SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING RC ID: 1094_Group ID: 134 Indu Rajan - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING

RC ID: 1094_Group ID: 134 Indu Rajan Prajisha JP Madhav S

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SUSTAINABILITY: WHAT DOES IT MEAN FOR ENGINEERS?

Sustainability

• Meeting society’s present needs

without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. (Brundtland Commission, 1987)

• Humans are integral part of the

natural world and nature must be preserved.

Yes, engineers are part of the many environmental problem.

We’re also an integral part of the solution.

We’re also an integral part of the solution.

CONVENTIONAL ENGINEERING VS SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING

• Engineering forms an interface between the design (i.e., the idea how

to provide a sustainable solution to a technical problem) and Implementation and production.

• Sustainable engineering is the process of using resources in a way

that does NOT compromise the environment or deplete the materials for future generations.

….Continued.

• Sustainable engineering strives to maintain sustainable principles in

engineering activities such as:

1) Using methods that minimize environmental damage to provide sufficient food, water, shelter, and mobility for a growing world population 2) designing products and processes so that wastes from one are used as inputs to another.

Sustainable Engineering

The overarching goal is to generate a balanced solution to any engineering problem.

Sustainable Engineering

• Engineering forms an interface between the design (i.e., the idea how to

provide a sustainable solution to a technical problem) and Implementation and production.

• Sustainable engineering is the process of using resources in a way that does

NOT compromise the environment or deplete the materials for future generations.

• Sustainable engineering requires an interdisciplinary approach in all aspects of

engineering.

• All engineering fields should incorporate sustainability into their practice in
• rder to improve the quality of life for all.

11

Measures for achieving Sustainable Development

Promote Environmental Education and awareness Three ‘R’ approach – Reduce, Reuse and Recycle Use of appropriate Technology Utilize natural resources as per Carrying Capacity of environment Improving Quality of life

Three ‘R’ Approach

Framework to Measure Sustainable Development

DIMENSIONS OF SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING

17

Technology in Agriculture

• Promotion of environment-friendly farming

practices (eg. Organic Farming)

• Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

(Drones) to monitor plant health as well as spot illegal activities

• Use of Mobile Applications for information

regarding Farming

• Bio-technology and Genetic Engineering

for enhanced crop yields and better Climate adaptability

• Mechanical Traction for increased

productivity and savings in labour cost

Energy Technology

• Evolution of Solar panels
• Wind turbines – Improved air-

flow technology

• Bio-fuel (Fuel from garbage)
• Combining solar and wind

power

• Transition from incandescent

bulbs to CFL to LED

Nexus between Technology and Sustainable Development

18

Environmental Technology

• Sustainable wastewater treatment

methods

• Use of Catalytic convertors and

diesel particulate filters in vehicles to reduce Air pollution

• Pollution prevention and cleaner

production to minimise waste generation

• CO2 capture and Storage (CCS) in

deep underground geological reservoirs and oceans

Bio-medical Technology

• Vaccination and

Immunisation programmes

Nexus between Technology and Sustainable Development

19

Communication and Information Technology

• Education Programmes
• Video-conferencing for remote telemedicine

Space Technology

• Satellite data for weather

prediction and disaster mitigation

Nexus between Technology and Sustainable Development

20

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

• Adopted at the U.N. Sustainable Development Summit on 25 September 2015
• Build on MDGs (Millennium Development Goals) adopted at the Millennium

Summit of U.N. in 2000

• Also known as Global Goals
• Target Period of 15 years for achieving goals (i.e. by 2030)
• Consists of a set of 17 SDGs to end poverty, fight inequality and injustice and

tackle climate change by 2030

21

Credits: http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/

22

Air Water Waste Natural Resources Areas of Concern

23

• Air

Mixture of atmospheric gases

• Presence of foreign matter

Air pollution

AIR POLLUTION

24

Composition of Clean Dry Air

Credits: https://geology7a8a.wikispaces.com/

25

Types of Air Pollution

Natural and Anthropogenic Air Pollution Outdoor and Indoor Air Pollution Primary and Secondary Air Pollutants Air Pollution caused by Hazardous Air Pollutants Particulate Matter Pollution and Gaseous Air Pollution

26

Natural

• Volcanoes
• Dust
• Forest Fires
• Wetlands

Anthropogenic

• Stationary Point (eg:- Industrial

Chimneys)

• Mobile Sources (eg:- Vehicular

Emissions)

• Evaporative Sources (eg:- Paints,

Solvents, etc.)

27

Outdoor

• Automobile Exhaust
• Industrial Emissions

Indoor

• Smoking
• Cooking
• Painting

28

Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) Oxides of Sulphur (SOx) Groundlevel Ozone (GL O3) Particulate Matter (PM) Carbon Monoxide (CO) Lead (Pb) vapour

Major Outdoor Air Pollutants:-

Big Six Criteria Air Pollutants (as per US EPA)

29

Primary

• Exists in the same form in which

they are emitted to atmosphere

• Eg:- CO, CO2, SO2, H2S, etc.

Secondary

• Formed by:-

 Interaction

• f

two

• r

more Primary pollutants  Reaction between Primary air pollutant and other elements in atmosphere  Photo-activation

• Eg:-

GL O3, Formaldehyde, PAN (Peroxy Acetyl Nitrate), Photochemical Smog

30

Hazardous Air pollutants

• Effects:- Cancer, Birth defects, neurological health issues, Reproductive issues
• Eg:- Heavy Metals, Asbestos, Formaldehyde (in paints and solvents),

Vinyl Chloride (in plastics)

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

• Eg:- Acetone, Benzene, Ethylene glycol, Formaldehyde, Toluene, Xylene, etc.

31

Control Measures to reduce Air Pollution

Determine Priority air pollutants Build tall stacks or chimneys Promotion of public transport, cycling Afforestation programmes Periodic air quality monitoring (NAAQS in India) Reducing conventional fuels and promoting Renewable Energy sources Reduction at Source – Catalytic convertors, Diesel particulate filters, Electrostatic precipitators, Sorption technique, etc.

32

National Air Quality Index

Credits: CPCB, India

33

National Air Quality Index

Credits: CPCB, India

34

• Presence of foreign substances/impurities in water

Water pollution

• Renders it unfit for use

WATER POLLUTION

35

How much water is there on Earth?

• Water covers more than 70% of earth’s surface

Credits: http://www.thegeographeronline.net/water.html

36

• Water

Universal Solvent Dissolves minerals, metals and various pollutants

• Increasing Population

More pressure on Water resources

WATER POLLUTION

Surface Water (Lakes, Rivers, Oceans) Sub-surface Water (Stored in Aquifers) Both prone to Pollution

37

Point Source

• Identified at single location
• Eg:- Domestic and industrial

wastewater discharge

Non-point Source

• Diffused across a broad area
• Eg:- Runoff from agricultural land,

mining area, etc.

SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION

38

Natural

• Rainwater
• Underground rocks
• Volcanoes

Anthropogenic

• Oil Spills
• Industrial wastewater discharges
• Solid waste disposal

SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION

39

Common Water pollutants

Inorganic Salts Acids/Alkalis Organic Matter Suspended Solids Floating Matter (Oil, Grease) Thermal Discharges Colouring Materials Toxic Chemicals Micro-organisms Radioactive Materials Foam producing matter

40

Control Measures to reduce Water pollution

Appropriate wastewater treatment before discharge Using phosphate-free detergents; Reducing use of fertilizers Public Awareness Legislative Measures (Eg:- ‘Polluter-pays’ principle)

41

Methods of Sustainable Wastewater treatment

Wastewater ponds (Lagooning) Constructed Wetlands Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Soil Aquifer Treatment (SAT)

42

SOLID WASTE

Rubbish

• Solid waste that will not putrefy
• Eg:- Paper, plastic, rubber, glass,

metal, ceramics, etc.

Garbage

• Solid waste that will putrefy
• Eg:- Fruits, fish, meat,

vegetables, etc

43

Waste generation in India each year (in tonnes)

Credits: http://www.downtoearth.org.in/dte-infographics/

44

Sources of Solid Waste

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Industrial Waste Biomedical/Hospital Wastes Hazardous Waste Agricultural Waste

45

Impacts of Solid Waste

Impact on Land Environment Impact on Water Environment Impact on Air Environment Impact on Health

46

Impact on Land Environment

• Deteriorating Soil quality
• Breeding grounds for disease vectors
• Land value decreases

Impact on Water Environment

• Rainwater Runoff contaminates nearby

water sources

• Leachate contaminates surface and

groundwater

Impact on Health

• Spread of water-borne diseases
• Exposure of air pollutants
• Inhalation, ingestion and skin

absorption of Heavy Metals

Impact on Air Environment

• Generation of GHGs from landfills
• Deterioration of ambient air quality
• Stink

47

Solid Waste Management

Collection and Segregation Transportation to Treatment facilities Processing Recycling or Disposal Proper Monitoring

48

Various methods of Solid Waste disposal are:-

Open Dumping Sanitary Landfill Incineration Pulverisation Composting Pyrolysis Disposal into Sea

49

Zero Waste Concept

Minimizing Waste Maximizing Recycling Reducing Resource Consumption Ensuring products can be re-used, repaired or recycled back to nature

50

Zero-Waste Concept

Principles:-

• Range of measures aimed at mimicking nature to make industrial systems

work

• For successful zero waste initiative, waste should be considered as a

resource Technologies:-

• Waste-to-energy technologies convert energy content of different types of

waste into various forms of valuable energy

• Waste from one industry

Valuable resource for another industry

51

Waste Management Hierarchy

Credits: Drstuey at the English language Wikipedia

52

3R Concept of Waste Management

• Reduce

Reduce waste generation at source

• Reuse

Using over and over with or without minor modifications

• Recycle

Waste that cannot be used again in its original form broken down and used as resource in manufacturing

53

Resources Natural Resources Human Resources Non-Renewable (Exhaustible) Renewable (Inexhaustible)

54

Resource Degradation

• Over-exploitation of Natural Resources
• Occurs when Consumption > Replenishment Rate
• IPAT Equation : Used to calculate the impact of humans on the environment

based on Population (P), Affluence (A) and Technology (T).

55

Consequences of Resource Degradation

Degradation of Forest Resources Degradation of Water Resources Pollution of Air Environment Degradation of Mineral Resources Degradation of Food Resources Degradation of Energy Resources Loss of Biodiversity Degradation of Land Resources

56

Sustainable Conservation of Natural Resources

Reduce dependence on Fossil Fuels Use Renewable Energy Sources Avoid Deforestation and promote Afforestation Embrace 3 R concept Adopt Sustainable Agricultural practices Practice Sustainable Water management Developing an Integrated policy towards Conservation Food Security Promote Green Technology

THANK YOU