Strategies and Technologies for Building Resilience Strategies and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Strategies and Technologies for Building Resilience

Strategies and Technologies for Building Resilience

Heating and Cooling for a Changing Climate

Bill Davis, VP Daikin Canada

In building design, resilience is the capacity to adapt to changing conditions and to maintain or regain functionality and vitality in the face of stress or disturbance. It is the capacity to bounce back after a disturbance or interruption.

• Resilient Design Institute

Agenda

Commercial Building Design

• System Types
• Electrical Design Considerations
• HVAC Infrastructure Comparison
• Summary

Residential Building Design

• System Types
• System Comparisons
• HVAC Design Considerations
• Summary

Th The Resilient Design Pr Principles

1. Resilience transcends scales. Strategies to address resilience apply at scales of individual buildings, communities, and larger regional and ecosystem scales; they also apply at different time scales—from immediate to long-term. 2. Resilient systems provide for basic human needs. These include potable water, sanitation, energy, livable conditions (temperature and humidity), lighting, safe air, occupant health, and food; these should be equitably distributed. 3. Diverse and redundant systems are inherently more resilient. More diverse communities, ecosystems, economies, and social systems are better able to respond to interruptions or change, making them inherently more resilient. While sometimes in conflict with efficiency and green building priorities, redundant systems for such needs as electricity, water, and transportation, improve resilience. 4. Simple, passive, and flexible systems are more resilient. Passive or manual-override systems are more resilient than complex solutions that can break down and require ongoing maintenance. Flexible solutions are able to adapt to changing conditions both in the short- and long-term. 5. Durability strengthens resilience. Strategies that increase durability enhance resilience. Durability involves not only building practices, but also building design (beautiful buildings will be maintained and last longer), infrastructure, and ecosystems. 6. Locally available, renewable, or reclaimed resources are more resilient. Reliance on abundant local resources, such as solar energy, annually replenished groundwater, and local food provides greater resilience than dependence on nonrenewable resources or resources from far away. 7. Resilience anticipates interruptions and a dynamic future. Adaptation to a changing climate with higher temperatures, more intense storms, sea level rise, flooding, drought, and wildfire is a growing necessity, while non-climate-related natural disasters, such as earthquakes and solar flares, and anthropogenic actions like terrorism and cyberterrorism, also call for resilient design. Responding to change is an opportunity for a wide range of system improvements. 8. Find and promote resilience in nature. Natural systems have evolved to achieve resilience; we can enhance resilience by relying on and applying lessons from nature. Strategies that protect the natural environment enhance resilience for all living systems 9. Social equity and community contribute to resilience. Strong, culturally diverse communities in which people know, respect, and care for each other will fare better during times of stress or disturbance. Social aspects of resilience can be as important as physical responses. 10. Resilience is not absolute. Recognize that incremental steps can be taken and that total resilience in the face of all situations is not

• possible. Implement what is feasible in the short term and work to achieve greater resilience in stages.
• Resilient Design Institute

Commercial Building HVAC System Design

Comparison of: Central Plant, WSHP & VRV

Typical Office Building Chilled Water System with Boiler

Key Advantages:

• Can be designed for very high efficiency
• Proven technology >50yrs
• Highly configurable to suit design
• Ideal for large spaces
• Chiller performance (COP 5-8)

Disadvantages:

• To achieve high efficiency, first cost is high
• Overall plant (COP 4-5) + Gas usage for boiler
• Large Penetrations in building form
• Many moving and operational parts
• A lot of space is generally required
• Energy transfer is costly
• Electrical infrastructure is high
• Complex Control strategy

Chilled Water System Central WC Plant,4pipe AHU w. Economizer CHL SET C / T BOILER AHU

OA + ECON. GAS VAV RELIEF

Electrical Services - Chiller

TRANSFORMER

PF CORRECTION

MSB D.B

VFD CHL VFD PM VFD CT VFD FN VFD FN AHU VFD FN AHU AHU VFD EX VAV VFD FN

OA + ECON.

modulation modulation

MSB Chiller – Turn down (10 – 100%) Pumps – Turn down (60– 100%) Fans / Ventilation – Turn down (10– 100%) if VFD is used Dampers Wide range of modulation and regulation

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Water Source Heat Pumps (WSHP)

Water Source Heat Pumps (WSHP) WSHP Plant, CW Loop, on floor unit w. Economizer

Key Advantages:

• 1st cost generally lower than CHW plant
• Proven technology (comfortable)
• Contained package units – easier interface with BMS

Disadvantages:

• High efficiency is difficult to achieve
• Needs heat source in CW loop
• Generally fixed Compressor with low COP
• System COP (3.5-5) + Gas usage for boiler

C / T BOILER WSHP

GAS VAV RELIEF HX OA + ECON.

Electrical Services - WSHP

TRANSFORMER MSB D.B

WSHP WSHP VFD EX VAV WSHP

OA + ECON.

modulation modulation

WSHP Turn down (min25%) depends on smallest compressor in unit Traditionally not inverter driven More DOL load – higher starting currents Cable infrastructure is still significant at on floor level – this is where majority of electrical load is Most control components packaged within unit – BMS is

• n controlling external components

VFD PM VFD CT

MSB

Variable Refrigerant Volume (VRV) MN MNP T Tower r - Va Vancouver

VRV Heat Recovery (HR) HR VRV Plant wo. Economizer

Key Advantages:

• 1st cost generally lower than 4pipe CHW plant
• Proven technology (globally)
• Integrated partial load performance is excellent
• Low TCO
• Simple controls integration, generally provides more information

than BMS

• Similar performance to high end design (magnetic bearing, heat

recovery and CB system Disadvantages:

• Contractors in North America not as familiar with technology
• Perceived barriers (Ref code / modeling performance )
• Unfounded myths (is a large multi system)

FCU

OA NO ECON.

COND SET BSV

DIFFUSER

Electrical Services - VRV

TRANSFORMER

PF CORRECTION

MSB D.B

FCU

OA ONLY

INTEGRATED modulation

VRV Turn down (smallest load– 130%) Small DB at each level Peak Design load on transformer Cables are smaller Breakers and switch gear is smaller Transformer is smaller PF correction may not be required!

VRV OU

MSB

VRV OU VRV OU

FCU FCU

ERV

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Cooling Plant Configuration – Redundancy Comparison

450T 450T 450T 900T 900T 3 x Variable Speed Screw 2 x Variable Speed Centrifugal

Installed capacity 1350Tons 50% redundancy Can run all Chillers in partial load Installed Capacity 1800Tons 100% redundancy Can run 2 chillers in partial load point but not ideal position

900T

Installed Capacity 900Tons Redundancy built in to Modular design of VRV OU

55 x VRV OU 1.3 Cost Index 1.5 0.8 900T 75 x WSHP 1.0

Installed Capacity 900Tons No Redundancy at floor by floor level Best option 66% load Coverage (depending on # compressors

Attribute Discussed CHL System (SCREW) WSHP System VRV System Temperature & Humidity Control High High High Efficiency High Low High Durability Medium Low High Diverse & Redundant Low Medium High Simple Low Medium High Dynamic – Adapts to rapidly changing conditions Low Medium High 1st Cost 1.3 .8 1.0 TCO 1.5 1.4 1.0

Commercial Building HVAC System Resiliency Comparison

Residential Building HVAC Design

Residential Building HVAC Design

Trends

• Heating dominant market with a move away from fossil fuels in some major

markets

• Electrical heating/cooling systems are a possible solution
• Power consumption on existing infrastructure
• Designing with diversity and proper level of back up – ie hp’s with full

electrical KW to back up the system

Comparison of typical single-family system configurations:

• Central ducted Furnace/AC or ASHP
• Hydronic
• Ductless ASHP

Central Ducted System

Central Ducted Systems

• Most common residential system in North America

~80% of homes

• Conditioned air distributed through a duct system to all

areas of home

• Considerations: Efficiency, Flooding

Hydronic/Geothermal System

Hydronic/Geothermal Systems

• Some regional popularity
• Can be water-water and/or water-air
• Considerations: Complexity, Field/Well Sizing

Ductless Mini-Split System

Room-air/Ductless/Mini-split systems

• Most common residential system globally
• Typically 1 outdoor unit and 1-8 indoor units
• Considerations: Efficiency, Redundancy, Capacity

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Residential Building HVAC System Comparison

Attribute Discussed Central Geothermal/Hydronic Ductless ASHP Optimal Temperature & Humidity Control High Medium High Efficiency Medium High High Durability Medium Low High Diverse & Redundant Medium Low Medium Simple High Low Medium Dynamic Low Low High First Cost .8 1.5 1.0 TCO 1.0 1.3 .9

Parting Thoughts

How can we improve?

• Changing climate will put current HVAC designs to the limit and

possibly past.

• Opportunity to buck the status quo and design better systems for

today and the future.

• Focus on continual learning and adaptation to new technologies and

best practices – eg. Australia & Tokyo

“Resilience is like a callus on a rower’s palm. None of us are born with it – it takes years of hard work and sacrifice to build. When everything’s great, we wonder if we really need it, but when the going gets tough, we can’t do without it.”

• Sir Richard Branson