Sustainable small wastewater systems in Central and Eastern Europe: - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

13th IWA Specialized Conference on Small Water and Wastewater Systems & 5th IWA Specialized Conference on Resources‐Oriented Sanitation

Sustainable small wastewater systems in Central and Eastern Europe: Case study Slovenia

Istenič Darja*, Ameršek Iztok**, Hercog Andrej** and Müller Richard*** , Tjaša Griessler Bulc* *Faculty for Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia ** Liviplant Ltd., Slovenia *** Global Water Partnership Central and Eastern Europe Ahtens, 14. – 16. 09. 2016

The Global Water Partnership (GWP) is a dynamic, not‐for‐profit action network with over 3,000 Partner organisations in 178 countries around the world. The network has 85 Country Water Partnerships and 13 Regional Water Partnerships.

GWP

GWP CEE

• Founded in 1998
• Population of 152 million people, a

quarter of all Europeans

• Total area of over 2.03 million km2
• 12 countries in Baltic and Danube

regions, 170 Partner organizations – Baltic region: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland – Danube region: Bulgaria, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Moldova, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Ukraine

• Founded in 1998
• Population of 152 million people, a

quarter of all Europeans

• Total area of over 2.03 million km2
• 12 countries in Baltic and Danube

regions, 170 Partner organizations – Baltic region: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland – Danube region: Bulgaria, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Moldova, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Ukraine

Current status in CEE

• 30% of population lives in settlements with less than

2000 inhabitants – This is >42 million people! – Only 9% connected to WWTP!

• Discharge of untreated wastewater from the rest of

small settlements represents a significant pollution of surface and groundwater and consequently a threat to human health.

• 30% of population lives in settlements with less than

2000 inhabitants – This is >42 million people! – Only 9% connected to WWTP!

• Discharge of untreated wastewater from the rest of

small settlements represents a significant pollution of surface and groundwater and consequently a threat to human health.

Survey of small WWTP and TW

Nr of small* WWTP Nr of TW % TW Guidelines/ standards for TW Bulgaria 57 5 9 No Czech Republic 1550 690 45 Yes Estonia 826 14 2 Yes Hungary 270 10 4 Yes Latvia 1020 10 1 No Romania 82 No Slovakia 382 5 1 Yes Slovenia 190 80 42 No Ukraine n.a. 65 / No Average/total 4377 897 20% *capacity <2000 PE, Data were obtained by questionnaire for sanitation experts from all CEE countries 1 person per country (from NGOs, Universities, private companies)

Istenic, Bodík, Bulc, 2015

Legislation limits for small WWTP

BG CZ EST H LA RO SK SLO UA

mg/L <2000 PE BOD5 / 25/50 15 50 50‐70% 20 30/60 30 15 COD / 120/170 125 200 50‐70% 125 135/170 150 80 SS / 40/70 25 75 <35 60 30/60 / 15 NH4‐N / 15/30 / 4 / 15 / / 0.39 TP / 3/8 1.5 4 / 2 / / / <500 PE BOD5 / 40/80 15 80 Appropriate treatment / 30/60 30 15 COD / 150/220 125 300 / 135/170 150 80 SS / 50/80 25 100 / 30/60 / 15 NH4‐N / 20/40 / 4 / / / 0.39 TP / / 1.5 4 / / / / <50 PE BOD5 / 95% / / / / 40/70 30 15 COD / 90% / / / / / 200 80 SS / / / / / / / / 15 NH4‐N / 50% N / / / / / / 0.39 TP / 40% / / / / / / /

Main barriers Additional barriers

• območju
• Unawareness
• National and local

authorities, local communities

• Deficits in legislation
• Discharge limits,
• Lack of programmes/plans
• Negative experiences
• Malfunctioning TW due to

lack of maintenance

• Unawareness
• National and local

authorities, local communities

• Deficits in legislation
• Discharge limits,
• Lack of programmes/plans
• Negative experiences
• Malfunctioning TW due to

lack of maintenance

• Land limitations
• Competition with

agricultural land

• Hilly area
• Natural characteristics
• Severe winters/cold

summers

• High groundwater levels
• Institutional barriers
• Market barriers
• Land limitations
• Competition with

agricultural land

• Hilly area
• Natural characteristics
• Severe winters/cold

summers

• High groundwater levels
• Institutional barriers
• Market barriers

Case study: Slovenia

• Area 20.300 km2
• Population: 2’000.000
• Hills and mountains
• Karst areas
• Protected areas
• Dispersed settlements
• 60% of population

lives in settlements with less than 5000 inhabitants

• Area 20.300 km2
• Population: 2’000.000
• Hills and mountains
• Karst areas
• Protected areas
• Dispersed settlements
• 60% of population

lives in settlements with less than 5000 inhabitants

Wastewater treatment in small settlements

• območju

Wastewater collection and treatment for settlements:

• 50‐2.000 PE by 2021‐2023 (COD 150 and BOD 30 mg/L)
• < 50 PE by 2021 (COD 200 mg/L) or ealier in the case of

house reconstruction.

This is 52% of the population!

Wastewater collection and treatment for settlements:

• 50‐2.000 PE by 2021‐2023 (COD 150 and BOD 30 mg/L)
• < 50 PE by 2021 (COD 200 mg/L) or ealier in the case of

house reconstruction.

This is 52% of the population!

TW Inventory in Slovenia

• območju
• Since 1991 150 TW (80 for sewage) have been

built,

• 3 – 1000 PE
• 30‐40 % for family houses (up to 6 PE)
• No electrical equipment and pumping; using topography

for gravitational water flow

• Also smallest TWs have two beds with different

granulometry of sand

• Since 1991 150 TW (80 for sewage) have been

built,

• 3 – 1000 PE
• 30‐40 % for family houses (up to 6 PE)
• No electrical equipment and pumping; using topography

for gravitational water flow

• Also smallest TWs have two beds with different

granulometry of sand

Vertical flow TW‐design

Septic tank: Pulse shaft Plants Impermeable Layer – EPDM liner

• r PP modul

Outlet: ‐ stream, sink

• Designed for SLO legislation (150/200

mg/l for COD; 30 mg/l BOD5)

• area 1.1 – 1.5 m2/PE
• pulse loading (8 – 12 pulses/day)
• COD outlet <80 mg/l
• BOD outlet <15 mg/l

Vertical flow TW ‐ size

SLOVENIA (HF*) SLOVENIA (VF) DANISH GUIDELINES

Area needed (m2/PE) > 2.5 ≈ 1.5 ≈ 3.2 Legislation requirements COD < 200 mg/l O2 COD < 125 mg/l O2 BOD5< 25 mg/l O2 and > 90 or 95 % NH4‐N+ < 10 mg/l and > 90 % Ptotal < 2 mg/l and > 90 %

VFTW for 3 PE – 4.5.m2

Vertical flow TW ‐ performance

15 VFTW 15 VFTW

Evapotranspirative willow systems (EWS)

• First pilot plant in Slovenia
• Watewater reuse for biomass

production

• Zero outflow

– to estimate actual evapotranspiration and biomass production – to test 3 willow clones

• First pilot plant in Slovenia
• Watewater reuse for biomass

production

• Zero outflow

– to estimate actual evapotranspiration and biomass production – to test 3 willow clones

Conclusion

• Removal performance evaluation is being done in almost all the

systems

• Robust low‐cost on‐site solutions e.g. TW
• The data gathered by the monitoring will be used for the

formulation of the national guidelines

• Closing nutrient and water cycle (water reuse)
• Demonstration of good examples
• Awareness rising at institutional and administrative level
• Improvement of legislation
• Removal performance evaluation is being done in almost all the

systems

• Robust low‐cost on‐site solutions e.g. TW
• The data gathered by the monitoring will be used for the

formulation of the national guidelines

• Closing nutrient and water cycle (water reuse)
• Demonstration of good examples
• Awareness rising at institutional and administrative level
• Improvement of legislation

Thank you for your attention!