣♣✐♥❣ ❦❡②✇♦r❞ ❛s ✇❡❧❧✳ ❝❛♥❞✭❳✱P✮ ✿✲ ❄ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s ❬✶❪ ●✳ ❆❧s❛ç ❛♥❞ ❈✳ ❇❛r❛❧✳ ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❧♦❣✐❝s ✉s✐♥❣ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛t✐✈❡ ❧♦❣✐❝ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣✳ ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❘❡♣♦rt ❆❙❯ ✷✵✵✶✲✵✷✱ ❆r✐③♦♥❛ ❙t❛t❡ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ ❬✷❪ ❏✳ ❆♥❣❡❧❡✱ ❍✳ ❇♦❧❡②✱ ❏✳ ❞❡ ❇r✉✐❥♥✱ ❉✳ ❋❡♥s❡❧✱ P✳ ❍✐t③❧❡r✱ ▼✳ ❑✐❢❡r✱ ❘✳ ❑r✉♠♠❡♥❛❝❤❡r✱ ❍✳ ▲❛✉s❡♥✱ ❆✳ P♦❧❧❡r❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ❘✳ ❙t✉❞❡r✳ ❲❡❜ r✉❧❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ✭❲❘▲✮✱ ❙❡♣t✳ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❲✸❈ ▼❡♠❜❡r ❙✉❜♠✐ss✐♦♥✱ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦r❣✴❙✉❜♠✐ss✐♦♥✴❲❘▲✴ ✳ ❬✸❪ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❆♥❣❡r✱ ❑❛t❤r✐♥ ❑♦♥❝③❛❦✱ ❛♥❞ ❚❤♦♠❛s ▲✐♥❦❡✳ ◆♦▼♦❘❡ ✿ ❆ ❙②st❡♠ ❢♦r ◆♦♥✲▼♦♥♦t♦♥✐❝ ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣✳ ■♥ ▲P◆▼❘✬✵✶ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✵✻✕✹✶✵✳ ✷✵✵✶✳ ❬✹❪ ❈❤❛♥❞r❛❜♦s❡ ❆r❛✈✐♥❞❛♥✱ ❏✳ ❉✐①✱ ❛♥❞ ■✳ ◆✐❡♠❡❧ä✳ ❉✐s▲♦P✿ ❆ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ Pr♦❥❡❝t ♦♥ ❉✐s❥✉♥❝t✐✈❡ ▲♦❣✐❝ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣✳ ❆■ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✱ ✶✵✭✸✴✹✮✿✶✺✶✕✶✻✺✱ ✶✾✾✼✳ ❬✺❪ ❈✳ ❇❡❧❧✱ ❆✳ ◆❡r♦❞❡✱ ❘✳❚✳ ◆❣✱ ❛♥❞ ❱✳❙✳ ❙✉❜r❛❤♠❛♥✐❛♥✳ ▼✐①❡❞ ■♥t❡❣❡r Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ◆♦♥♠♦♥♦t♦♥✐❝ ❉❡❞✉❝t✐✈❡ ❉❛t❛❜❛s❡s✳ ❏❆❈▼ ✱ ✹✶✿✶✶✼✽✕✶✷✶✺✱ ✶✾✾✹✳ ❬✻❪ ❚✳ ❇❡r♥❡rs✲▲❡❡✳ ❲❡❜ ❢♦r r❡❛❧ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✱ ❆♣r✐❧ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❑❡②♥♦t❡ ❙♣❡❡❝❤ ❛t t❤❡ ✶✹t❤ ❲♦r❧❞ ❲✐❞❡ ❲❡❜ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ✭❲❲❲✷✵✵✺✮✱ s❧✐❞❡s ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❛t ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦r❣✴✷✵✵✺✴❚❛❧❦s✴✵✺✶✶✲❦❡②♥♦t❡✲t❜❧✴ ✳ ❬✼❪ P✳ ❆✳ ❇♦♥❛tt✐✳ ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ■♥✜♥✐t❡ ❙t❛❜❧❡ ▼♦❞❡❧s✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❡✈❡♥t❡❡♥t❤ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❏♦✐♥t ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡ ✭■❏❈❆■✮ ✷✵✵✶ ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✻✵✸✕✻✶✵✱ ❙❡❛tt❧❡✱ ❲❆✱ ❯❙❆✱ ❆✉❣✳ ✷✵✵✶✳ ▼♦r❣❛♥ ❑❛✉❢♠❛♥♥ P✉❜❧✐s❤❡rs✳ ❬✽❪ ▼✳ ❇r❛✐♥ ❛♥❞ ▼✳ ❉✳ ❱♦s✳ ❉❡❜✉❣❣✐♥❣ ❧♦❣✐❝ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s ✉♥❞❡r t❤❡ ❛♥s✇❡r s❡t s❡♠❛♥t✐❝s✳ ■♥ ❆♥s✇❡r ❙❡t Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❬✾❪ ❋✳ ❇✉❝❝❛❢✉rr✐✱ ◆✳ ▲❡♦♥❡✱ ❛♥❞ P✳ ❘✉❧❧♦✳ ❊♥❤❛♥❝✐♥❣ ❉✐s❥✉♥❝t✐✈❡ ❉❛t❛❧♦❣ ❜② ❈♦♥str❛✐♥ts✳ ■❊❊❊ ❚❑❉❊ ✱ ✶✷✭✺✮✿✽✹✺✕✽✻✵✱ ✷✵✵✵✳ ❬✶✵❪ ❏✳ ❉✳ ❇r✉✐❥♥✱ ❆✳ P♦❧❧❡r❡s✱ ❘✳ ▲❛r❛✱ ❛♥❞ ❉✳ ❋❡♥s❡❧✳ ❖❲▲ ❉▲ ✈s✳ ❖❲▲ ❋❧✐❣❤t✿ ❈♦♥❝❡♣t✉❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ r❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ❢♦r t❤❡ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ✇❡❜✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✶✹t❤ ❲♦r❧❞ ❲✐❞❡ ❲❡❜ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ✭❲❲❲✷✵✵✺✮ ✱ ❈❤✐❜❛✱ ❏❛♣❛♥✱ ▼❛② ✷✵✵✺✳ ❬✶✶❪ ❋✳ ❇✉❝❝❛❢✉rr✐✱ ◆✳ ▲❡♦♥❡✱ ❛♥❞ P✳ ❘✉❧❧♦✳ ❙tr♦♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❲❡❛❦ ❈♦♥str❛✐♥ts ✐♥ ❉✐s❥✉♥❝t✐✈❡ ❉❛t❛❧♦❣✳ ■♥ ❏✳ ❉✐①✱ ❯✳ ❋✉r❜❛❝❤✱ ❛♥❞ ❆✳ ◆❡r♦❞❡✱ ❡❞✐t♦rs✱ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✹t❤ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ◆♦♥✲▼♦♥♦t♦♥✐❝ ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ✭▲P◆▼❘✬✾✼✮ ✱ ♥✉♠❜❡r ✶✷✻✺ ✐♥ ▲◆❆■✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✷✕✶✼✱ ❉❛❣st✉❤❧✱ ●❡r♠❛♥②✱ ❏✉❧② ✶✾✾✼✳ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✳ ❬✶✷❪ P✳ ❇✉r❡❦ ❛♥❞ ❘✳ ●r❛❜♦s✳ ❉✉❛❧❧② str✉❝t✉r❡❞ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ✇❡❜✿ ❆♥s✇❡r s❡t ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❡❝♦♥❞ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡✱ ❊❙❲❈ ✷✵✵✺✱ ❍❡r❛❦❧✐♦♥✱ ❈r❡t❡✱ ●r❡❡❝❡✱ ▼❛② ✷✾ ✲ ❏✉♥❡ ✶✱ ✷✵✵✺✱ ▲◆❈❙ ✸✺✸✷ ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✸✼✼✕✸✾✶✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❬✶✸❪ ❋✳ ❈❛❧✐♠❡r✐✱ ●✳ ■❛♥♥✐✱ ●✳ ■❡❧♣❛✱ ❆✳ P✐❡tr❛♠❛❧❛✱ ❛♥❞ ▼✳ ❈✳ ❙❛♥t♦r♦✳ ❆ s②st❡♠ ✇✐t❤ t❡♠♣❧❛t❡ ❛♥s✇❡r s❡t ♣r♦❣r❛♠s✳ ■♥ ❏❊▲■❆ ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✻✾✸✕✻✾✼✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❬✶✹❪ ❋✳ ❈❛❧✐♠❡r✐ ❛♥❞ ●✳ ■❛♥♥✐✳ ❊①t❡r♥❛❧ s♦✉r❝❡s ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❆♥s✇❡r ❙❡t ❙♦❧✈❡rs✳ ■♥ ❈✳ ❇❛r❛❧✱ ●✳ ●r❡❝♦✱ ◆✳ ▲❡♦♥❡✱ ❛♥❞ ●✳ ❚❡rr❛❝✐♥❛✱ ❡❞✐t♦rs✱ ▲♦❣✐❝ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ◆♦♥♠♦♥♦t♦♥✐❝ ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ✖ ✽t❤ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡✱ ▲P◆▼❘✬✵✺✱ ❉✐❛♠❛♥t❡✱ ■t❛❧②✱ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✵✺✱ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ✱ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✸✻✻✷ ♦❢ ▲◆❈❙ ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✵✺✕✶✶✽✳ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✱ ❙❡♣t✳ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❬✶✺❪ ❲❡✐❞♦♥❣ ❈❤❡♥ ❛♥❞ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❙❝♦tt ❲❛rr❡♥✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❙t❛❜❧❡ ▼♦❞❡❧s ❛♥❞ ■ts ■♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ▲♦❣✐❝❛❧ ◗✉❡r② Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✳ ■❊❊❊ ❚❑❉❊ ✱ ✽✭✺✮✿✼✹✷✕✼✺✼✱ ✶✾✾✻✳ ❬✶✻❪ P❛✇❡➟ ❈❤♦❧❡✇✐➠s❦✐✱ ❱✳ ❲✐❦t♦r ▼❛r❡❦✱ ❛♥❞ ▼✳ ❚r✉s③❝③②➠s❦✐✳ ❉❡❢❛✉❧t ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ❙②st❡♠ ❉❡❘❡❙✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s ♦❢ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ✭❑❘ ✬✾✻✮ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✺✶✽✕✺✷✽✱ ❈❛♠❜r✐❞❣❡✱ ▼❛ss❛❝❤✉s❡tts✱ ❯❙❆✱ ✶✾✾✻✳ ❬✶✼❪ P❛✇❡➟ ❈❤♦❧❡✇✐➠s❦✐✱ ❱✳❲✳ ▼❛r❡❦✱ ❆rt✉r ▼✐❦✐t✐✉❦✱ ❛♥❞ ▼✳ ❚r✉s③❝③②➠s❦✐✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❉❡❢❛✉❧t ▲♦❣✐❝✳ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡ ✱ ✶✶✷✭✷✕✸✮✿✶✵✺✕✶✹✼✱ ✶✾✾✾✳ ❬✶✽❪ ❈✳ ❈✉♠❜♦✱ ❲✳ ❋❛❜❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ●✳ ●r❡❝♦✳ ❊♥❤❛♥❝✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠❛❣✐❝✲s❡t ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❢♦r ❞✐s❥✉♥❝t✐✈❡ ❞❛t❛❧♦❣ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ t❤❡ ✷✵t❤ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ✕ ■❈▲P✬✵✹ ✱ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✸✶✸✷ ♦❢ ▲◆❈❙ ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✸✼✶✕✸✽✺✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❬✶✾❪ ❙✳ ❉❡❝❦❡r✱ ▼✳ ❙✐♥t❡❦✱ ❛♥❞ ❲✳ ◆❡❥❞❧✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧✲t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ♦❢ ❚❘■P▲❊✱ ◆♦✈✳ ✷✵✵✷✳ ❬✷✵❪ ❋✳ ▼✳ ❉♦♥✐♥✐✱ ▼✳ ▲❡♥③❡r✐♥✐✱ ❉✳ ◆❛r❞✐✱ ❛♥❞ ❆✳ ❙❝❤❛❡r❢✳ ✲❧♦❣✿ ■♥t❡❣r❛t✐♥❣ ❞❛t❛❧♦❣ ❛♥❞ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❧♦❣✐❝s✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥t ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙②st❡♠s ✭❏■■❙✮ ✱ ✶✵✭✸✮✿✷✷✼✕✷✺✷✱ ✶✾✾✽✳ ❬✷✶❪ ❉✳ ❊❛st ❛♥❞ ▼✳ ❚r✉s③❝③②➠s❦✐✳ Pr♦♣♦s✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❙❛t✐s✜❛❜✐❧✐t② ✐♥ ❆♥s✇❡r✲s❡t Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ ❏♦✐♥t ●❡r♠❛♥✴❆✉str✐❛♥ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡✱ ❑■✬✷✵✵✶ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✸✽✕✶✺✸✳ ▲◆❆■ ✷✶✼✹✱ ✷✵✵✶✳ ❬✷✷❪ ❉✳ ❊❛st ❛♥❞ ▼✳ ❚r✉s③❝③②➠s❦✐✳ ❞❝s✿ ❆♥ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉❆❚❆▲❖● ✇✐t❤ ❈♦♥str❛✐♥ts✳ ■♥ ◆▼❘✬✷✵✵✵ ✱ ✷✵✵✵✳ ❬✷✸❪ ❯✳ ❊❣❧②✱ ❚✳ ❊✐t❡r✱ ❍✳ ❚♦♠♣✐ts✱ ❛♥❞ ❙✳ ❲♦❧tr❛♥✳ ❙♦❧✈✐♥❣ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ❚❛s❦s ✉s✐♥❣ ◗✉❛♥t✐✜❡❞ ❇♦♦❧❡❛♥ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛s✳ ■♥ ❆❆❆■✬✵✵ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✶✼✕✹✷✷✳ ❆❆❆■ Pr❡ss ✴ ▼■❚ Pr❡ss✱ ✷✵✵✵✳ ❬✷✹❪ ❚✳ ❊✐t❡r✱ ❲✳ ❋❛❜❡r✱ ◆✳ ▲❡♦♥❡✱ ●✳ P❢❡✐❢❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ❆✳ P♦❧❧❡r❡s✳ ❆ ▲♦❣✐❝ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❆♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t♦ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✲❙t❛t❡ P❧❛♥♥✐♥❣✱ ■■✿ t❤❡ ❉▲❱ ❙②st❡♠✳ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡ ✱ ✶✹✹✭✶✕✷✮✿✶✺✼✕✷✶✶✱ ✷✵✵✸✳ ❬✷✺❪ ❚✳ ❊✐t❡r✱ ▼✳ ❋✐♥❦✱ ❍✳ ❚♦♠♣✐ts✱ ❛♥❞ ❙✳ ❲♦❧tr❛♥✳ ❙tr♦♥❣ ❛♥❞ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❛♥s✇❡r✲s❡t ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣✿ ❈❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② r❡s✉❧ts ❢♦r t❤❡ ♥♦♥✲❣r♦✉♥❞ ❝❛s❡✳ ■♥ ❆❆❆■ ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✻✾✺✕✼✵✵✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❬✷✻❪ ❚✳ ❊✐t❡r✱ ●✳ ■❛♥♥✐✱ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ❍✳ ❚♦♠♣✐ts✳ ❆ ❯♥✐❢♦r♠ ■♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❍✐❣❤❡r✲❖r❞❡r ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❊①t❡r♥❛❧ ❊✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❆♥s✇❡r ❙❡t Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣✳ ■♥ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❏♦✐♥t ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡ ✭■❏❈❆■✮ ✷✵✵✺ ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✾✵✕✾✻✱ ❊❞✐♥❜✉r❣❤✱ ❯❑✱ ❆✉❣✳ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❬✷✼❪ ❚✳ ❊✐t❡r✱ ❚✳ ▲✉❦❛s✐❡✇✐❝③✱ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ❍✳ ❚♦♠♣✐ts✳ ❈♦♠❜✐♥✐♥❣ ❆♥s✇❡r ❙❡t Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❲❡❜✳ ■♥ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s ♦❢ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣✿ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ◆✐♥t❤ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ✭❑❘✷✵✵✹✮✱ ❲❤✐st❧❡r✱ ❈❛♥❛❞❛ ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✹✶✕✶✺✶✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❊①t❡♥❞❡❞ ❘❡♣♦rt ❘❘✲✶✽✹✸✲✵✸✲✶✸✱ ■♥st✐t✉t ❢ür ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ss②st❡♠❡✱ ❚❯ ❲✐❡♥✱ ✷✵✵✸✳ ❬✷✽❪ ❊✐t❡r✱ ❚✳❀ ■❛♥♥✐✱ ●✳❀ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r✱ ❘✳❀ ❛♥❞ ❚♦♠♣✐ts✱ ❍✳ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ■♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉❡❝❧❛r❛t✐✈❡ ❘✉❧❡s ✇✐t❤ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ❊✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣✳ ■♥ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ✷✵✵✻✱ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ✳ ❚♦ ❛♣♣❡❛r✳ ❬✷✾❪ ❚❤♦♠❛s ❊✐t❡r✱ ●✐♦✈❛♠❜❛tt✐st❛ ■❛♥♥✐✱ ❘♦♠❛♥ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ❍❛♥s ❚♦♠♣✐ts✳ ❚♦✇❛r❞s ❡✣❝✐❡♥t ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❍❊❳ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ✶✶t❤ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣ ♦♥ ◆♦♥♠♦♥♦t♦♥✐❝ ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ✭◆▼❘✲✷✵✵✻✮✱ ❆♥s✇❡r ❙❡t Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❚r❛❝❦ ✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❚♦ ❛♣♣❡❛r✳ ❬✸✵❪ ❖✳ ❊❧✲❑❤❛t✐❜✱ ❊✳ P♦♥t❡❧❧✐✱ ❛♥❞ ❚✳ ❈✳ ❙♦♥✳ ❏✉st✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❜✉❣❣✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛♥s✇❡r s❡t ♣r♦❣r❛♠s ✐♥ ❛s♣✳ ■♥ ❆❆❉❊❇❯● ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✹✾✕✺✽✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❬✸✶❪ ❲✳ ❋❛❜❡r✱ ◆✳ ▲❡♦♥❡✱ ❛♥❞ ●✳ P❢❡✐❢❡r✳ ❆ ❈♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ♦❢ ❍❡✉r✐st✐❝s ❢♦r ❆♥s✇❡r ❙❡t Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✺t❤ ❉✉t❝❤✲●❡r♠❛♥ ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣ ♦♥ ◆♦♥♠♦♥♦t♦♥✐❝ ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ❚❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✭❉●◆▼❘ ✷✵✵✶✮ ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✻✹✕✼✺✱ ❆♣r✳ ✷✵✵✶✳ ❬✸✷❪ ❲✳ ❋❛❜❡r✱ ◆✳ ▲❡♦♥❡✱ ❛♥❞ ●✳ P❢❡✐❢❡r✳ ❘❡❝✉rs✐✈❡ ❛❣❣r❡❣❛t❡s ✐♥ ❞✐s❥✉♥❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦❣✐❝ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s✿ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t②✳ ■♥ ❏✳ ❏✳ ❆❧❢❡r❡s ❛♥❞ ❏✳ ▲❡✐t❡✱ ❡❞✐t♦rs✱ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✾t❤ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡ ✭❏❊▲■❆ ✷✵✵✹✮ ✱ ♥✉♠❜❡r ✸✷✷✾ ✐♥ ▲◆❆■✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✷✵✵✕✷✶✷✳ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✱ ❙❡♣t✳ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❬✸✸❪ ❲✳ ❋❛❜❡r✱ ◆✳ ▲❡♦♥❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❋✳ ❘✐❝❝❛✳ ❍❡✉r✐st✐❝s ❢♦r ❍❛r❞ ❆❙P Pr♦❣r❛♠s✳ ■♥ ◆✐♥❡t❡❡♥t❤ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❏♦✐♥t ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡ ✭■❏❈❆■✲✵✺✮ ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✺✻✷✕✶✺✻✸✱ ❆✉❣✳ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❬✸✹❪ P✳ ❋❡rr❛r✐s ❛♥❞ ❱✳ ▲✐❢s❝❤✐t③✳ ❲❡✐❣❤t ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts ❛s ♥❡st❡❞ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥s✳ ❚P▲P ✱ ✺✭✶✕✷✮✿✹✺✕✼✹✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❬✸✺❪ ❲✳ ❋❛❜❡r ❛♥❞ ●✳ P❢❡✐❢❡r✳ ❉▲❱ ❤♦♠❡♣❛❣❡✱ s✐♥❝❡ ✶✾✾✻✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❞❧✈s②st❡♠✳❝♦♠✴ ✳ ❬✸✻❪ ▼✳ ●❡❧❢♦♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❱✳ ▲✐❢s❝❤✐t③✳ ❈❧❛ss✐❝❛❧ ◆❡❣❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ▲♦❣✐❝ Pr♦❣r❛♠s ❛♥❞ ❉✐s❥✉♥❝t✐✈❡ ❉❛t❛❜❛s❡s✳ ◆●❈ ✱ ✾✿✸✻✺✕✸✽✺✱ ✶✾✾✶✳ ❬✸✼❪ ❊✳ ●✐✉♥❝❤✐❣❧✐❛ ❛♥❞ ▼✳ ▼❛r❛t❡❛✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❛♥s✇❡r s❡t ❛♥❞ s❛t ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡s ✭♦r✱ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❝♠♦❞❡❧s ❛♥❞ s♠♦❞❡❧s✮✳ ■♥ ■❈▲P ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✸✼✕✺✶✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❬✸✽❪ ❏✳ ●r❡ss♠❛♥♥✱ ❚✳ ❏❛♥❤✉♥❡♥✱ ❘✳ ❊✳ ▼❡r❝❡r✱ ❚✳ ❙❝❤❛✉❜✱ ❙✳ ❚❤✐❡❧❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❘✳ ❚✐❝❤②✳ P❧❛t②♣✉s✿ ❆ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠ ❢♦r ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❛♥s✇❡r s❡t s♦❧✈✐♥❣✳ ■♥ ▲P◆▼❘ ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✷✷✼✕✷✸✾✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❬✸✾❪ ❇✳ ◆✳ ●r♦s♦❢✱ ■✳ ❍♦rr♦❝❦s✱ ❘✳ ❱♦❧③✱ ❛♥❞ ❙✳ ❉❡❝❦❡r✳ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❧♦❣✐❝ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s✿ ❈♦♠❜✐♥✐♥❣ ❧♦❣✐❝ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s ✇✐t❤ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❧♦❣✐❝s✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❚✇❡❧❢t❤ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❲♦r❧❞ ❲✐❞❡ ❲❡❜ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡✱ ❲❲❲✷✵✵✸✱ ❇✉❞❛♣❡st✱ ❍✉♥❣❛r② ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✹✽✕✺✼✱ ✷✵✵✸✳ ❬✹✵❪ ❙✳ ❍❡②♠❛♥s✳ ❉❡❝✐❞❛❜❧❡ ❖♣❡♥ ❆♥s✇❡r ❙❡t Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ✳ P❤❉ t❤❡s✐s✱ ❚❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ▲❛❜ ✭❚■◆❋✮✱ ❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ❱r✐❥❡ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t❡✐t ❇r✉ss❡❧✱ ❋❡❜✳ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❬✹✶❪ ❙✳ ❍❡②♠❛♥s✱ ❉✳ ❱✳ ◆✐❡✉✇❡♥❜♦r❣❤✱ ❛♥❞ ❉✳ ❱❡r♠❡✐r✳ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ✇❡❜ r❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t✉❛❧ ❧♦❣✐❝ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s✳ ■♥ ❘✉❧❡s ❛♥❞ ❘✉❧❡ ▼❛r❦✉♣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❲❡❜✿ ❚❤✐r❞ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣ ✭❘✉❧❡▼▲ ✷✵✵✹✮ ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✶✸✕✶✷✼✱ ❍✐r♦s❤✐♠❛✱ ❏❛♣❛♥✱ ◆♦✈✳ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❬✹✷❪ ❙✳ ❍❡②♠❛♥s✱ ❉✳ ❱✳ ◆✐❡✉✇❡♥❜♦r❣❤✱ ❛♥❞ ❉✳ ❱❡r♠❡✐r✳ ◆♦♥♠♦♥♦t♦♥✐❝ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ r✉❧❡✲❜❛s❡❞ r❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t✉❛❧ ❧♦❣✐❝ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❡❝♦♥❞ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡✱ ❊❙❲❈ ✷✵✵✺✳ ▲◆❈❙ ✸✺✸✷ ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✸✾✷✕✹✵✼✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❬✹✸❪ ■✳ ❍♦rr♦❝❦s✱ ❇✳ P❛rs✐❛✱ P✳ P❛t❡❧✲❙❝❤♥❡✐❞❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ❏✳ ❍❡♥❞❧❡r✳ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ✇❡❜ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡✿ ❙t❛❝❦ ♦r t✇♦ t♦✇❡rs❄ ■♥ ❋✳ ❋❛❣❡s ❛♥❞ ❙✳ ❙♦❧✐♠❛♥✱ ❡❞✐t♦rs✱ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s ❛♥❞ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ♦❢ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ✭PP❙❲❘ ✷✵✵✺✮ ✱ ♥✉♠❜❡r ✸✼✵✸ ✐♥ ▲◆❈❙✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✸✼✕✹✶✳ ❙❱✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❬✹✹❪ ■✳ ❍♦rr♦❝❦s✱ P✳ ❋✳ P❛t❡❧✲❙❝❤♥❡✐❞❡r✱ ❍✳ ❇♦❧❡②✱ ❙✳ ❚❛❜❡t✱ ❇✳ ●r♦s♦❢✱ ❛♥❞ ▼✳ ❉❡❛♥✳ ❙✇r❧✿ ❆ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ✇❡❜ r✉❧❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥✐♥❣ ♦✇❧ ❛♥❞ r✉❧❡♠❧✱ ▼❛② ✷✵✵✹✳ ❲✸❈ ▼❡♠❜❡r ❙✉❜♠✐ss✐♦♥✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦r❣✴❙✉❜♠✐ss✐♦♥✴❙❲❘▲✴ ✳ ❬✹✺❪ ❯✳ ❍✉st❛❞t✱ ❇✳ ▼♦t✐❦✱ ❛♥❞ ❯✳ ❙❛tt❧❡r✳ ❘❡❞✉❝✐♥❣ s❤✐q✲❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❧♦❣✐❝ t♦ ❞✐s❥✉♥❝t✐✈❡ ❞❛t❛❧♦❣ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s✳ ■♥ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s ♦❢ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣✿ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ◆✐♥t❤ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ✭❑❘✷✵✵✹✮✱ ❲❤✐st❧❡r✱ ❈❛♥❛❞❛ ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✺✷✕✶✻✷✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❬✹✻❪ ■❈❖◆❙ ❤♦♠❡♣❛❣❡✱ s✐♥❝❡ ✷✵✵✶✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✐❝♦♥s✳r♦❞❛♥✳♣❧✴ ✳ ❬✹✼❪ ❚✳ ❏❛♥❤✉♥❡♥✱ ■✳ ◆✐❡♠❡❧ä✱ ❉✳ ❙❡✐♣❡❧✱ P✳ ❙✐♠♦♥s✱ ❛♥❞ ❏✳✲❍✳ ❨♦✉✳ ❯♥❢♦❧❞✐♥❣ P❛rt✐❛❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ❉✐s❥✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❙t❛❜❧❡ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s✳ ❆❈▼ ❚❖❈▲ ✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❚♦ ❛♣♣❡❛r✳ ❬✹✽❪ ▼✳ ❑✐❢❡r✱ ●✳ ▲❛✉s❡♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❏✳ ❲✉✳ ▲♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ♦❜❥❡❝t✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❢r❛♠❡✲❜❛s❡❞ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆❈▼ ✱ ✹✷✭✹✮✿✼✹✶✕✽✹✸✱ ✶✾✾✺✳ ❬✹✾❪ ◆✳ ▲❡♦♥❡✱ ●✳ ●♦tt❧♦❜✱ ❘✳ ❘♦s❛t✐✱ ❚✳ ❊✐t❡r✱ ❲✳ ❋❛❜❡r✱ ▼✐❝❤❛❡❧ ❋✐♥❦✱ ●✐❛♥❧✉✐❣✐ ●r❡❝♦✱ ●✳ ■❛♥♥✐✱ ❊❞②t❛ ❑❛➟❦❛✱ ❉♦♠❡♥✐❝♦ ▲❡♠❜♦✱ ▼❛✉r✐③✐♦ ▲❡♥③❡r✐♥✐✱ ❱✐♥❝❡♥③✐♥♦ ▲✐♦✱ ❇❛rt♦s③ ◆♦✇✐❝❦✐✱ ▼❛r❝♦ ❘✉③③✐✱ ❲✐t♦❧❞ ❙t❛♥✐s③❦✐s✱ ❛♥❞ ●✐♦r❣✐♦ ❚❡rr❛❝✐♥❛✳ ❚❤❡ ■◆❋❖▼■❳ ❙②st❡♠ ❢♦r ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ■♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ■♥❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ❛♥❞ ■♥❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t ❉❛t❛✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✷✹t❤ ❆❈▼ ❙■●▼❖❉ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❉❛t❛ ✭❙■●▼❖❉ ✷✵✵✺✮ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✾✶✺✕✾✶✼✱ ❇❛❧t✐♠♦r❡✱ ▼❛r②❧❛♥❞✱ ❯❙❆✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❆❈▼ Pr❡ss✳ ❬✺✵❪ ◆✳ ▲❡♦♥❡✱ ●✳ P❢❡✐❢❡r✱ ❲✳ ❋❛❜❡r✱ ❚✳ ❊✐t❡r✱ ●✳ ●♦tt❧♦❜✱ ❙✳ P❡rr✐✱ ❛♥❞ ❋✳ ❙❝❛r❝❡❧❧♦✳ ❚❤❡ ❉▲❱ ❙②st❡♠ ❢♦r ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣✳ ❆❈▼ ❚❖❈▲ ✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❚♦ ❛♣♣❡❛r✳ ❬✺✶❪ ◆✳ ▲❡♦♥❡✱ ❙✳ P❡rr✐✱ ❛♥❞ ❋✳ ❙❝❛r❝❡❧❧♦✳ ❇❛❝❦❥✉♠♣✐♥❣ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ❢♦r r✉❧❡s ✐♥st❛♥t✐❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❧✈ s②st❡♠✳ ■♥ ◆▼❘ ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✷✺✽✕✷✻✻✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❬✺✷❪ ❆✳ ❨✳ ▲❡✈② ❛♥❞ ▼✳✲❈✳ ❘♦✉ss❡t✳ ❈♦♠❜✐♥✐♥❣ ❤♦r♥ r✉❧❡s ❛♥❞ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❧♦❣✐❝s ✐♥ ❈❆❘■◆✳ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡ ✱ ✶✵✹✿✶✻✺ ✕ ✷✵✾✱ ✶✾✾✽✳ ❬✺✸❪ ❨✉❧✐②❛ ▲✐❡r❧❡r✳ ❉✐s❥✉♥❝t✐✈❡ ❆♥s✇❡r ❙❡t Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ✈✐❛ ❙❛t✐s✜❛❜✐❧✐t②✳ ■♥ ▲♦❣✐❝ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ◆♦♥♠♦♥♦t♦♥✐❝ ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ✖ ✽t❤ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡✱ ▲P◆▼❘✬✵✺✱ ❉✐❛♠❛♥t❡✱ ■t❛❧②✱ ✷✵✵✺✱ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ✱ ▲◆❈❙ ✸✻✻✷ ❬✺✹❪ ❋✳ ▲✐♥ ❛♥❞ ❨✳ ❩❤❛♦✳ ❆❙❙❆❚✿ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❛♥s✇❡r s❡ts ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦❣✐❝ ♣r♦❣r❛♠ ❜② ❙❆❚ s♦❧✈❡rs✳ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡ ✱ ✶✺✼✭✶✲✷✮✿✶✶✺✕✶✸✼✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❬✺✺❪ ❱✳ ▼❛r❡❦✱ ■✳ ◆✐❡♠❡❧ä✱ ❛♥❞ ▼✳ ❚r✉s③❝③②➧❦✐✳ ▲♦❣✐❝ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s ✇✐t❤ ♠♦♥♦t♦♥❡ ❝❛r❞✐♥❛❧✐t② ❛t♦♠s✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ▲P◆▼❘✲✷✵✵✹ ✱ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✷✾✷✸ ♦❢ ▲◆❈❙ ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✺✹✕✶✻✻✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❬✺✻❪ ❱✳❲✳ ▼❛r❡❦ ❛♥❞ ❏✳❇✳ ❘❡♠♠❡❧✳ ❖♥ ▲♦❣✐❝ Pr♦❣r❛♠s ✇✐t❤ ❈❛r❞✐♥❛❧✐t② ❈♦♥str❛✐♥ts✳ ■♥ ◆▼❘✬✷✵✵✷ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✶✾✕✷✷✽✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ ❬✺✼❪ ◆✳ ▼❝❈❛✐♥ ❛♥❞ ❍✳ ❚✉r♥❡r✳ ❙❛t✐s✜❛❜✐❧✐t② P❧❛♥♥✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❈❛✉s❛❧ ❚❤❡♦r✐❡s✳ ■♥ ❑❘✬✾✽ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✶✷✕✷✷✸✳ ✶✾✾✽✳ ❬✺✽❪ ❏✳ ▼❡✐✱ ❙✳ ▲✐✉✱ ❆✳ ❨✉❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❩✳ ▲✐♥✳ ❆♥ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ t♦ ❖❲▲ ✇✐t❤ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ r✉❧❡s✳ ■♥ ❘✉❧❡s ❛♥❞ ❘✉❧❡ ▼❛r❦✉♣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❲❡❜✿ ❚❤✐r❞ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣ ✭❘✉❧❡▼▲ ✷✵✵✹✮ ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✺✺✕✶✻✾✱ ❍✐r♦s❤✐♠❛✱ ❏❛♣❛♥✱ ◆♦✈✳ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❬✺✾❪ ❇✳ ▼♦t✐❦✱ ❯✳ ❙❛tt❧❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ❘✳ ❙t✉❞❡r✳ ◗✉❡r② ❛♥s✇❡r✐♥❣ ❢♦r ♦✇❧✲❞❧ ✇✐t❤ r✉❧❡s✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❲❡❜ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s✿ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡s ❛♥❞ ❆❣❡♥ts ♦♥ t❤❡ ❲♦r❧❞ ❲✐❞❡ ❲❡❜ ✱ ✸✭✶✮✿✹✶✕✻✵✱ ❏❯▲ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❬✻✵❪ ❇✳ ▼♦t✐❦ ❛♥❞ ❘✳ ❱♦❧③✳ ❖♣t✐♠✐③✐♥❣ q✉❡r② ❛♥s✇❡r✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❧♦❣✐❝s ✉s✐♥❣ ❞✐s❥✉♥❝t✐✈❡ ❞❡❞✉❝t✐✈❡ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡s✳ ■♥ ❋✳ ❇r②✱ ❈✳ ▲✉t③✱ ❯✳ ❙❛tt❧❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ▼✳ ❙❝❤♦♦♣✱ ❡❞✐t♦rs✱ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✶✵t❤ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣ ♦♥ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♠❡❡ts ❉❛t❛❜❛s❡s ✭❑❘❉❇ ✷✵✵✸✮ ✱ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✼✾ ♦❢ ❈❊❯❘ ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ✳ ❈❊❯❘✲❲❙✳♦r❣✱ ❙❡♣t✳ ✷✵✵✸✳ ❬✻✶❪ ■✳ ◆✐❡♠❡❧ä✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♥s✇❡r s❡t s♦❧✈❡rs✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❚✉t♦r✐❛❧ ❛t ■❈▲P ✷✵✵✹✳ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❛t ❤tt♣✿ ✴✴✇✇✇✳t❝s✳❤✉t✳❢✐✴⑦✐♥✐t✴♣❛♣❡rs✴♥✐❡♠❡❧❛✲✐❝❧♣✵✹✲t✉t♦r✐❛❧✳♣s✳❣③✴ ✳ ❬✻✷❪ ■✳ ◆✐❡♠❡❧ä✱ P✳ ❙✐♠♦♥s✱ ❛♥❞ ❚✳ ❙♦✐♥✐♥❡♥✳ ❙t❛❜❧❡ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ♦❢ ❲❡✐❣❤t ❈♦♥str❛✐♥t ❘✉❧❡s✳ ■♥ ▲P◆▼❘✬✾✾ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✵✼✕✶✶✻✳ ❬✻✸❪ ◆✳ P❡❧♦✈✳ ◆♦♥✲♠♦♥♦t♦♥❡ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❢♦r ▲♦❣✐❝ Pr♦❣r❛♠s ✇✐t❤ ❆❣❣r❡❣❛t❡s✳ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❛t ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❝s✳❦✉❧❡✉✈❡♥✳❛❝✳❜❡✴⑦♣❡❧♦✈✴♣❛♣❡rs✴♥♠❛✳♣s✳❣③ ✳✱ ❖❝t✳ ✷✵✵✷✳ ❬✻✹❪ ❆✳ ❘❛✐♥❡r✳ ❲❡❜ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ❈♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ✉♥❞❡r ❆♥s✇❡r ❙❡t Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣✳ ■♥ ❑■✲❲♦r❦s❤♦♣ ✧P❧❛♥❡♥✱ ❙❝❤❡❞✉❧✐♥❣ ✉♥❞ ❑♦♥✜❣✉r✐❡r❡♥✱ ❊♥t✇❡r❢❡♥❧✧ ✭P✉❑✮ ✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❬✻✺❪ ❘✳ ❘♦s❛t✐✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ❞❡❝✐❞❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ♦❢ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t✐♥❣ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❡s ❛♥❞ r✉❧❡s✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❲❡❜ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ✱ ✸✭✶✮✿✻✶✕✼✸✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❬✻✻❪ ❘✳ ❘♦s❛t✐✳ ✿ ❚✐❣❤t ✐♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❧♦❣✐❝s ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❥✉♥❝t✐✈❡ ❞❛t❛❧♦❣✳ ■♥ ❑❘✷✵✵✻ ✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❚♦ ❛♣♣❡❛r✳ ❬✻✼❪ ❉✳ ❙❡✐♣❡❧ ❛♥❞ ❍❡❧♠✉t ❚❤ö♥❡✳ ❉✐s▲♦❣ ✕ ❆ ❙②st❡♠ ❢♦r ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❉✐s❥✉♥❝t✐✈❡ ❉❡❞✉❝t✐✈❡ ❉❛t❛❜❛s❡s✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❉❡❞✉❝t✐✈❡ ❆♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t♦ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙②st❡♠s ❛♥❞ ❉❛t❛❜❛s❡s ✭❉❆■❙❉✬✾✹✮ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✷✺✕✸✹✸✳ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t❛t P♦❧✐t❡❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❈❛t❛❧✉♥②❛ ✭❯P❈✮✱ ✶✾✾✹✳ ❬✻✽❪ P✳ ❙✐♠♦♥s✳ ❙♠♦❞❡❧s ❍♦♠❡♣❛❣❡✱ s✐♥❝❡ ✶✾✾✻✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳t❝s✳❤✉t✳❢✐✴❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✴s♠♦❞❡❧s✴ ✳ ❬✻✾❪ ❱✳❙✳ ❙✉❜r❛❤♠❛♥✐❛♥✱ ❉✳ ◆❛✉✱ ❛♥❞ ❈✳ ❱❛❣♦✳ ❲❋❙ ✰ ❇r❛♥❝❤ ❛♥❞ ❇♦✉♥❞ ❂ ❙t❛❜❧❡ ▼♦❞❡❧s✳ ■❊❊❊ ❚❑❉❊ ✱ ✼✭✸✮✿✸✻✷✕✸✼✼✱ ✶✾✾✺✳ ❬✼✵❪ ❚✳ ❙✇✐❢t✳ ❉❡❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣✐❡s ✈✐❛ ❆❙P✳ ■♥ ❱✳ ▲✐❢s❝❤✐t③ ❛♥❞ ■✳ ◆✐❡♠❡❧ä✱ ❡❞✐t♦rs✱ Pr♦❝✳ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❡✈❡♥t❤ ■♥t✳❧ ❈♦♥❢✳ ♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ◆♦♥♠♦♥♦t♦♥✐❝ ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ✭▲P◆▼❘✲✼✮ ✱ ▲◆❈❙✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✷✼✺✕✷✽✽✱ ❋♦rt ▲❛✉❞❡r❞❛❧❡✱ ❋❧♦r✐❞❛✱ ❯❙❆✱ ❏❛♥✳ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✳ ❬✼✶❪ ❚✳ ❙②r❥ä♥❡♥✳ ❖♠❡❣❛✲r❡str✐❝t❡❞ ❧♦❣✐❝ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✻t❤ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ◆♦♥♠♦♥♦t♦♥✐❝ ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ✱ ❱✐❡♥♥❛✱ ❆✉str✐❛✱ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✵✶✳ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✳ ❬✼✷❪ ❲❆❙P r❡♣♦rt ✭■❙❚✲✷✵✵✶✲✸✼✵✵✹✮✳ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ♣r♦♦❢s✲♦❢✲❝♦♥❝❡♣t✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❦r✳t✉✇✐❡♥✳❛❝✳❛t✴♣r♦❥❡❝ts✴❲❆❙P✴r❡♣♦rt✳❤t♠❧ ✳ ❬✼✸❪ ❲❆❙P s❤♦✇❝❛s❡✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❦r✳t✉✇✐❡♥✳❛❝✳❛t✴♣r♦❥❡❝ts✴❲❆❙P✴s❤♦✇❝❛s❡✳❤t♠❧ ✳ ❬✼✹❪ ●✳ ❨❛♥❣ ❛♥❞ ▼✳ ❑✐❢❡r✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ♦❢ ❛♥♦♥②♠♦✉s ✐❞❡♥t✐t② ❛♥❞ r❡✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ■♥ ❈♦♦♣■❙✴❉❖❆✴❖❉❇❆❙❊ ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✵✹✼✕✶✵✻✻✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ ❬✼✺❪ ●✳ ❨❛♥❣✱ ▼✳ ❑✐❢❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ❈✳ ❩❤❛♦✳ ✧✢♦r❛✲✷✿ ❆ r✉❧❡✲❜❛s❡❞ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ✐♥❢r❛str✉❝t✉r❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ✇❡❜✳✧✳ ■♥ ❘✳ ▼❡❡rs♠❛♥✱ ❩✳ ❚❛r✐✱ ❛♥❞ ❉✳ ❈✳ ❙❝❤♠✐❞t✱ ❡❞✐t♦rs✱ ❈♦♦♣■❙✴❉❖❆✴❖❉❇❆❙❊ ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✻✼✶✕✻✽✽✱ ✷✵✵✸✳

  91. ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙tr✐♥❣ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❤❡① ❙②♥t❛①✱ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❘❉❋ P❧✉❣✐♥ ■♥ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s P❧✉❣✐♥ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣❧✉❣✐♥s P♦❧✐❝② P❧✉❣✐♥ ❘❡✈✐❡✇❡r ❙❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ✕ ❱❛r✐❛♥t ✹✴✷ ❈❤♦♦s❡ t❤❡ r❡✈✐❡✇ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡s ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡s ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❦❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ❚❤❡ ❖❲▲ ❑❇ ❤❛s ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ❞❡✜♥✐♥❣ • ❦❡②✇♦r❞s ♦❢ ♣❛♣❡rs ✧r❡✈✿❦❡②✇♦r❞✧ ❛♥❞ ♦✈❡r❧❛♣♣✐♥❣ ❦❡②✇♦r❞s ✧r❡✈✿♦✈❡r❧❛♣s❲✐t❤✧ ❚❛s❦ ▼♦❞✐❢② t❤❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠ r❡✈✐❡✇❡rs✹❛✳❞❧❤ ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✶ ❆ P❈ ♠❡♠❜❡r ✇❤♦ ✐s ❛✉t❤♦r ♦❢ ❛ ♣❛♣❡r ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❦❡②✇♦r❞ ✐s ❛ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡✳ ✷ ❆ P❈ ♠❡♠❜❡r ✇❤♦ ✐s ❛✉t❤♦r ♦❢ ❛ ♣❛♣❡r ✇✐t❤ ❛♥ ♦✈❡r❧❛♣♣✐♥❣ ❦❡②✇♦r❞ ❛s ✇❡❧❧✳ ❝❛♥❞✭❳✱P✮ ✿✲ ❦✇✭P✱❑✮✱ ♣❝✭❳✮✱ ✉r❧✭❯✮✱ ✫❞❧❈❬❯✱❝✶✱❝✷✱r✶✱r✷✱✧r❡✈✿♣❡rs♦♥✧❪✭❳✮✱ ✫❞❧❘❬❯✱❝✶✱❝✷✱r✶✱r✷✱✧r❡✈✿✐s❆✉t❤♦r❖❢✧❪✭❳✱P✶✮✱ ✫❞❧❘❬❯✱❝✶✱❝✷✱r✶✱r✷✱✧r❡✈✿❦❡②✇♦r❞✧❪✭P✶✱❑✮✳ ❝❛♥❞✭❳✱P✮ ✿✲ ❦✇✭P✱❑✮✱ ♣❝✭❳✮✱ ✉r❧✭❯✮✱ ✫❞❧❘❬❯✱❝✶✱❝✷✱r✶✱r✷✱✧r❡✈✿♦✈❡r❧❛♣s❲✐t❤✧❪✭❑✱❑✶✮✱ ✫❞❧❘❬❯✱❝✶✱❝✷✱r✶✱r✷✱✧r❡✈✿✐s❆✉t❤♦r❖❢✧❪✭❳✱P✶✮✱ ✫❞❧❘❬❯✱❝✶✱❝✷✱r✶✱r✷✱✧r❡✈✿❦❡②✇♦r❞✧❪✭P✶✱❑✶✮✳ ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥✿ r❡✈✐❡✇❡rs✹❜✳❞❧❤ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r ❯♥✐t ✻ ✕ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❆❙P ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥✿ ❤❡① ✲Pr♦❣r❛♠s ❬✶❪ ●✳ ❆❧s❛ç ❛♥❞ ❈✳ ❇❛r❛❧✳ ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❧♦❣✐❝s ✉s✐♥❣ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛t✐✈❡ ❧♦❣✐❝ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣✳ ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❘❡♣♦rt ❆❙❯ ✷✵✵✶✲✵✷✱ ❆r✐③♦♥❛ ❙t❛t❡ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ ❬✷❪ ❏✳ ❆♥❣❡❧❡✱ ❍✳ ❇♦❧❡②✱ ❏✳ ❞❡ ❇r✉✐❥♥✱ ❉✳ ❋❡♥s❡❧✱ P✳ ❍✐t③❧❡r✱ ▼✳ ❑✐❢❡r✱ ❘✳ ❑r✉♠♠❡♥❛❝❤❡r✱ ❍✳ ▲❛✉s❡♥✱ ❆✳ P♦❧❧❡r❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ❘✳ ❙t✉❞❡r✳ ❲❡❜ r✉❧❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ✭❲❘▲✮✱ ❙❡♣t✳ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❲✸❈ ▼❡♠❜❡r ❙✉❜♠✐ss✐♦♥✱ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦r❣✴❙✉❜♠✐ss✐♦♥✴❲❘▲✴ ✳ ❬✸❪ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❆♥❣❡r✱ ❑❛t❤r✐♥ ❑♦♥❝③❛❦✱ ❛♥❞ ❚❤♦♠❛s ▲✐♥❦❡✳ ◆♦▼♦❘❡ ✿ ❆ ❙②st❡♠ ❢♦r ◆♦♥✲▼♦♥♦t♦♥✐❝ ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣✳ ■♥ ▲P◆▼❘✬✵✶ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✵✻✕✹✶✵✳ ✷✵✵✶✳ ❬✹❪ ❈❤❛♥❞r❛❜♦s❡ ❆r❛✈✐♥❞❛♥✱ ❏✳ ❉✐①✱ ❛♥❞ ■✳ ◆✐❡♠❡❧ä✳ ❉✐s▲♦P✿ ❆ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ Pr♦❥❡❝t ♦♥ ❉✐s❥✉♥❝t✐✈❡ ▲♦❣✐❝ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣✳ ❆■ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✱ ✶✵✭✸✴✹✮✿✶✺✶✕✶✻✺✱ ✶✾✾✼✳ ❬✺❪ ❈✳ ❇❡❧❧✱ ❆✳ ◆❡r♦❞❡✱ ❘✳❚✳ ◆❣✱ ❛♥❞ ❱✳❙✳ ❙✉❜r❛❤♠❛♥✐❛♥✳ ▼✐①❡❞ ■♥t❡❣❡r Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ◆♦♥♠♦♥♦t♦♥✐❝ ❉❡❞✉❝t✐✈❡ ❉❛t❛❜❛s❡s✳ ❏❆❈▼ ✱ ✹✶✿✶✶✼✽✕✶✷✶✺✱ ✶✾✾✹✳ ❬✻❪ ❚✳ ❇❡r♥❡rs✲▲❡❡✳ ❲❡❜ ❢♦r r❡❛❧ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✱ ❆♣r✐❧ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❑❡②♥♦t❡ ❙♣❡❡❝❤ ❛t t❤❡ ✶✹t❤ ❲♦r❧❞ ❲✐❞❡ ❲❡❜ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ✭❲❲❲✷✵✵✺✮✱ s❧✐❞❡s ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❛t ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦r❣✴✷✵✵✺✴❚❛❧❦s✴✵✺✶✶✲❦❡②♥♦t❡✲t❜❧✴ ✳ ❬✼❪ P✳ ❆✳ ❇♦♥❛tt✐✳ ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ■♥✜♥✐t❡ ❙t❛❜❧❡ ▼♦❞❡❧s✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❡✈❡♥t❡❡♥t❤ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❏♦✐♥t ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡ ✭■❏❈❆■✮ ✷✵✵✶ ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✻✵✸✕✻✶✵✱ ❙❡❛tt❧❡✱ ❲❆✱ ❯❙❆✱ ❆✉❣✳ ✷✵✵✶✳ ▼♦r❣❛♥ ❑❛✉❢♠❛♥♥ P✉❜❧✐s❤❡rs✳ ❬✽❪ ▼✳ ❇r❛✐♥ ❛♥❞ ▼✳ ❉✳ ❱♦s✳ ❉❡❜✉❣❣✐♥❣ ❧♦❣✐❝ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s ✉♥❞❡r t❤❡ ❛♥s✇❡r s❡t s❡♠❛♥t✐❝s✳ ■♥ ❆♥s✇❡r ❙❡t Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❬✾❪ ❋✳ ❇✉❝❝❛❢✉rr✐✱ ◆✳ ▲❡♦♥❡✱ ❛♥❞ P✳ ❘✉❧❧♦✳ ❊♥❤❛♥❝✐♥❣ ❉✐s❥✉♥❝t✐✈❡ ❉❛t❛❧♦❣ ❜② ❈♦♥str❛✐♥ts✳ ■❊❊❊ ❚❑❉❊ ✱ ✶✷✭✺✮✿✽✹✺✕✽✻✵✱ ✷✵✵✵✳ ❬✶✵❪ ❏✳ ❉✳ ❇r✉✐❥♥✱ ❆✳ P♦❧❧❡r❡s✱ ❘✳ ▲❛r❛✱ ❛♥❞ ❉✳ ❋❡♥s❡❧✳ ❖❲▲ ❉▲ ✈s✳ ❖❲▲ ❋❧✐❣❤t✿ ❈♦♥❝❡♣t✉❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ r❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ❢♦r t❤❡ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ✇❡❜✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✶✹t❤ ❲♦r❧❞ ❲✐❞❡ ❲❡❜ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ✭❲❲❲✷✵✵✺✮ ✱ ❈❤✐❜❛✱ ❏❛♣❛♥✱ ▼❛② ✷✵✵✺✳ ❬✶✶❪ ❋✳ ❇✉❝❝❛❢✉rr✐✱ ◆✳ ▲❡♦♥❡✱ ❛♥❞ P✳ ❘✉❧❧♦✳ ❙tr♦♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❲❡❛❦ ❈♦♥str❛✐♥ts ✐♥ ❉✐s❥✉♥❝t✐✈❡ ❉❛t❛❧♦❣✳ ■♥ ❏✳ ❉✐①✱ ❯✳ ❋✉r❜❛❝❤✱ ❛♥❞ ❆✳ ◆❡r♦❞❡✱ ❡❞✐t♦rs✱ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✹t❤ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ◆♦♥✲▼♦♥♦t♦♥✐❝ ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ✭▲P◆▼❘✬✾✼✮ ✱ ♥✉♠❜❡r ✶✷✻✺ ✐♥ ▲◆❆■✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✷✕✶✼✱ ❉❛❣st✉❤❧✱ ●❡r♠❛♥②✱ ❏✉❧② ✶✾✾✼✳ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✳ ❬✶✷❪ P✳ ❇✉r❡❦ ❛♥❞ ❘✳ ●r❛❜♦s✳ ❉✉❛❧❧② str✉❝t✉r❡❞ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ✇❡❜✿ ❆♥s✇❡r s❡t ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❡❝♦♥❞ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡✱ ❊❙❲❈ ✷✵✵✺✱ ❍❡r❛❦❧✐♦♥✱ ❈r❡t❡✱ ●r❡❡❝❡✱ ▼❛② ✷✾ ✲ ❏✉♥❡ ✶✱ ✷✵✵✺✱ ▲◆❈❙ ✸✺✸✷ ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✸✼✼✕✸✾✶✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❬✶✸❪ ❋✳ ❈❛❧✐♠❡r✐✱ ●✳ ■❛♥♥✐✱ ●✳ ■❡❧♣❛✱ ❆✳ P✐❡tr❛♠❛❧❛✱ ❛♥❞ ▼✳ ❈✳ ❙❛♥t♦r♦✳ ❆ s②st❡♠ ✇✐t❤ t❡♠♣❧❛t❡ ❛♥s✇❡r s❡t ♣r♦❣r❛♠s✳ ■♥ ❏❊▲■❆ ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✻✾✸✕✻✾✼✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❬✶✹❪ ❋✳ ❈❛❧✐♠❡r✐ ❛♥❞ ●✳ ■❛♥♥✐✳ ❊①t❡r♥❛❧ s♦✉r❝❡s ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❆♥s✇❡r ❙❡t ❙♦❧✈❡rs✳ ■♥ ❈✳ ❇❛r❛❧✱ ●✳ ●r❡❝♦✱ ◆✳ ▲❡♦♥❡✱ ❛♥❞ ●✳ ❚❡rr❛❝✐♥❛✱ ❡❞✐t♦rs✱ ▲♦❣✐❝ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ◆♦♥♠♦♥♦t♦♥✐❝ ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ✖ ✽t❤ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡✱ ▲P◆▼❘✬✵✺✱ ❉✐❛♠❛♥t❡✱ ■t❛❧②✱ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✵✺✱ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ✱ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✸✻✻✷ ♦❢ ▲◆❈❙ ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✵✺✕✶✶✽✳ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✱ ❙❡♣t✳ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❬✶✺❪ ❲❡✐❞♦♥❣ ❈❤❡♥ ❛♥❞ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❙❝♦tt ❲❛rr❡♥✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❙t❛❜❧❡ ▼♦❞❡❧s ❛♥❞ ■ts ■♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ▲♦❣✐❝❛❧ ◗✉❡r② Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✳ ■❊❊❊ ❚❑❉❊ ✱ ✽✭✺✮✿✼✹✷✕✼✺✼✱ ✶✾✾✻✳ ❬✶✻❪ P❛✇❡➟ ❈❤♦❧❡✇✐➠s❦✐✱ ❱✳ ❲✐❦t♦r ▼❛r❡❦✱ ❛♥❞ ▼✳ ❚r✉s③❝③②➠s❦✐✳ ❉❡❢❛✉❧t ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ❙②st❡♠ ❉❡❘❡❙✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s ♦❢ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ✭❑❘ ✬✾✻✮ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✺✶✽✕✺✷✽✱ ❈❛♠❜r✐❞❣❡✱ ▼❛ss❛❝❤✉s❡tts✱ ❯❙❆✱ ✶✾✾✻✳ ❬✶✼❪ P❛✇❡➟ ❈❤♦❧❡✇✐➠s❦✐✱ ❱✳❲✳ ▼❛r❡❦✱ ❆rt✉r ▼✐❦✐t✐✉❦✱ ❛♥❞ ▼✳ ❚r✉s③❝③②➠s❦✐✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❉❡❢❛✉❧t ▲♦❣✐❝✳ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡ ✱ ✶✶✷✭✷✕✸✮✿✶✵✺✕✶✹✼✱ ✶✾✾✾✳ ❬✶✽❪ ❈✳ ❈✉♠❜♦✱ ❲✳ ❋❛❜❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ●✳ ●r❡❝♦✳ ❊♥❤❛♥❝✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠❛❣✐❝✲s❡t ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❢♦r ❞✐s❥✉♥❝t✐✈❡ ❞❛t❛❧♦❣ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ t❤❡ ✷✵t❤ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ✕ ■❈▲P✬✵✹ ✱ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✸✶✸✷ ♦❢ ▲◆❈❙ ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✸✼✶✕✸✽✺✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❬✶✾❪ ❙✳ ❉❡❝❦❡r✱ ▼✳ ❙✐♥t❡❦✱ ❛♥❞ ❲✳ ◆❡❥❞❧✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧✲t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ♦❢ ❚❘■P▲❊✱ ◆♦✈✳ ✷✵✵✷✳ ❬✷✵❪ ❋✳ ▼✳ ❉♦♥✐♥✐✱ ▼✳ ▲❡♥③❡r✐♥✐✱ ❉✳ ◆❛r❞✐✱ ❛♥❞ ❆✳ ❙❝❤❛❡r❢✳ ✲❧♦❣✿ ■♥t❡❣r❛t✐♥❣ ❞❛t❛❧♦❣ ❛♥❞ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❧♦❣✐❝s✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥t ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙②st❡♠s ✭❏■■❙✮ ✱ ✶✵✭✸✮✿✷✷✼✕✷✺✷✱ ✶✾✾✽✳ ❬✷✶❪ ❉✳ ❊❛st ❛♥❞ ▼✳ ❚r✉s③❝③②➠s❦✐✳ Pr♦♣♦s✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❙❛t✐s✜❛❜✐❧✐t② ✐♥ ❆♥s✇❡r✲s❡t Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ ❏♦✐♥t ●❡r♠❛♥✴❆✉str✐❛♥ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡✱ ❑■✬✷✵✵✶ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✸✽✕✶✺✸✳ ▲◆❆■ ✷✶✼✹✱ ✷✵✵✶✳ ❬✷✷❪ ❉✳ ❊❛st ❛♥❞ ▼✳ ❚r✉s③❝③②➠s❦✐✳ ❞❝s✿ ❆♥ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉❆❚❆▲❖● ✇✐t❤ ❈♦♥str❛✐♥ts✳ ■♥ ◆▼❘✬✷✵✵✵ ✱ ✷✵✵✵✳ ❬✷✸❪ ❯✳ ❊❣❧②✱ ❚✳ ❊✐t❡r✱ ❍✳ ❚♦♠♣✐ts✱ ❛♥❞ ❙✳ ❲♦❧tr❛♥✳ ❙♦❧✈✐♥❣ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ❚❛s❦s ✉s✐♥❣ ◗✉❛♥t✐✜❡❞ ❇♦♦❧❡❛♥ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛s✳ ■♥ ❆❆❆■✬✵✵ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✶✼✕✹✷✷✳ ❆❆❆■ Pr❡ss ✴ ▼■❚ Pr❡ss✱ ✷✵✵✵✳ ❬✷✹❪ ❚✳ ❊✐t❡r✱ ❲✳ ❋❛❜❡r✱ ◆✳ ▲❡♦♥❡✱ ●✳ P❢❡✐❢❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ❆✳ P♦❧❧❡r❡s✳ ❆ ▲♦❣✐❝ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❆♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t♦ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✲❙t❛t❡ P❧❛♥♥✐♥❣✱ ■■✿ t❤❡ ❉▲❱ ❙②st❡♠✳ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡ ✱ ✶✹✹✭✶✕✷✮✿✶✺✼✕✷✶✶✱ ✷✵✵✸✳ ❬✷✺❪ ❚✳ ❊✐t❡r✱ ▼✳ ❋✐♥❦✱ ❍✳ ❚♦♠♣✐ts✱ ❛♥❞ ❙✳ ❲♦❧tr❛♥✳ ❙tr♦♥❣ ❛♥❞ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❛♥s✇❡r✲s❡t ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣✿ ❈❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② r❡s✉❧ts ❢♦r t❤❡ ♥♦♥✲❣r♦✉♥❞ ❝❛s❡✳ ■♥ ❆❆❆■ ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✻✾✺✕✼✵✵✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❬✷✻❪ ❚✳ ❊✐t❡r✱ ●✳ ■❛♥♥✐✱ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ❍✳ ❚♦♠♣✐ts✳ ❆ ❯♥✐❢♦r♠ ■♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❍✐❣❤❡r✲❖r❞❡r ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❊①t❡r♥❛❧ ❊✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❆♥s✇❡r ❙❡t Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣✳ ■♥ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❏♦✐♥t ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡ ✭■❏❈❆■✮ ✷✵✵✺ ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✾✵✕✾✻✱ ❊❞✐♥❜✉r❣❤✱ ❯❑✱ ❆✉❣✳ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❬✷✼❪ ❚✳ ❊✐t❡r✱ ❚✳ ▲✉❦❛s✐❡✇✐❝③✱ ❘✳ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ❍✳ ❚♦♠♣✐ts✳ ❈♦♠❜✐♥✐♥❣ ❆♥s✇❡r ❙❡t Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❲❡❜✳ ■♥ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s ♦❢ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣✿ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ◆✐♥t❤ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ✭❑❘✷✵✵✹✮✱ ❲❤✐st❧❡r✱ ❈❛♥❛❞❛ ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✹✶✕✶✺✶✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❊①t❡♥❞❡❞ ❘❡♣♦rt ❘❘✲✶✽✹✸✲✵✸✲✶✸✱ ■♥st✐t✉t ❢ür ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ss②st❡♠❡✱ ❚❯ ❲✐❡♥✱ ✷✵✵✸✳ ❬✷✽❪ ❊✐t❡r✱ ❚✳❀ ■❛♥♥✐✱ ●✳❀ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r✱ ❘✳❀ ❛♥❞ ❚♦♠♣✐ts✱ ❍✳ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❊✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ■♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉❡❝❧❛r❛t✐✈❡ ❘✉❧❡s ✇✐t❤ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ❊✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣✳ ■♥ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ✷✵✵✻✱ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ✳ ❚♦ ❛♣♣❡❛r✳ ❬✷✾❪ ❚❤♦♠❛s ❊✐t❡r✱ ●✐♦✈❛♠❜❛tt✐st❛ ■❛♥♥✐✱ ❘♦♠❛♥ ❙❝❤✐♥❞❧❛✉❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ❍❛♥s ❚♦♠♣✐ts✳ ❚♦✇❛r❞s ❡✣❝✐❡♥t ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❍❊❳ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ✶✶t❤ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣ ♦♥ ◆♦♥♠♦♥♦t♦♥✐❝ ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ✭◆▼❘✲✷✵✵✻✮✱ ❆♥s✇❡r ❙❡t Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❚r❛❝❦ ✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❚♦ ❛♣♣❡❛r✳ ❬✸✵❪ ❖✳ ❊❧✲❑❤❛t✐❜✱ ❊✳ P♦♥t❡❧❧✐✱ ❛♥❞ ❚✳ ❈✳ ❙♦♥✳ ❏✉st✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❜✉❣❣✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛♥s✇❡r s❡t ♣r♦❣r❛♠s ✐♥ ❛s♣✳ ■♥ ❆❆❉❊❇❯● ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✹✾✕✺✽✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❬✸✶❪ ❲✳ ❋❛❜❡r✱ ◆✳ ▲❡♦♥❡✱ ❛♥❞ ●✳ P❢❡✐❢❡r✳ ❆ ❈♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ♦❢ ❍❡✉r✐st✐❝s ❢♦r ❆♥s✇❡r ❙❡t Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✺t❤ ❉✉t❝❤✲●❡r♠❛♥ ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣ ♦♥ ◆♦♥♠♦♥♦t♦♥✐❝ ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ❚❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✭❉●◆▼❘ ✷✵✵✶✮ ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✻✹✕✼✺✱ ❆♣r✳ ✷✵✵✶✳ ❬✸✷❪ ❲✳ ❋❛❜❡r✱ ◆✳ ▲❡♦♥❡✱ ❛♥❞ ●✳ P❢❡✐❢❡r✳ ❘❡❝✉rs✐✈❡ ❛❣❣r❡❣❛t❡s ✐♥ ❞✐s❥✉♥❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦❣✐❝ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s✿ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t②✳ ■♥ ❏✳ ❏✳ ❆❧❢❡r❡s ❛♥❞ ❏✳ ▲❡✐t❡✱ ❡❞✐t♦rs✱ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✾t❤ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡ ✭❏❊▲■❆ ✷✵✵✹✮ ✱ ♥✉♠❜❡r ✸✷✷✾ ✐♥ ▲◆❆■✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✷✵✵✕✷✶✷✳ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✱ ❙❡♣t✳ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❬✸✸❪ ❲✳ ❋❛❜❡r✱ ◆✳ ▲❡♦♥❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❋✳ ❘✐❝❝❛✳ ❍❡✉r✐st✐❝s ❢♦r ❍❛r❞ ❆❙P Pr♦❣r❛♠s✳ ■♥ ◆✐♥❡t❡❡♥t❤ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❏♦✐♥t ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡ ✭■❏❈❆■✲✵✺✮ ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✺✻✷✕✶✺✻✸✱ ❆✉❣✳ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❬✸✹❪ P✳ ❋❡rr❛r✐s ❛♥❞ ❱✳ ▲✐❢s❝❤✐t③✳ ❲❡✐❣❤t ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts ❛s ♥❡st❡❞ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥s✳ ❚P▲P ✱ ✺✭✶✕✷✮✿✹✺✕✼✹✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❬✸✺❪ ❲✳ ❋❛❜❡r ❛♥❞ ●✳ P❢❡✐❢❡r✳ ❉▲❱ ❤♦♠❡♣❛❣❡✱ s✐♥❝❡ ✶✾✾✻✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❞❧✈s②st❡♠✳❝♦♠✴ ✳ ❬✸✻❪ ▼✳ ●❡❧❢♦♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❱✳ ▲✐❢s❝❤✐t③✳ ❈❧❛ss✐❝❛❧ ◆❡❣❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ▲♦❣✐❝ Pr♦❣r❛♠s ❛♥❞ ❉✐s❥✉♥❝t✐✈❡ ❉❛t❛❜❛s❡s✳ ◆●❈ ✱ ✾✿✸✻✺✕✸✽✺✱ ✶✾✾✶✳ ❬✸✼❪ ❊✳ ●✐✉♥❝❤✐❣❧✐❛ ❛♥❞ ▼✳ ▼❛r❛t❡❛✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❛♥s✇❡r s❡t ❛♥❞ s❛t ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡s ✭♦r✱ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❝♠♦❞❡❧s ❛♥❞ s♠♦❞❡❧s✮✳ ■♥ ■❈▲P ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✸✼✕✺✶✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❬✸✽❪ ❏✳ ●r❡ss♠❛♥♥✱ ❚✳ ❏❛♥❤✉♥❡♥✱ ❘✳ ❊✳ ▼❡r❝❡r✱ ❚✳ ❙❝❤❛✉❜✱ ❙✳ ❚❤✐❡❧❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❘✳ ❚✐❝❤②✳ P❧❛t②♣✉s✿ ❆ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠ ❢♦r ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❛♥s✇❡r s❡t s♦❧✈✐♥❣✳ ■♥ ▲P◆▼❘ ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✷✷✼✕✷✸✾✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❬✸✾❪ ❇✳ ◆✳ ●r♦s♦❢✱ ■✳ ❍♦rr♦❝❦s✱ ❘✳ ❱♦❧③✱ ❛♥❞ ❙✳ ❉❡❝❦❡r✳ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❧♦❣✐❝ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s✿ ❈♦♠❜✐♥✐♥❣ ❧♦❣✐❝ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s ✇✐t❤ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❧♦❣✐❝s✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❚✇❡❧❢t❤ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❲♦r❧❞ ❲✐❞❡ ❲❡❜ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡✱ ❲❲❲✷✵✵✸✱ ❇✉❞❛♣❡st✱ ❍✉♥❣❛r② ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✹✽✕✺✼✱ ✷✵✵✸✳ ❬✹✵❪ ❙✳ ❍❡②♠❛♥s✳ ❉❡❝✐❞❛❜❧❡ ❖♣❡♥ ❆♥s✇❡r ❙❡t Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ✳ P❤❉ t❤❡s✐s✱ ❚❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ▲❛❜ ✭❚■◆❋✮✱ ❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ❱r✐❥❡ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t❡✐t ❇r✉ss❡❧✱ ❋❡❜✳ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❬✹✶❪ ❙✳ ❍❡②♠❛♥s✱ ❉✳ ❱✳ ◆✐❡✉✇❡♥❜♦r❣❤✱ ❛♥❞ ❉✳ ❱❡r♠❡✐r✳ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ✇❡❜ r❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t✉❛❧ ❧♦❣✐❝ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s✳ ■♥ ❘✉❧❡s ❛♥❞ ❘✉❧❡ ▼❛r❦✉♣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❲❡❜✿ ❚❤✐r❞ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣ ✭❘✉❧❡▼▲ ✷✵✵✹✮ ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✶✸✕✶✷✼✱ ❍✐r♦s❤✐♠❛✱ ❏❛♣❛♥✱ ◆♦✈✳ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❬✹✷❪ ❙✳ ❍❡②♠❛♥s✱ ❉✳ ❱✳ ◆✐❡✉✇❡♥❜♦r❣❤✱ ❛♥❞ ❉✳ ❱❡r♠❡✐r✳ ◆♦♥♠♦♥♦t♦♥✐❝ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ r✉❧❡✲❜❛s❡❞ r❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t✉❛❧ ❧♦❣✐❝ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❡❝♦♥❞ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡✱ ❊❙❲❈ ✷✵✵✺✳ ▲◆❈❙ ✸✺✸✷ ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✸✾✷✕✹✵✼✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❬✹✸❪ ■✳ ❍♦rr♦❝❦s✱ ❇✳ P❛rs✐❛✱ P✳ P❛t❡❧✲❙❝❤♥❡✐❞❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ❏✳ ❍❡♥❞❧❡r✳ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ✇❡❜ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡✿ ❙t❛❝❦ ♦r t✇♦ t♦✇❡rs❄ ■♥ ❋✳ ❋❛❣❡s ❛♥❞ ❙✳ ❙♦❧✐♠❛♥✱ ❡❞✐t♦rs✱ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s ❛♥❞ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ♦❢ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❲❡❜ ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ✭PP❙❲❘ ✷✵✵✺✮ ✱ ♥✉♠❜❡r ✸✼✵✸ ✐♥ ▲◆❈❙✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✸✼✕✹✶✳ ❙❱✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❬✹✹❪ ■✳ ❍♦rr♦❝❦s✱ P✳ ❋✳ P❛t❡❧✲❙❝❤♥❡✐❞❡r✱ ❍✳ ❇♦❧❡②✱ ❙✳ ❚❛❜❡t✱ ❇✳ ●r♦s♦❢✱ ❛♥❞ ▼✳ ❉❡❛♥✳ ❙✇r❧✿ ❆ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ✇❡❜ r✉❧❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥✐♥❣ ♦✇❧ ❛♥❞ r✉❧❡♠❧✱ ▼❛② ✷✵✵✹✳ ❲✸❈ ▼❡♠❜❡r ❙✉❜♠✐ss✐♦♥✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦r❣✴❙✉❜♠✐ss✐♦♥✴❙❲❘▲✴ ✳ ❬✹✺❪ ❯✳ ❍✉st❛❞t✱ ❇✳ ▼♦t✐❦✱ ❛♥❞ ❯✳ ❙❛tt❧❡r✳ ❘❡❞✉❝✐♥❣ s❤✐q✲❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❧♦❣✐❝ t♦ ❞✐s❥✉♥❝t✐✈❡ ❞❛t❛❧♦❣ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s✳ ■♥ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s ♦❢ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣✿ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ◆✐♥t❤ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ✭❑❘✷✵✵✹✮✱ ❲❤✐st❧❡r✱ ❈❛♥❛❞❛ ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✺✷✕✶✻✷✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❬✹✻❪ ■❈❖◆❙ ❤♦♠❡♣❛❣❡✱ s✐♥❝❡ ✷✵✵✶✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✐❝♦♥s✳r♦❞❛♥✳♣❧✴ ✳ ❬✹✼❪ ❚✳ ❏❛♥❤✉♥❡♥✱ ■✳ ◆✐❡♠❡❧ä✱ ❉✳ ❙❡✐♣❡❧✱ P✳ ❙✐♠♦♥s✱ ❛♥❞ ❏✳✲❍✳ ❨♦✉✳ ❯♥❢♦❧❞✐♥❣ P❛rt✐❛❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ❉✐s❥✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❙t❛❜❧❡ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s✳ ❆❈▼ ❚❖❈▲ ✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❚♦ ❛♣♣❡❛r✳ ❬✹✽❪ ▼✳ ❑✐❢❡r✱ ●✳ ▲❛✉s❡♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❏✳ ❲✉✳ ▲♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ♦❜❥❡❝t✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❢r❛♠❡✲❜❛s❡❞ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆❈▼ ✱ ✹✷✭✹✮✿✼✹✶✕✽✹✸✱ ✶✾✾✺✳ ❬✹✾❪ ◆✳ ▲❡♦♥❡✱ ●✳ ●♦tt❧♦❜✱ ❘✳ ❘♦s❛t✐✱ ❚✳ ❊✐t❡r✱ ❲✳ ❋❛❜❡r✱ ▼✐❝❤❛❡❧ ❋✐♥❦✱ ●✐❛♥❧✉✐❣✐ ●r❡❝♦✱ ●✳ ■❛♥♥✐✱ ❊❞②t❛ ❑❛➟❦❛✱ ❉♦♠❡♥✐❝♦ ▲❡♠❜♦✱ ▼❛✉r✐③✐♦ ▲❡♥③❡r✐♥✐✱ ❱✐♥❝❡♥③✐♥♦ ▲✐♦✱ ❇❛rt♦s③ ◆♦✇✐❝❦✐✱ ▼❛r❝♦ ❘✉③③✐✱ ❲✐t♦❧❞ ❙t❛♥✐s③❦✐s✱ ❛♥❞ ●✐♦r❣✐♦ ❚❡rr❛❝✐♥❛✳ ❚❤❡ ■◆❋❖▼■❳ ❙②st❡♠ ❢♦r ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ■♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ■♥❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ❛♥❞ ■♥❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t ❉❛t❛✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✷✹t❤ ❆❈▼ ❙■●▼❖❉ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❉❛t❛ ✭❙■●▼❖❉ ✷✵✵✺✮ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✾✶✺✕✾✶✼✱ ❇❛❧t✐♠♦r❡✱ ▼❛r②❧❛♥❞✱ ❯❙❆✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❆❈▼ Pr❡ss✳ ❬✺✵❪ ◆✳ ▲❡♦♥❡✱ ●✳ P❢❡✐❢❡r✱ ❲✳ ❋❛❜❡r✱ ❚✳ ❊✐t❡r✱ ●✳ ●♦tt❧♦❜✱ ❙✳ P❡rr✐✱ ❛♥❞ ❋✳ ❙❝❛r❝❡❧❧♦✳ ❚❤❡ ❉▲❱ ❙②st❡♠ ❢♦r ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣✳ ❆❈▼ ❚❖❈▲ ✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❚♦ ❛♣♣❡❛r✳ ❬✺✶❪ ◆✳ ▲❡♦♥❡✱ ❙✳ P❡rr✐✱ ❛♥❞ ❋✳ ❙❝❛r❝❡❧❧♦✳ ❇❛❝❦❥✉♠♣✐♥❣ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ❢♦r r✉❧❡s ✐♥st❛♥t✐❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❧✈ s②st❡♠✳ ■♥ ◆▼❘ ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✷✺✽✕✷✻✻✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❬✺✷❪ ❆✳ ❨✳ ▲❡✈② ❛♥❞ ▼✳✲❈✳ ❘♦✉ss❡t✳ ❈♦♠❜✐♥✐♥❣ ❤♦r♥ r✉❧❡s ❛♥❞ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❧♦❣✐❝s ✐♥ ❈❆❘■◆✳ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡ ✱ ✶✵✹✿✶✻✺ ✕ ✷✵✾✱ ✶✾✾✽✳ ❬✺✸❪ ❨✉❧✐②❛ ▲✐❡r❧❡r✳ ❉✐s❥✉♥❝t✐✈❡ ❆♥s✇❡r ❙❡t Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ✈✐❛ ❙❛t✐s✜❛❜✐❧✐t②✳ ■♥ ▲♦❣✐❝ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ◆♦♥♠♦♥♦t♦♥✐❝ ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ✖ ✽t❤ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡✱ ▲P◆▼❘✬✵✺✱ ❉✐❛♠❛♥t❡✱ ■t❛❧②✱ ✷✵✵✺✱ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ✱ ▲◆❈❙ ✸✻✻✷ ❬✺✹❪ ❋✳ ▲✐♥ ❛♥❞ ❨✳ ❩❤❛♦✳ ❆❙❙❆❚✿ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❛♥s✇❡r s❡ts ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦❣✐❝ ♣r♦❣r❛♠ ❜② ❙❆❚ s♦❧✈❡rs✳ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡ ✱ ✶✺✼✭✶✲✷✮✿✶✶✺✕✶✸✼✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❬✺✺❪ ❱✳ ▼❛r❡❦✱ ■✳ ◆✐❡♠❡❧ä✱ ❛♥❞ ▼✳ ❚r✉s③❝③②➧❦✐✳ ▲♦❣✐❝ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s ✇✐t❤ ♠♦♥♦t♦♥❡ ❝❛r❞✐♥❛❧✐t② ❛t♦♠s✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ▲P◆▼❘✲✷✵✵✹ ✱ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✷✾✷✸ ♦❢ ▲◆❈❙ ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✺✹✕✶✻✻✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❬✺✻❪ ❱✳❲✳ ▼❛r❡❦ ❛♥❞ ❏✳❇✳ ❘❡♠♠❡❧✳ ❖♥ ▲♦❣✐❝ Pr♦❣r❛♠s ✇✐t❤ ❈❛r❞✐♥❛❧✐t② ❈♦♥str❛✐♥ts✳ ■♥ ◆▼❘✬✷✵✵✷ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✶✾✕✷✷✽✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ ❬✺✼❪ ◆✳ ▼❝❈❛✐♥ ❛♥❞ ❍✳ ❚✉r♥❡r✳ ❙❛t✐s✜❛❜✐❧✐t② P❧❛♥♥✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❈❛✉s❛❧ ❚❤❡♦r✐❡s✳ ■♥ ❑❘✬✾✽ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✶✷✕✷✷✸✳ ✶✾✾✽✳ ❬✺✽❪ ❏✳ ▼❡✐✱ ❙✳ ▲✐✉✱ ❆✳ ❨✉❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❩✳ ▲✐♥✳ ❆♥ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ t♦ ❖❲▲ ✇✐t❤ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ r✉❧❡s✳ ■♥ ❘✉❧❡s ❛♥❞ ❘✉❧❡ ▼❛r❦✉♣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❲❡❜✿ ❚❤✐r❞ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣ ✭❘✉❧❡▼▲ ✷✵✵✹✮ ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✺✺✕✶✻✾✱ ❍✐r♦s❤✐♠❛✱ ❏❛♣❛♥✱ ◆♦✈✳ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❬✺✾❪ ❇✳ ▼♦t✐❦✱ ❯✳ ❙❛tt❧❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ❘✳ ❙t✉❞❡r✳ ◗✉❡r② ❛♥s✇❡r✐♥❣ ❢♦r ♦✇❧✲❞❧ ✇✐t❤ r✉❧❡s✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❲❡❜ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s✿ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡s ❛♥❞ ❆❣❡♥ts ♦♥ t❤❡ ❲♦r❧❞ ❲✐❞❡ ❲❡❜ ✱ ✸✭✶✮✿✹✶✕✻✵✱ ❏❯▲ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❬✻✵❪ ❇✳ ▼♦t✐❦ ❛♥❞ ❘✳ ❱♦❧③✳ ❖♣t✐♠✐③✐♥❣ q✉❡r② ❛♥s✇❡r✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❧♦❣✐❝s ✉s✐♥❣ ❞✐s❥✉♥❝t✐✈❡ ❞❡❞✉❝t✐✈❡ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡s✳ ■♥ ❋✳ ❇r②✱ ❈✳ ▲✉t③✱ ❯✳ ❙❛tt❧❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ▼✳ ❙❝❤♦♦♣✱ ❡❞✐t♦rs✱ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✶✵t❤ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣ ♦♥ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♠❡❡ts ❉❛t❛❜❛s❡s ✭❑❘❉❇ ✷✵✵✸✮ ✱ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✼✾ ♦❢ ❈❊❯❘ ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ✳ ❈❊❯❘✲❲❙✳♦r❣✱ ❙❡♣t✳ ✷✵✵✸✳ ❬✻✶❪ ■✳ ◆✐❡♠❡❧ä✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♥s✇❡r s❡t s♦❧✈❡rs✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❚✉t♦r✐❛❧ ❛t ■❈▲P ✷✵✵✹✳ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❛t ❤tt♣✿ ✴✴✇✇✇✳t❝s✳❤✉t✳❢✐✴⑦✐♥✐t✴♣❛♣❡rs✴♥✐❡♠❡❧❛✲✐❝❧♣✵✹✲t✉t♦r✐❛❧✳♣s✳❣③✴ ✳ ❬✻✷❪ ■✳ ◆✐❡♠❡❧ä✱ P✳ ❙✐♠♦♥s✱ ❛♥❞ ❚✳ ❙♦✐♥✐♥❡♥✳ ❙t❛❜❧❡ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ♦❢ ❲❡✐❣❤t ❈♦♥str❛✐♥t ❘✉❧❡s✳ ■♥ ▲P◆▼❘✬✾✾ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✵✼✕✶✶✻✳ ❬✻✸❪ ◆✳ P❡❧♦✈✳ ◆♦♥✲♠♦♥♦t♦♥❡ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❢♦r ▲♦❣✐❝ Pr♦❣r❛♠s ✇✐t❤ ❆❣❣r❡❣❛t❡s✳ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❛t ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❝s✳❦✉❧❡✉✈❡♥✳❛❝✳❜❡✴⑦♣❡❧♦✈✴♣❛♣❡rs✴♥♠❛✳♣s✳❣③ ✳✱ ❖❝t✳ ✷✵✵✷✳ ❬✻✹❪ ❆✳ ❘❛✐♥❡r✳ ❲❡❜ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ❈♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ✉♥❞❡r ❆♥s✇❡r ❙❡t Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣✳ ■♥ ❑■✲❲♦r❦s❤♦♣ ✧P❧❛♥❡♥✱ ❙❝❤❡❞✉❧✐♥❣ ✉♥❞ ❑♦♥✜❣✉r✐❡r❡♥✱ ❊♥t✇❡r❢❡♥❧✧ ✭P✉❑✮ ✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❬✻✺❪ ❘✳ ❘♦s❛t✐✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ❞❡❝✐❞❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ♦❢ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t✐♥❣ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❡s ❛♥❞ r✉❧❡s✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❲❡❜ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ✱ ✸✭✶✮✿✻✶✕✼✸✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❬✻✻❪ ❘✳ ❘♦s❛t✐✳ ✿ ❚✐❣❤t ✐♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❧♦❣✐❝s ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❥✉♥❝t✐✈❡ ❞❛t❛❧♦❣✳ ■♥ ❑❘✷✵✵✻ ✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❚♦ ❛♣♣❡❛r✳ ❬✻✼❪ ❉✳ ❙❡✐♣❡❧ ❛♥❞ ❍❡❧♠✉t ❚❤ö♥❡✳ ❉✐s▲♦❣ ✕ ❆ ❙②st❡♠ ❢♦r ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❉✐s❥✉♥❝t✐✈❡ ❉❡❞✉❝t✐✈❡ ❉❛t❛❜❛s❡s✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❉❡❞✉❝t✐✈❡ ❆♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t♦ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙②st❡♠s ❛♥❞ ❉❛t❛❜❛s❡s ✭❉❆■❙❉✬✾✹✮ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✷✺✕✸✹✸✳ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t❛t P♦❧✐t❡❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❈❛t❛❧✉♥②❛ ✭❯P❈✮✱ ✶✾✾✹✳ ❬✻✽❪ P✳ ❙✐♠♦♥s✳ ❙♠♦❞❡❧s ❍♦♠❡♣❛❣❡✱ s✐♥❝❡ ✶✾✾✻✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳t❝s✳❤✉t✳❢✐✴❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✴s♠♦❞❡❧s✴ ✳ ❬✻✾❪ ❱✳❙✳ ❙✉❜r❛❤♠❛♥✐❛♥✱ ❉✳ ◆❛✉✱ ❛♥❞ ❈✳ ❱❛❣♦✳ ❲❋❙ ✰ ❇r❛♥❝❤ ❛♥❞ ❇♦✉♥❞ ❂ ❙t❛❜❧❡ ▼♦❞❡❧s✳ ■❊❊❊ ❚❑❉❊ ✱ ✼✭✸✮✿✸✻✷✕✸✼✼✱ ✶✾✾✺✳ ❬✼✵❪ ❚✳ ❙✇✐❢t✳ ❉❡❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣✐❡s ✈✐❛ ❆❙P✳ ■♥ ❱✳ ▲✐❢s❝❤✐t③ ❛♥❞ ■✳ ◆✐❡♠❡❧ä✱ ❡❞✐t♦rs✱ Pr♦❝✳ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❡✈❡♥t❤ ■♥t✳❧ ❈♦♥❢✳ ♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ◆♦♥♠♦♥♦t♦♥✐❝ ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ✭▲P◆▼❘✲✼✮ ✱ ▲◆❈❙✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✷✼✺✕✷✽✽✱ ❋♦rt ▲❛✉❞❡r❞❛❧❡✱ ❋❧♦r✐❞❛✱ ❯❙❆✱ ❏❛♥✳ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✳ ❬✼✶❪ ❚✳ ❙②r❥ä♥❡♥✳ ❖♠❡❣❛✲r❡str✐❝t❡❞ ❧♦❣✐❝ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✻t❤ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ◆♦♥♠♦♥♦t♦♥✐❝ ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ✱ ❱✐❡♥♥❛✱ ❆✉str✐❛✱ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✵✶✳ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✳ ❬✼✷❪ ❲❆❙P r❡♣♦rt ✭■❙❚✲✷✵✵✶✲✸✼✵✵✹✮✳ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ♣r♦♦❢s✲♦❢✲❝♦♥❝❡♣t✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❦r✳t✉✇✐❡♥✳❛❝✳❛t✴♣r♦❥❡❝ts✴❲❆❙P✴r❡♣♦rt✳❤t♠❧ ✳ ❬✼✸❪ ❲❆❙P s❤♦✇❝❛s❡✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❦r✳t✉✇✐❡♥✳❛❝✳❛t✴♣r♦❥❡❝ts✴❲❆❙P✴s❤♦✇❝❛s❡✳❤t♠❧ ✳ ❬✼✹❪ ●✳ ❨❛♥❣ ❛♥❞ ▼✳ ❑✐❢❡r✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ♦❢ ❛♥♦♥②♠♦✉s ✐❞❡♥t✐t② ❛♥❞ r❡✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ■♥ ❈♦♦♣■❙✴❉❖❆✴❖❉❇❆❙❊ ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✵✹✼✕✶✵✻✻✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ ❬✼✺❪ ●✳ ❨❛♥❣✱ ▼✳ ❑✐❢❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ❈✳ ❩❤❛♦✳ ✧✢♦r❛✲✷✿ ❆ r✉❧❡✲❜❛s❡❞ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ✐♥❢r❛str✉❝t✉r❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ✇❡❜✳✧✳ ■♥ ❘✳ ▼❡❡rs♠❛♥✱ ❩✳ ❚❛r✐✱ ❛♥❞ ❉✳ ❈✳ ❙❝❤♠✐❞t✱ ❡❞✐t♦rs✱ ❈♦♦♣■❙✴❉❖❆✴❖❉❇❆❙❊ ✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✻✼✶✕✻✽✽✱ ✷✵✵✸✳

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