Suyun Ham and John S. Popovics The University of Illinois at - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Suyun Ham and John S. Popovics

The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Damage level inspection of Concrete tie using a Fully Contactless Ultrasonic Scans

2014 International Crosstie and Fastening system Symposium

Pr Presen esenta tation tion out

• utli

line ne

1) Motivation 2) Experimental testing set up 3) Demonstration of benefits of air-coupled tests 4) Application to concrete 5) Conclusions

2 (contactless = noncontact = air-coupled)

<J.R. Edwards>

< Naus et al., 2008>

cost effective inspection:

• ne-sided, air-coupled ultrasound

techniques carried out from a moving platform

Motivation Motivation

Objective Objective

<Walker et al. 2006>

Development and verification of cost- effective,

fully air- coupled ultrasonic test

Microcracks Delamination Rail seat deterioration (RSD)

<S. Naar> <J.R. Edwards>

Background ; Rail seat deterioration (RSD)

Concrete crossties are important components

• Distribute wheel loads (Support)
• Maintain track geometry (Stability)
• Electrically isolate rails (Isolation)

Zeman,2010

• degradation at contact interface between the concrete rail seat and the rail pad

that can result in track geometry problems

• Currently, freeze-thaw cracking, crushing, hydro-abrasive erosion, and

hydraulic pressure cracking may contribute to RSD

Zeman,2010

Fu Full lly y co cont ntac actles tless s ultr ultras ason

• nic

ic te tech chniqu nique e

Surface guided wave Contactless MEMS Receiver Contactless electrostatic Sender Air Concrete

Possible height

= 4 ~ 50mm

50mm

0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 70 72.5 75 77.5 80 82.5 85 87.5 90

Amplitude (V)

incident Angle (degree)

Tes Testing ting co configur nfigurat ation ion

Contactless MEMS receiver

Contactless electrostatic Sender

T R

Contact

Electrostatic Transducer PZT Transducer

Contactless Contact

Accelerometer

Contactless

MEMS

Condenser Mic Dynamic Mic

Best

R T

1A

𝟐 𝟔A 𝟐 𝟔𝟐A

Tes Testing ting co configur nfigurat ation ion

Contactless MEMS receiver

Contactless electrostatic Sender

T R

Consistency, cost and size effective

2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 x 10

• 4
• 1.5
• 1
• 0.5

0.5 1 1.5 x 10

• 3

Time(sec) Amplitude(V)

+6 mm +4 mm +2 mm 0 mm

• 2 mm
• 4 mm
• 6 mm

Reliable array system! Multi lti MEM EMS S se senso sor a r arra rray

Tes Testing ting co configur nfigurat ation ion

Contactless MEMS receiver

Contactless electrostatic Sender

T R

4 axial Scan

Tes Testing ting Time Time

7.5 hours vs. 1 hours !

Aut Automa

• matic

tic sc scan anning ning sy syst stem em

4D scan

Crosshair Laser targeting Contactless capacitance transducer Micro processer Signal process Gyro tilt sensor Contactless sensor bracket Adjustable height Contactless MEMS sensor

Rapid robotic system

It was built by own technique with out purchasing

Key Key fea feature of contactles ture of contactless s sens sensing: ing:

1) ) Sign Signal al co consiste nsistenc ncy

1 2 3 4 5 6 x 10

• 4
• 0.06
• 0.04
• 0.02

0.02 0.04 0.06 Amplitude(V) Time(sec) Accelerometer MEMS Sensor Condensor Microphone Dynamic Microphone

1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 x 10

• 4
• 0.04
• 0.03
• 0.02
• 0.01

0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 Amplitude(V) Time(sec) 1st Try with same Accelerometer 2nd Try with same Accelerometer 3rd Try with same Accelerometer

Accelerometer (contact)

2 3 4 x 10

• 4
• 0.01
• 0.005

0.005 0.01 Amplitude(V) Time(sec) MEMS 1 at same location MEMS 2 at same location

• 3. Work to date

Key Key fea feature of contactles ture of contactless s sens sensing: ing:

2) ) Appl Applicati ication to

• n to rough

rough surfaces surfaces

Smoo Smooth th Me Medium dium Extr Extreme emely y Rou

• ugh

gh

Distance

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x 10

• 4
• 0.4
• 0.2

0.2 0.4 0.6 Amplitude(V) Time(sec)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x 10

• 4
• 0.4
• 0.2

0.2 0.4 0.6 Amplitude(V) Time(sec) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x 10

• 4
• 0.4
• 0.2

0.2 0.4 0.6 Amplitude(V) Time(sec)

• understanding of inter-relation between damage and

surface wave behavior

• Signal analysis procedure
• Deploy developed technology and analysis procedure in

a field testing prototype.

Test result

Tes Testing ting co configur nfigurat ation ion

Receiver array Sender

R1 : no damage R2 : middle level of RSD R3 : serious RSD

Fast Scanning!!

Te Test 1 : st 1 : preli preliminary minary tests tests wi with th & w & withou ithout a t a pad pad

2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 x 10

• 4
• 8
• 6
• 4
• 2

2 4 6 8 x 10

• 3

Time(sec) Amplitude(V)

No Pad

R3 serious level damage

2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 x 10

• 4
• 8
• 6
• 4
• 2

2 4 6 8 x 10

• 3

Time(sec) Amplitude(V)

No Pad

R2 middle level damage

Integrated signal energy analysis

𝜖2 𝜖z2 𝐹(𝑨, 𝑢) − 𝜖 𝜖𝑢 𝐹 𝑨, 𝑢

− 𝜏 𝐹 𝑨, 𝑢 = 𝑄0𝜀(𝑨)𝜀𝑢,

D is the ultrasonic diffusivity (through random media), 𝝉 is the energy dissipation rate, 𝐹 𝑨, 𝑢 is the ultrasonic energy density as a function of time t and propagation distance z 𝐹 𝑨, 𝑢 = 𝑄0

1 2 𝜌𝐸𝑢 𝑓

−𝑨2 4𝐸𝑢𝑓−𝜏𝑢

𝑚𝑜 𝐹 𝑨, 𝑢 + 0.51𝑚𝑜𝑢 = 𝐷 − 𝑨2 4𝐸𝑢 − 𝜏𝑢

(Weaver 1998) (Weaver & Sachse 1995)

Analysis of scatter field ; diffuse wave

(Quiviger et al. 2012)

Te Test st 2 : 2 : ex exam ample ple of su

• f surfa

rface ce wav wave e sign signal al ac acro ross ss diff differ eren ent t RSD RSD da damag mage e leve level

2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4 4.2 x 10

• 4
• 4
• 3
• 2
• 1

1 2 3 4 x 10

• 4

Time(sec) Amplitude(V)

r0 r1 r2

r1 r2 r3

R1 R2 R3

Are individual signal data reliable?

r1 r2 r3

Integrated signal energy analysis

Te Test 3 : spa st 3 : spatially a tially ave verag raged ed sign signals als from mu from multi lti sen sensor array sor array

Savr t = 1 𝑂𝑞𝑏𝑢ℎ

y=1 𝑂𝑞𝑏𝑢ℎ

Tavr_y t

Statistical analysis for inhomogeneous material Array averaged = Group = position, p1, p2…. Total seventy signal of each damage region

Tes Test t 3 : 3 : ar arra ray y av aver erag aged ed sign signals als ac acro ross ss te test st ar area ea

2 3 4 x 10

• 4
• 6
• 4
• 2

2 4 6 x 10

• 4

Time(sec) Amplitude(V)

avrsensor1 avr P1 avr P2 avr P3 avr P4 avr P5 avr P6 avr P7 avr P8 avr P9 avr P10 2 3 4 x 10

• 4
• 6
• 4
• 2

2 4 6 x 10

• 4

Time(sec) Amplitude(V)

avrsensor2 avr P1 avr P2 avr P3 avr P4 avr P5 avr P6 avr P7 avr P8 avr P9 avr P10 2 3 4 x 10

• 4
• 6
• 4
• 2

2 4 6 x 10

• 4

Time(sec) Amplitude(V)

avrsensor3 avr P1 avr P2 avr P3 avr P4 avr P5 avr P6 avr P7 avr P8 avr P9 avr P10

R1 : No damage R2 : Middle level R3 : Serious Damage Each one has seven averaged data

Te Test st 3 : 3 : ar arra ray y av aver erag aged ed sign signals als ac acro ross ss te test st ar area ea

2 3 4 x 10

• 4
• 16
• 15.5
• 15
• 14.5
• 14
• 13.5
• 13
• 12.5
• 12
• 11.5
• 11

Time(sec) ln(E)2

region =1, position =1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 3 4 x 10

• 4
• 16
• 15.5
• 15
• 14.5
• 14
• 13.5
• 13
• 12.5
• 12
• 11.5
• 11

Time(sec) ln(E)2

region =2, position =1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 3 4 x 10

• 4
• 16
• 15.5
• 15
• 14.5
• 14
• 13.5
• 13
• 12.5
• 12
• 11.5
• 11

Time(sec) ln(E)2

region =3, position =1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

R1 : No damage R2 : Middle level R3 : Serious Damage Seven Averaged data

2 3 4 x 10

• 4
• 16
• 15
• 14
• 13
• 12
• 11

Time(sec) ln(E)

region =3, position =10

Te Test st 3 : 3 : qu quan antificat tification ion an and st d stat atistic istical al inte interp rpre reta tation tion

avera average ged d da data ta on

• n positi

position

• n-1

1 ha has s 7 si 7 sign gnals als So, So, a B a Box

• x plot

plot ha has sev seven en array si array signa gnals ls

Area of ln(E)

2 3 4 x 10

• 4
• 16
• 15.5
• 15
• 14.5
• 14
• 13.5
• 13
• 12.5
• 12
• 11.5
• 11

Time(sec) ln(E)2

region =3, position =1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

10 d diff iffere rent t position sition

• 2400
• 2300
• 2200
• 2100
• 2000
• 1900

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Position area of ln(E)

2 range from =0.002s, to =0.0035s

Area of ln(E) ln(E)

Te Test st 3 : 3 : qu quan antificat tification ion an and st d stat atistic istical al inte interp rpre reta tation tion

• 2400
• 2300
• 2200
• 2100
• 2000
• 1900

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Position area of ln(E)2

range from =0.002s, to =0.0035s

• 2400
• 2300
• 2200
• 2100
• 2000
• 1900

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Position area of ln(E)2

range from =0.002s, to =0.0035s

• 2400
• 2300
• 2200
• 2100
• 2000
• 1900

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Position area of ln(E)2

range from =0.002s, to =0.0035s

Va Varia riability bility

R1 R2 R3

• Fully air-coupled (contactless receiver and contactless transducer)

applicable to concrete giving good signal to noise ratio providing many consistent data and thus enabling imaging techniques.

• UT wave can be applied to VERY rough surfaces.
• The developed multi-sensor MEMS array works across multiple ray

paths, from one measurement set-up, with excellent consistency and SNR which enables statistically relevant data.

• Integrated signal energy analysis allows clear distinction between

RSD damage levels in concrete tie test samples from in-place measurements.

• Test configuration is versatile –other test applications possible

New ultrasonic technique is…

Con Conclusion lusions

Acknowledgements

This work is supported by research grants from the ASNT fellowship Award 2012, AAR Tech Scanning program and the National Science Foundation.

By Joshua S. Ham ,2013

The slides for Q & A