sts sss r t - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

st s ss s r t r tr s
SMART_READER_LITE
LIVE PREVIEW

sts sss r t - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

sts sss r t r trs Prtt rst r


slide-1
SLIDE 1

❇✉✐❧❞✐♥❣ ✉♣ ❚❛① ❙②st❡♠s✿ ▲❡ss♦♥s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ◆♦r❞✐❝ ❈♦✉♥tr✐❡s

❏✉❦❦❛ P✐rtt✐❧ä ✭❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❚❛♠♣❡r❡ ❛♥❞ ❯◆❯✲❲■❉❊❘✮ ❊♠❜❛ss② ♦❢ ❋✐♥❧❛♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❯◆❯✲❲■❉❊❘ ❙❡♠✐♥❛r✱ ▼❛♣✉t♦✱ ✼ ❏✉❧② ✷✵✶✼

✶ ✴ ✷✼

slide-2
SLIDE 2

❖✉t❧✐♥❡

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙♦♠❡ ❞❛t❛ ❛❜♦✉t t❛①❛t✐♦♥ ❑❡② ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ♦❢ ◆♦r❞✐❝ t❛① s②st❡♠s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s

✷ ✴ ✷✼

slide-3
SLIDE 3

▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥

◮ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣✐♥❣ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s ❧✐❦❡ ▼♦③❛♠❜✐q✉❡ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ r❛✐s❡ ❛ s✉✣❝✐❡♥t

❛♠♦✉♥t ♦❢ r❡✈❡♥✉❡s t♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡ ♣♦✈❡rt② r❡❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t♦ ✜❣❤t ✐♥❡q✉❛❧✐t②

◮ ❍♦✇ ❝♦✉❧❞ t❤❡✐r t❛① ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ❜❡ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡❞❄

◮ ◆♦r❞✐❝ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s✱ ✐♥ t✉r♥✱ ❤❛✈❡ ✈❡r② ❤✐❣❤ t❛①✴●❉P r❛t✐♦s ✕ s♦♠❡

✇♦✉❧❞ s❛② t♦♦ ❤✐❣❤

◮ ❈♦♥✈❡♥t✐♦♥❛❧ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝s✿ ❤❡❛✈② t❛① ❜✉r❞❡♥ ❝r❡❛t❡s ❞✐st♦rt✐♦♥s t♦ t❤❡

❡❝♦♥♦♠② ✭s❛✈✐♥❣s✱ ❡♠♣❧♦②♠❡♥t r❡❞✉❝❡❞✮

◮ ❍♦✇ ❝❛♥ t❤❡s❡ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s st✐❧❧ ♠❛✐♥t❛✐♥ ❤✐❣❤ ✐♥❝♦♠❡ ❧❡✈❡❧s❄ ✸ ✴ ✷✼

slide-4
SLIDE 4

❚❤❡ ♣✉r♣♦s❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s t❛❧❦

◮ ❘❡✈✐❡✇ ❜r✐❡✢② s♦♠❡ ❦❡② ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ t❛① str✉❝t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ t❛①

s②st❡♠s ✐♥ ◆♦r❞✐❝ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s

◮ ❚♦ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ ❤♦✇ t❛①❡s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ s♦ ❤✐❣❤ ✐♥ t❤❡ ◆♦r❞✐❝ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s ◮ ❚♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❢♦♦❞ ❢♦r t❤♦✉❣❤t ❢♦r r❡❢♦r♠✐♥❣ t❛① s②st❡♠s ✐♥ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✐♥❣

❛♥❞ ❡♠❡r❣✐♥❣ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❡s

◮ ❊s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ✐❢ ❛♥❞ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡s❡ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s ❛✐♠ t♦ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ t❤❡✐r t❛①

r❡✈❡♥✉❡s

◮ ▼✉❝❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❞r❛✇s ♦♥ r❡❝❡♥t s✉r✈❡② ❜② ❑❧❡✈❡♥ ✭✷✵✶✹✮

◮ ❉✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥✿

◮ ❝❛♥ t❤❡s❡ t❛① s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ❜❡ ❡①♣♦rt❡❞❄ ◮ s❤♦✉❧❞ t❤❡② ❜❡ ❡①♣♦rt❡❞❄ ✹ ✴ ✷✼

slide-5
SLIDE 5

❖✉t❧✐♥❡

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙♦♠❡ ❞❛t❛ ❛❜♦✉t t❛①❛t✐♦♥ ❑❡② ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ♦❢ ◆♦r❞✐❝ t❛① s②st❡♠s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s

✺ ✴ ✷✼

slide-6
SLIDE 6

❖✉t❧✐♥❡

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙♦♠❡ ❞❛t❛ ❛❜♦✉t t❛①❛t✐♦♥ ❑❡② ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ♦❢ ◆♦r❞✐❝ t❛① s②st❡♠s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s

✻ ✴ ✷✼

slide-7
SLIDE 7

❲❡❧❧✲❦♥♦✇♥ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✭❙♦✉r❝❡✿ ❑❧❡✈❡♥✱ ❑r❡✐♥❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ❙❛❡③ ✷✵✶✹✮

✼ ✴ ✷✼

slide-8
SLIDE 8

❚❛① t❛❦❡ ✐s ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ✭❜② ✐♥❝♦♠❡ ❣r♦✉♣s✮

10 20 30 40 50 Total tax revenues incl. SSC 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Calendar year (nearest) Low income Lower middle income Upper middle income Non-OECD high income OECD high income

❋✐❣✉r❡✿ ❘❡✈❡♥✉❡ ✭✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❙❙❈ ❜✉t ❡①❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❣r❛♥ts✮✳ ❖✇♥ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ●❘❉ ♦❢ ❯◆❯✲❲■❉❊❘

✽ ✴ ✷✼

slide-9
SLIDE 9

❚❛① t❛❦❡ ✐s ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ✭❜② r❡❣✐♦♥s✮

10 20 30 40 50 Total tax revenues incl. SSC 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Calendar year (nearest) East Asia & Pacific Europe & Central Asia Latin America & the Caribbean Middle East & North Africa North America South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa

❋✐❣✉r❡✿ ❘❡✈❡♥✉❡ ✭✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❙❙❈ ❜✉t ❡①❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❣r❛♥ts✮✳ ❖✇♥ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ●❘❉ ♦❢ ❯◆❯✲❲■❉❊❘

✾ ✴ ✷✼

slide-10
SLIDE 10

❘✐❝❤ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s t❛① r❛t❡ ✇❛s ❛❧s♦ s♠❛❧❧ ✭❙♦✉r❝❡✿ ❇❡s❧❡② ❛♥❞ P❡rss♦♥ ✷✵✶✸✮

✶✵ ✴ ✷✼

slide-11
SLIDE 11

❈♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ♦❢ t❛① r❡✈❡♥✉❡s

❚♦t❛❧ r❡✈ P■❚ ❈■❚ ❆❧❧ ✐♥❞✐r❡❝t

  • ✫❙

❚r❛❞❡ ❋✐♥❧❛♥❞ ✺✹ ✷✻ ✷ ✶✺ ✶✺ ✵ ◆♦r✇❛② ✺✺ ✷✶ ✷ ✶✶ ✶✶ ✵ ❙✇❡❞❡♥ ✺✵ ✷✸ ✸ ✶✷ ✶✷ ✵ ❖❊❈❉ ❤✐❣❤ ✐♥❝♦♠❡ ✹✸ ✶✾ ✸ ✶✶ ✶✶ ✵ ▼♦③❛♠❜✐q✉❡ ✷✻ ✸✯ ✻✯ ✶✸ ✾ ✷ ❙✉❜✲❙❛❤❛r❛♥ ❆❢r✐❝❛ ✷✵ ✹ ✸ ✶✵ ✼ ✷ ❚❛❜❧❡✿ ❚❛① r❡✈❡♥✉❡s ❛s ❛ s❤❛r❡ ♦❢ ●❉P✱ ✷✵✶✺✳ ❙♦✉r❝❡✿ ●❘❉ ❛♥❞ ♦✇♥ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ✭✯ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡s ❛♥ ❡st✐♠❛t❡✮

✶✶ ✴ ✷✼

slide-12
SLIDE 12

❖✉t❧✐♥❡

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙♦♠❡ ❞❛t❛ ❛❜♦✉t t❛①❛t✐♦♥ ❑❡② ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ♦❢ ◆♦r❞✐❝ t❛① s②st❡♠s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s

✶✷ ✴ ✷✼

slide-13
SLIDE 13

✶✳ ❇r♦❛❞ t❛① ❜❛s❡

◮ ❚❤❡ r❡❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❛①❛❜❧❡ ✐♥❝♦♠❡ t♦ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ t❛① r❛t❡ ✐s ❛ ❣♦♦❞

✇❛② ♦❢ ♠❡❛s✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♦✈❡r❛❧❧ ❞✐st♦rt✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❛①❡s ♦♥ t❤❡ ❡❝♦♥♦♠②

◮ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐sts t②♣✐❝❛❧❧② ♠❡❛s✉r❡ t❤✐s ❛s ❛ ❡❧❛st✐❝✐t② ✭❊❚■✮✿

◮ ■t ✐s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❛s t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦rt✐♦♥❛❧ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ✐♥ t❛①❛❜❧❡ ✐♥❝♦♠❡ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡

t❛❦❡✲❤♦♠❡ ♣❛rt ✭✶✲♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧ t❛① r❛t❡✮ ♦❢ ✐♥❝♦♠❡ ✐s ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡❞ ❜② ✶ ♣❡r ❝❡♥t

◮ ❯❙ ❡st✐♠❛t❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✵✳✷✲✵✳✺✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s♣♦♥s❡ ♦❢ ❜r♦❛❞ ✐♥❝♦♠❡ ❧❡ss

t❤❛♥ t❤❛t ♦❢ t❛①❛❜❧❡ ✐♥❝♦♠❡

◮ ❙♦♠❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ t❤❛t ❊❚■ ✐s ❧♦✇❡r ✐♥ ◆♦r❞✐❝ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s ✭❑❧❡✈❡♥ ❛♥❞

❙❝❤✉❧t③✱ ✷✵✶✹❀ ▼❛t✐❦❦❛✱ ✷✵✶✼✮

◮ ■♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡❧❛st✐❝✐t② ♦❢ ❜r♦❛❞ ✐♥❝♦♠❡ ❛♥❞

t❛①❛❜❧❡ ✐♥❝♦♠❡ ✐s s♠❛❧❧❡r✱ r❡✢❡❝t✐♥❣ ✇✐❞❡r t❛① ❜❛s❡

✶✸ ✴ ✷✼

slide-14
SLIDE 14

✷✳ ❚❤✐r❞✲♣❛rt② r❡♣♦rt✐♥❣

◮ ■♥ t❤❡ ◆♦r❞✐❝ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s✱ ❡①t❡♥s✐✈❡ t❤✐r❞ ♣❛rt② r❡♣♦rt✐♥❣ r❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣

♥♦t ♦♥❧② ❧❛❜♦✉r ✐♥❝♦♠❡✱ ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ ♦♥ ♠❛♥② ❞❡❞✉❝t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ✐t❡♠s ♦❢ ❝❛♣✐t❛❧ ✐♥❝♦♠❡

◮ ❑❧❡✈❡♥✱ ❑♥✉❞s❡♥✱ ❑r❡✐♥❡r✱ P❡❞❡rs❡♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❙❛❡③ ✭✷✵✶✶✮ s❤♦✇ t❤❛t

t❤❡r❡ ✐s ✈✐rt✉❛❧❧② ♥♦ t❛① ❡✈❛s✐♦♥ ❢♦r ✐t❡♠s t❤❛t ❛r❡ t❤✐r❞ ♣❛rt② r❡♣♦rt❡❞

◮ ❲❤❡r❡❛s t❤❡r❡ ✐s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t t❛① ❡✈❛s✐♦♥ ♦♥ s❡❧❢✲r❡♣♦rt❡❞ ♣❛rts ♦❢ t❤❡

t❛① ❜✐❧❧

◮ ❚❤✐r❞✲♣❛rt② r❡♣♦rt✐♥❣ ❝r✉❝✐❛❧ ❢♦r ♠✐♥✐♠✐③✐♥❣ t❛① ❡✈❛s✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❦❡②

q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✐s ❤♦✇ t♦ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡ ✐t ✐♥ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✐♥❣ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s

✶✹ ✴ ✷✼

slide-15
SLIDE 15

❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❡✈❛s✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ ❉❡♥♠❛r❦ ✭❙♦✉r❝❡✿ ❑❧❡✈❡♥✱ ❑♥✉❞s❡♥✱ ❑r❡✐♥❡r✱ P❡❞❡rs❡♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❙❛❡③ ✷✵✶✶✮

✶✺ ✴ ✷✼

slide-16
SLIDE 16

■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ t❛① ❡✈❛s✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ◆♦r❞✐❝ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s

◮ ❆❧st❛❞s❛❡t❡r✱ ❏♦❤❛♥♥❡s❡♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❩✉❝♠❛♥ ✭✷✵✶✼✮ st✉❞② ❤♦✇

✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧s ❢r♦♠ t❤r❡❡ ◆♦r❞✐❝ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s ✭❉❡♥♠❛r❦✱ ◆♦r✇❛②✱ ❙✇❡❞❡♥✮ ❡✈❛❞❡ t❛①❡s ✉s✐♥❣ t❛① ❤❛✈❡♥s

◮ ❚❤❡② ❛r❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❞♦ s♦ ❜② ❝♦♠❜✐♥✐♥❣ ❧❡❛❦s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✭❧✐❦❡ t❤❡

P❛♥❛♠❛ ♣❛♣❡rs✮ ✇✐t❤ ❞❛t❛ ❢r♦♠ r❡✈❡♥✉❡ ❛✉t❤♦r✐t✐❡s

◮ ❚❤❡② s❤♦✇ t❤❛t t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛ str♦♥❣ ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t ✐♥ ✇❡❛❧t❤ ◮ ❚❤✐s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❤❛s ♥♦t ❜❡❡♥ ✭❜❡❢♦r❡✮ r❡♣♦rt❡❞ ❜② t❤✐r❞ ♣❛rt✐❡s

✶✻ ✴ ✷✼

slide-17
SLIDE 17

■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ t❛① ❡✈❛s✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ◆♦r❞✐❝ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s

✶✼ ✴ ✷✼

slide-18
SLIDE 18

✸✳ ❚❤❡ r♦❧❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡①♣❡♥❞✐t✉r❡ s✐❞❡

◮ ❈♦♥✈❡♥t✐♦♥❛❧ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ t❤❡♦r② str❡ss❡s t❤❡ ❤❛r♠❢✉❧ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ♦❢

❧❛❜♦✉r ✐♥❝♦♠❡ t❛① ❜✉r❞❡♥ ♦♥ ❡♠♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ❤♦✉rs

◮ ❚❤❛t ✈✐❡✇ ❛❜str❛❝ts ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❧② ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❡①♣❡♥❞✐t✉r❡ s✐❞❡

◮ ❚❤❡ ◆♦r❞✐❝ ❝♦✉♥t✐❡s s♣❡♥❞ ❛ s✐③❛❜❧❡ s❤❛r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡✐r ❡①♣❡♥❞✐t✉r❡ ♦♥

✉s❡s t❤❛t s✉♣♣♦rt ❡♠♣❧♦②♠❡♥t

◮ ❉✐r❡❝t❧② ✈✐❛ s❡r✈✐❝❡s s✉❝❤ ❛s ❞❛② ❝❛r❡ ✭❡♥❛❜❧❡s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❜♦t❤

♣❛r❡♥ts✮

◮ ■♥❞✐r❡❝t❧② ✈✐❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ ❤❡❛❧t❤ ❝❛r❡ ❛♥❞ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❢♦st❡r

✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s ✐♥ s❦✐❧❧s

◮ ❇♦t❤ t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧❧② ✭❇❧♦♠q✉✐st✱ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥s❡♥✱ ❛♥❞ ▼✐❝❤❡❧❡tt♦✱ ✷✵✶✵✮

❛♥❞ ❡♠♣✐r✐❝❛❧❧② ✈❡r✐✜❡❞ t❤❛t t❤✐s ♣♦❧✐❝② r❡❞✉❝❡s t❤❡ ❞✐st♦rt✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❛①❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ ❡♠♣❧♦②♠❡♥t

✶✽ ✴ ✷✼

slide-19
SLIDE 19

❋♦st❡r✐♥❣ ❧❛❜♦✉r ❢♦r❝❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♦♥

1

✶✾ ✴ ✷✼

slide-20
SLIDE 20

✹✳ ❚❤❡ r♦❧❡ s♦❝✐❛❧ ♥♦r♠s

◮ ❙❝❛♥❞✐♥❛✈✐❛♥s ❤❛✈❡ ❛ str♦♥❣❡r✲t❤❛♥✲❛✈❡r❛❣❡✲tr✉st ♦♥ ♦t❤❡rs✱ ❛♥❞

❡♥❥♦② ❤✐❣❤ ❧❡✈❡❧s ♦❢ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❝❛♣✐t❛❧ ✭♠❡❛s✉r❡❞ ❜② ❝✐✈✐❝ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✈♦t❡r t✉r♥♦✉t✮

◮ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ✇✐❧❧✐♥❣♥❡ss t♦ ♣❛② ❢♦r ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❣♦♦❞s ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥ ♠❛tt❡r

❢♦r t❛① ❝♦♠♣❧✐❛♥❝❡

◮ ❚❤❡② ❛❧s♦ ❜❡❧✐❡✈❡ t❤❛t ♣♦✈❡rt② ✐s ♥♦t ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❧② ❞✉❡ t♦ ❧❛③✐♥❡ss

♦❢ t❤❡ ♣♦♦r ❜✉t r❛t❤❡r ❛ r❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ ❛ ❜❛❞ ❧✉❝❦

◮ t❤✐s ❝r❡❛t❡s s✉♣♣♦rt ❢♦r r❡❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ❛s t❤❡ ♣♦♦r ❛r❡ s❡❡♥ ❛s

❞❡s❡r✈✐♥❣

◮ ❚❤❡s❡ ❛r❡ str♦♥❣ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❜✉t ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② ❥♦✐♥t❧② ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞

◮ ❡✳❣✳ ❡❛s✐❡r t♦ tr✉st ♦t❤❡rs ✐♥ ❛ ✇❡❧❧✲❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥✐♥❣ st❛t❡ ✷✵ ✴ ✷✼

slide-21
SLIDE 21

❚r✉st ♦♥ ♦t❤❡rs

◮ ❉❛t❛ ❢r♦♠ ❲♦r❧❞ ❱❛❧✉❡s ❙✉r✈❡②✱ ❧❛t❡st t✇♦ ✇❛✈❡s ◮ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥✿

◮ ✏●❡♥❡r❛❧❧② s♣❡❛❦✐♥❣✱ ✇♦✉❧❞ ②♦✉ s❛② t❤❛t ♠♦st ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ tr✉st❡❞

♦r t❤❛t ②♦✉ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ✈❡r② ❝❛r❡❢✉❧ ✐♥ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ♣❡♦♣❧❡❄✑

◮ ❈❤♦✐❝❡s✿

◮ ▼♦st ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ tr✉st❡❞ ◮ ◆❡❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ✈❡r② ❝❛r❡❢✉❧ ◮ ◆♦ ❛♥s✇❡r ◮ ❉♦ ♥♦t ❦♥♦✇ ✷✶ ✴ ✷✼

slide-22
SLIDE 22

❚r✉st ♦♥ ♦t❤❡rs✱ ❙♦✉r❝❡✿ ❲❱❙

✷✷ ✴ ✷✼

slide-23
SLIDE 23

❖✉t❧✐♥❡

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙♦♠❡ ❞❛t❛ ❛❜♦✉t t❛①❛t✐♦♥ ❑❡② ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ♦❢ ◆♦r❞✐❝ t❛① s②st❡♠s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s

✷✸ ✴ ✷✼

slide-24
SLIDE 24

❙✉♠♠❛r②✿ ✹ ❦❡② ♠❡ss❛❣❡s

◮ ❇✉✐❧❞✐♥❣ ✉♣ ❛ ❜r♦❛❞ t❛① ❜❛s❡ ✐s ♥❡❡❞❡❞ t♦ ❦❡❡♣ t❛① ❞✐st♦rt✐♦♥s ❛♥❞

❛✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡ ❛t ❜❛② ✇✐t❤ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ t❛① r❛t❡s

◮ ❊①t❡♥s✐✈❡ ✸r❞✲♣❛rt② r❡♣♦rt✐♥❣ ✐s ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ ❢♦r r❡❞✉❝✐♥❣ t❛① ❡✈❛s✐♦♥ ◮ ❚❤❡ ❡✛❡❝ts ♦❢ t❛①❛t✐♦♥ ❛r❡ ♥♦t ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ♦❢ ❤♦✇ t❤❡ ♠♦♥❡② ✐s

s♣❡♥t✿ s♦❝✐❛❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠❡s t❤❛t ❜♦♦st ❧❛❜♦✉r ❢♦r❝❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♦♥ ❤❡❧♣ r❡❞✉❝❡ t❛① ❞✐st♦rt✐♦♥s

◮ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ♥♦r♠s ❛♥❞ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t str✉❝t✉r❡ ✐♥t❡rt✇✐♥❡❞

✷✹ ✴ ✷✼

slide-25
SLIDE 25

❋✐♥❛❧ t❤♦✉❣❤ts

◮ ❚❤❡ s♠❛❧❧ s✐③❡✱ r❡❧❛t✐✈❡❧② ❤♦♠♦❣❡♥♦✉s ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❤✐❣❤❧②

❡❞✉❝❛t❡❞ ✇♦r❦❢♦r❝❡ ♠❛❦❡ t❤❡ ◆♦r❞✐❝ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s s♣❡❝✐❛❧

◮ ❚❤❡ ◆♦r❞✐❝ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐s ♥♦t ✭❛♥❞ s❤♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t❄✮ ❜❡ ❞✐r❡❝t❧② ❡①♣♦rt❡❞ t♦

♦t❤❡r s❡tt✐♥❣s✳

◮ t♦ ✐❧❧✉str❛t❡✱ ❥✉st ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ t❤❡ t❛① t❛❦❡ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ✐♠♣r♦✈✐♥❣ t❤❡

q✉❛❧✐t② ✐♥ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ s❡r✈✐❝❡s ♥♦t ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❧② ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ✐❞❡❛

◮ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ s♦♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ◆♦r❞✐❝ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❢♦♦❞

❢♦r t❤♦✉❣❤t ❢♦r ♦t❤❡r ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s ✐♥ t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉t t❛① r❡❢♦r♠s

✷✺ ✴ ✷✼

slide-26
SLIDE 26

❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ■

❆❧st❛❞s❛❡t❡r✱ ❆✳✱ ◆✳ ❏♦❤❛♥♥❡s❡♥✱ ❛♥❞ ●✳ ❩✉❝♠❛♥ ✭✷✵✶✼✮✿ ✏❚❛① ❡✈❛s✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❡q✉❛❧✐t②✱✑ ▼✐♠❡♦✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❈♦♣❡♥❤❛❣❡♥✳ ❇❡s❧❡②✱ ❚✳✱ ❛♥❞ ❚✳ P❡rss♦♥ ✭✷✵✶✸✮✿ ✏❈❤❛♣t❡r ✷ ✲ ❚❛①❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t✱✑ ✐♥ ❤❛♥❞❜♦♦❦ ♦❢ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝s✱ ✈♦❧✳ ✺✱ ❡❞✳ ❜② ▼✳ ❋✳ ❆❧❛♥ ❏✳ ❆✉❡r❜❛❝❤✱ ❘❛❥ ❈❤❡tt②✱ ❛♥❞ ❊✳ ❙❛❡③✱ ✈♦❧✳ ✺ ♦❢ ❍❛♥❞❜♦♦❦ ♦❢ P✉❜❧✐❝ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝s✱ ♣♣✳ ✺✶ ✕ ✶✶✵✳ ❊❧s❡✈✐❡r✳ ❇❧♦♠q✉✐st✱ ❙✳✱ ❱✳ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥s❡♥✱ ❛♥❞ ▲✳ ▼✐❝❤❡❧❡tt♦ ✭✷✵✶✵✮✿ ✏P✉❜❧✐❝ ♣r♦✈✐s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣r✐✈❛t❡ ❣♦♦❞s ❛♥❞ ♥♦♥❞✐st♦rt✐♦♥❛r② ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧ t❛① r❛t❡s✱✑ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧✿ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ P♦❧✐❝②✱ ✷✱ ✶✕✷✼✳ ❑❧❡✈❡♥✱ ❍✳ ✭✷✵✶✹✮✿ ✏❍♦✇ ❝❛♥ ❙❝❛♥❞✐♥❛✈✐❛♥s t❛① s♦ ♠✉❝❤❄✱✑ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡s✱ ✷✽✭✹✮✱ ✼✼✕✾✽✳ ❑❧❡✈❡♥✱ ❍✳ ❏✳✱ ▼✳ ❇✳ ❑♥✉❞s❡♥✱ ❈✳ ❚✳ ❑r❡✐♥❡r✱ ❙✳ P❡❞❡rs❡♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❊✳ ❙❛❡③ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✿ ✏❯♥✇✐❧❧✐♥❣ ♦r ❯♥❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❈❤❡❛t❄ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ ❛ ❚❛① ❆✉❞✐t ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ✐♥ ❉❡♥♠❛r❦✱✑ ❊❝♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❝❛✱ ✼✾✱ ✻✺✶✕✻✾✷✳

✷✻ ✴ ✷✼

slide-27
SLIDE 27

❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ■■

❑❧❡✈❡♥✱ ❍✳ ❏✳✱ ❈✳ ❚✳ ❑r❡✐♥❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ❊✳ ❙❛❡③ ✭✷✵✶✹✮✿ ✏❲❤② ❈❛♥ ▼♦❞❡r♥

  • ♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥ts ❚❛① ❙♦ ▼✉❝❤❄ ❆♥ ❆❣❡♥❝② ▼♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ ❋✐r♠s ❛s ❋✐s❝❛❧

■♥t❡r♠❡❞✐❛r✐❡s✱✑ ▼✐♠❡♦✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❈♦♣❡♥❤❛❣❡♥✳ ❑❧❡✈❡♥✱ ❍✳ ❏✳✱ ❛♥❞ ❊✳ ❆✳ ❙❝❤✉❧t③ ✭✷✵✶✹✮✿ ✏❊st✐♠❛t✐♥❣ ❚❛①❛❜❧❡ ■♥❝♦♠❡ ❘❡s♣♦♥s❡s ❯s✐♥❣ ❉❛♥✐s❤ ❚❛① ❘❡❢♦r♠s✱✑ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧✿ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ P♦❧✐❝②✱ ✻✭✹✮✱ ✷✼✶✕✸✵✶✳ ▼❛t✐❦❦❛✱ ❚✳ ✭✷✵✶✼✮✿ ✏❚❤❡ ❊❧❛st✐❝✐t② ♦❢ ❚❛①❛❜❧❡ ■♥❝♦♠❡✿ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ ❈❤❛♥❣❡s ✐♥ ▼✉♥✐❝✐♣❛❧ ■♥❝♦♠❡ ❚❛① ❘❛t❡s ✐♥ ❋✐♥❧❛♥❞✱✑ ❚❤❡ ❙❝❛♥❞✐♥❛✈✐❛♥ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝s✱ ♣♣✳ ♥✴❛✕♥✴❛✳

✷✼ ✴ ✷✼