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❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

■♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ◆❡t✇♦r❦s ✐♥ ▼▲✿ ❛ s♦❝✐♦✲♠❡t❡r ❢♦r ❉❡❜✐❛♥

❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡ ❉❡❧❛♥♦ë ❇❡r♥❛r❞ ❈♦♥❡✐♥ ▼✐♥✐ ❉❡❜❈♦♥❢✱ ✷✺ ◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✶✷

❝♦♥❡✐♥❅✉♥✐❝❡✳❢r ⑤ ❞❡❜✐❛♥❅❞❡❧❛♥♦❡✳♦r❣ ✷✵✶✷✱ P❛r✐s ✲ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❙✉❜❥❡❝t ✿ ✧▼❛❦✐♥❣ ❞❡❜✐❛♥✲✯ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥s ♠♦r❡ ✈✐❛❜❧❡✧

❘✉ss ❆❧❧❜❡r② ❝❤❛♥❣❡❞ t❤❡ t♦♣✐❝ ✧❋r♦♠ ❡①✐♠ t♦ ♣♦st✜①✧ ❉P▲ ✭❩❛❝❦✱ ✸ ▼❛② ✷✵✶✷✮ ✿

✶ ✧❞♦♥✬t ❢❡❡❞ t❤❡ tr♦❧❧✧ ✷ ✧❞♦♥✬t ❢❡❡❞ t❤❡ tr♦❧❧✧ ✰ r❡♣♦rt ❛❜✉s❡s t♦ ❧✐st♠❛st❡rs ❛♥❞ ❛❝t

❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣❧②

✸ ♣✉❜❧✐❝✱ ❜✉t ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t♦rs✲♦♥❧② ❧✐st

⇒ ❆ ❧♦t ❊♥❡r❣② t♦ ❦♥♦✇ ✇❤❛t ②♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ✐❣♥♦r❡ ✭♦r t♦ ❝r❡❛t❡ ♥❡✇ r✉❧❡s✮

❝♦♥❡✐♥❅✉♥✐❝❡✳❢r ⑤ ❞❡❜✐❛♥❅❞❡❧❛♥♦❡✳♦r❣ ✷✵✶✷✱ P❛r✐s ✲ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

Pr♦♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ✿ ❢r♦♠ ❛♥t✐s♣❛♠ t♦ ❛♥t✐tr♦❧❧

❊①✐st✐♥❣ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ✭♠✉tt✮ ❚❤r❡❛❞■❣♥♦r❡✳♣❧ ♣✐♣❡ ❚❤r❡❛❞ ❦✐❧❧❡r ✿ ❢❣r❡♣ ❆r❝❤✐✈❡ ❃✴❞❡✈✴♥✉❧❧ ❙♦❝✐♦✲♠❡t❡r ❛s ❛♥ ❆❣♥♦st✐❝ ❚❤r❡❛❞ ■♥❞❡① ❙♦❝✐♦✲♠❡t❡r t♦ s♣❡❝✐❢② ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ▼▲ ❆♥♦♥②♠♦✉s st❛t✐st✐❝s ✭ ✦❂ t❡❛♠♠❡tr✐❝s✮ ❊❛❝❤ ♦♥❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ✜❧t❡r t❤r❡❛❞s ✭✇✐t❤ ♣r♦❝♠❛✐❧ ❛♥❞ ♥♦t♠✉❝❤✮

❝♦♥❡✐♥❅✉♥✐❝❡✳❢r ⑤ ❞❡❜✐❛♥❅❞❡❧❛♥♦❡✳♦r❣ ✷✵✶✷✱ P❛r✐s ✲ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❙✉♠♠❛r②

✶ ▼❛✐❧✐♥❣ ❧✐st ❧❛♥❞s❝❛♣❡ ✷ ❚❤r❡❛❞s ❛s ❛ ❣r♦✉♣ ✸ ❚❤r❡❛❞s ❛s ❛ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ❝♦♥❡✐♥❅✉♥✐❝❡✳❢r ⑤ ❞❡❜✐❛♥❅❞❡❧❛♥♦❡✳♦r❣ ✷✵✶✷✱ P❛r✐s ✲ ❋r❛♥❝❡

❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❉❡❜✐❛♥ ❯s❡rs ✿ ▼❡♠❜❡rs❤✐♣✴♣♦sts

✭❛✮ ◆❜ ♦❢ ♠❛✐❧s ❛♥❞ ▼❡♠❜❡rs ✴ ②❡❛r

P❛r❛❞♦① ▼❡♠❜❡rs❤✐♣ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ P♦st ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡

❝♦♥❡✐♥❅✉♥✐❝❡✳❢r ⑤ ❞❡❜✐❛♥❅❞❡❧❛♥♦❡✳♦r❣ ✷✵✶✷✱ P❛r✐s ✲ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❚❤❡ ✜rst ❝♦r♣✉s

❲❣❡t ♣❛❣❡s ❛r❝❤✐✈❡s ❢♦r ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❉❡❜✐❛♥ ❯❜✉♥t✉ ❀ ❞♦ ❢♦r ♠❧ ✐♥ ✉s❡rs ❞❡✈❡❧ ✈♦t❡ ❡t❝✳ ❀ ❞♦ ✇❣❡t ✩♠❧ ❀ ❞♦♥❡✷ ✇✇✇✳❞❡❜✐❛♥✳♦r❣✴▼❛✐❧✐♥❣▲✐sts✴ ❤t♠❧ ❤tt♣s ✿✴✴❧✐sts✳✉❜✉♥t✉✳❝♦♠✴ ♠❜♦① ❢♦r♠❛t

❝♦♥❡✐♥❅✉♥✐❝❡✳❢r ⑤ ❞❡❜✐❛♥❅❞❡❧❛♥♦❡✳♦r❣ ✷✵✶✷✱ P❛r✐s ✲ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❋✐rst ❈♦r♣✉s✱ ♠❛② ✷✵✶✶

❉❡❜✐❛♥✱ ♠❛✐♥❧② ❢r♦♠ ✶✾✾✹ ✉s❡r ✭✻✹✻ ✵✵✺ ♠❛✐❧s✱ ✶✼ ②❡❛rs✱ ✶✵✹ ♠❛✐❧s✴❞❛② ❛✈❡r❛❣❡✮ ✉s❡r✲❢r❡♥❝❤ ✭✶✼✽ ✽✹✹ ♠❛✐❧s✱ ✶✵ ②❡❛rs✱ ✹✾ ♠❛✐❧s✴❞❛② ❛✳✮ ❞❡✈❡❧ ✭✸✵✺ ✶✵✻ ♠❛✐❧s✱ ✶✼ ②❡❛rs✱ ✹✾ ♠❛✐❧s✴❞❛② ❛✳✮ ✈♦t❡ ✭✶✼ ✷✻✻ ♠❛✐❧s✱ ✶✷ ②❡❛rs✱ ✹ ♠❛✐❧s✴❞❛② ❛✳✮ ♠❡♥t♦rs ✭✺✽ ✼✼✽ ♠❛✐❧s✱ ✶✸ ②❡❛rs✱ ✶✷ ♠❛✐❧s✴❞❛② ❛✳✮ ❯❜✉♥t✉✱ ♠❛✐♥❧② ❢r♦♠ ✷✵✵✹ ✉s❡r ✭✷✹✻ ✷✸✸ ♠❛✐❧s✱ ✼ ②❡❛rs✱ ✾✻ ♠❛✐❧s✴❞❛② ❛✳✮ ❢r ✭✸✼ ✵✼✸ ♠❛✐❧s✱ ✼ ②❡❛rs✱ ✶✺ ♠❛✐❧s✴❞❛② ❛✳ ✮ ❞❡✈❡❧ ✭✸✸ ✶✸✹ ♠❛✐❧s✱ ✼ ②❡❛rs✱ ✶✸ ♠❛✐❧s✴❞❛② ❛✳✮ ❞❡✈❡❧✲❞✐s❝✉ss ✭✶✷ ✻✼✻ ♠❛✐❧s✱ ✺ ②❡❛rs✱ ✼ ♠❛✐❧s✴❞❛② ❛✳✮

❝♦♥❡✐♥❅✉♥✐❝❡✳❢r ⑤ ❞❡❜✐❛♥❅❞❡❧❛♥♦❡✳♦r❣ ✷✵✶✷✱ P❛r✐s ✲ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❇✉t

✭❜✮ ❆r❝❤✐✈❡s ❛♥❞ r❡❛❧✐t②

❝♦♥❡✐♥❅✉♥✐❝❡✳❢r ⑤ ❞❡❜✐❛♥❅❞❡❧❛♥♦❡✳♦r❣ ✷✵✶✷✱ P❛r✐s ✲ ❋r❛♥❝❡

❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❚❤① ❣♠❛♥❡

❙❡❝♦♥❞ ❝♦r♣✉s ◆◆❚P❙❊❘❱❊❘❂✬♥❡✇s✳❣♠❛♥❡✳♦r❣✬ ✫✫ ❡①♣♦rt ◆◆❚P❙❊❘❱❊❘ ♥♥t♣✲♣✉❧❧ ❣♠❛♥❡✳❧✐♥✉①✳❞❡❜✐❛♥✳✉s❡r✯ ▼✉tt t❤r❡❛❞s r❡❛❞❡r ▼✉tt ❣r♦✉♣s t❤r❡❛❞s ✇✐t❤ ❙✉❜❥❡❝t ✯❆◆❉✯ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ❤❡❛❞❡rs ✴✳♠✉ttr❝ ✿ ♠❛❝r♦ ✐♥❞❡①✱♣❛❣❡r ❁❢✽❃ ✧❁t❛❣✲t❤r❡❛❞❃❁t❛❣✲♣r❡✜①✲❝♦♥❞❃❁♣✐♣❡✲❡♥tr②❃❝❛t ✔ ✴t♠♣✴t❤r❡❛❞❳❳❳❳❁❡♥t❡r❃❁✉♥t❛❣✲♣❛tt❡r♥❃ ❚ ♥❁♣✐♣❡✲❡♥tr②❃ ✴✳♠✉tt✴t❤r❡❛❞s✳s❤❁❡♥t❡r❃✧ ❢♦r t❤r❡❛❞ ✐♥ ④✶✳✳✩♥❜❚❤r❡❛❞⑥ ❀ ❞♦ ①❞♦t♦♦❧ ❋✽ ❀ s❧❡❡♣ ✸ ❀ ❞♦♥❡

❝♦♥❡✐♥❅✉♥✐❝❡✳❢r ⑤ ❞❡❜✐❛♥❅❞❡❧❛♥♦❡✳♦r❣ ✷✵✶✷✱ P❛r✐s ✲ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❙❡❝♦♥❞ ❉❡❜✐❛♥ ❈♦r♣✉s

❣♠❛♥❡✳❧✐♥✉①✳❞❡❜✐❛♥✳✉s❡r✱ ✹✷✸ ✷✼✺ ♠❛✐❧s ❣♠❛♥❡✳❧✐♥✉①✳❞❡❜✐❛♥✳✉s❡r✳❢r❡♥❝❤✱ ✶✼✹ ✵✷✻ ♠❛✐❧s ❣♠❛♥❡✳❧✐♥✉①✳❞❡❜✐❛♥✳❞❡✈❡❧✳❣❡♥❡r❛❧✱ ✶✻✻ ✻✵✾ ♠❛✐❧s ❣♠❛♥❡✳❧✐♥✉①✳❞❡❜✐❛♥✳❞❡✈❡❧✳❧❡❣❛❧✱ ✸✸ ✻✶✼ ♠❛✐❧s ❣♠❛♥❡✳❧✐♥✉①✳❞❡❜✐❛♥✳❞❡✈❡❧✳♠❡♥t♦rs✱ ✺✹ ✶✼✽ ♠❛✐❧s ❣♠❛♥❡✳❧✐♥✉①✳❞❡❜✐❛♥✳❞❡✈❡❧✳♣♦❧✐❝②✱ ✶✹ ✽✻✽ ♠❛✐❧s ❣♠❛♥❡✳❧✐♥✉①✳❞❡❜✐❛♥✳❞❡✈❡❧✳♣r♦❥❡❝t✱ ✶✽ ✼✻✾ ♠❛✐❧s ❣♠❛♥❡✳❧✐♥✉①✳❞❡❜✐❛♥✳❞❡✈❡❧✳✈♦t❡✱ ✶✺ ✺✺✷ ♠❛✐❧s

❝♦♥❡✐♥❅✉♥✐❝❡✳❢r ⑤ ❞❡❜✐❛♥❅❞❡❧❛♥♦❡✳♦r❣ ✷✵✶✷✱ P❛r✐s ✲ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❉❡❜✐❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❯❜✉♥t✉ ❯s❡rs

✭❝✮ ◆❜ ♦❢ ♠❛✐❧s ✴ ②❡❛r

❝♦♥❡✐♥❅✉♥✐❝❡✳❢r ⑤ ❞❡❜✐❛♥❅❞❡❧❛♥♦❡✳♦r❣ ✷✵✶✷✱ P❛r✐s ✲ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❉❡❜✐❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❯❜✉♥t✉ ❯s❡rs

✭❞✮ ◆❜ ♦❢ ♠❛✐❧s ✴ ②❡❛r

■♥❝r❡❛s❡ ♦❢ ♠❛✐❧✬s ♥✉♠❜❡rs ❉❡❝r❡❛s❡ ♦❢ ♠❛✐❧✬s ♥✉♠❜❡rs ❛❢t❡r ❯❜✉♥t✉✬s ❜✐rt❤ ❄ ❇✉t t❤❡ ❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦♥ ✐s ♥♦t ❝❧❡❛r ■t ❝❛♥♥♦t ❜❡ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥❡❞ ♦♥❧② ❜② ❯❜✉♥t✉ ✐ts❡❧❢ ❖t❤❡r ❢❛❝t♦rs s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ t❛❦❡♥ ✐♥t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t ✿ ⇒ ▲❡ss ❜✉❣s✱ ❧❡ss r❡q✉❡sts✱ ♦t❤❡r t♦♦❧s✱ ♦t❤❡r ❛r❡❛s ❢♦r ♣♦st✐♥❣

❝♦♥❡✐♥❅✉♥✐❝❡✳❢r ⑤ ❞❡❜✐❛♥❅❞❡❧❛♥♦❡✳♦r❣ ✷✵✶✷✱ P❛r✐s ✲ ❋r❛♥❝❡

❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❉❡❜✐❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❯❜✉♥t✉ ❯s❡rs

✭❡✮ ◆❜ ♦❢ t❤r❡❛❞s ✴ ②❡❛r

❝♦♥❡✐♥❅✉♥✐❝❡✳❢r ⑤ ❞❡❜✐❛♥❅❞❡❧❛♥♦❡✳♦r❣ ✷✵✶✷✱ P❛r✐s ✲ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❉❡❜✐❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❯❜✉♥t✉ ❯s❡rs

Years Quantity 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

• 2002

2004 2006 2008 2010

• liste.debian.devel

liste.debian.user liste.debian.user.french liste.ubuntu.devel liste.ubuntu.fr liste.ubuntu.users

✭❢✮ ◆❜ ♦❢ t❤r❡❛❞s ✴ ②❡❛r

❉❡❝r❡❛s❡ ♦❢ t❤r❡❛❞✬s ♥✉♠❜❡r ❄ ◆♦ ❝❧❡❛r ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ▲❡ss t♦♣✐❝s t♦ ❜❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ❇✉t ❞♦❡s ✐t ✐♠♣❧② t❤❛t t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ❧❡ss ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥s ❄ ◆❖

❝♦♥❡✐♥❅✉♥✐❝❡✳❢r ⑤ ❞❡❜✐❛♥❅❞❡❧❛♥♦❡✳♦r❣ ✷✵✶✷✱ P❛r✐s ✲ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❉❡❜✐❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❯❜✉♥t✉ ❯s❡rs

✭❣✮ ◆❜ ♦❢ ♠❛✐❧s ✴ t❤r❡❛❞

❝♦♥❡✐♥❅✉♥✐❝❡✳❢r ⑤ ❞❡❜✐❛♥❅❞❡❧❛♥♦❡✳♦r❣ ✷✵✶✷✱ P❛r✐s ✲ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❉❡❜✐❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❯❜✉♥t✉ ❯s❡rs

✭❤✮ ◆❜ ♦❢ ♠❛✐❧s ✴ t❤r❡❛❞

■♥❝r❡❛s❡ ♦❢ ♠❛✐❧s ♥✉♠❜❡r ✿

❈♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ❢♦r ❉❡❜✐❛♥ ✉s❡r ❉✐s❝♦♥t✐♥♦✉s ❢♦r ❉❡❜✐❛♥ ❉❡✈❡❧

❙✐③❡ ♦❢ t❤r❡❛❞ ❝♦✉♥ts ❄

▼❛②❜❡ ❧❡ss t♦♣✐❝s ❜✉t ❝♦♠♣❧❡① t♦♣✐❝s ❖t❤❡r ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ✿ t❤❡ s✐③❡ ✐s ♥♦t ❡♥♦✉❣❤ ❛s t❤❡ t❤r❡❛❞ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♠✐❣❤t ❝♦✉♥t

❝♦♥❡✐♥❅✉♥✐❝❡✳❢r ⑤ ❞❡❜✐❛♥❅❞❡❧❛♥♦❡✳♦r❣ ✷✵✶✷✱ P❛r✐s ✲ ❋r❛♥❝❡

❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❏♦❡② ❍❡ss✬ ❙t✉✛✱ ✸✵ ♦❝t♦❜❡r ✷✵✵✺ ✿ ✐t✬s ❛❧❧ ❛❜♦✉t ♣❛tt❡r♥ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥

✭✐✮ ❚❤✐♥❦ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ✦ ✭❥✮ ❯♥✐♥t❡r❡st✐♥❣ ✭❦✮ ❖❜✈✐♦✉s ❆♥s✇❡r ✭❧✮ ❚❛❦❡ ✐t Pr✐✈❛t❡ ✭♠✮ ❲♦rt❤✇❤✐❧❡ ✭♥✮ ❚♦♦ ❧❛t❡

❲❤② ❄ ❏♦❡② ❍❡ss ❡①♣❧❛✐♥s ❤♦✇ t♦ s✉❜s❝r✐❜❡ t♦ ♠❛✐❧✐♥❣ ❧✐sts ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ t♦t❛❧ ♣♦sts ♦❢ ✷✵✵✵ ♦r ♠♦r❡ ♣❡r ❞❛②✱ ❛♥❞ ❧✐✈❡✳ ■t✬s ❛❧❧ ❛❜♦✉t ♣❛tt❡r♥ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥✳

❝♦♥❡✐♥❅✉♥✐❝❡✳❢r ⑤ ❞❡❜✐❛♥❅❞❡❧❛♥♦❡✳♦r❣ ✷✵✶✷✱ P❛r✐s ✲ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❚✇♦ t②♣❡s ♦❢ t❤r❡❛❞ ❣r❛♣❤

❙t❛r s❤❛♣❡❞ ❂ r❡s♣♦♥s❡s ❛s ❛♥s✇❡rs ▲✐♥❡ s❤❛♣❡❞ ❂ r❡s♣♦♥s❡s ❛s ♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r✐♦r r❡s♣♦♥s❡

❝♦♥❡✐♥❅✉♥✐❝❡✳❢r ⑤ ❞❡❜✐❛♥❅❞❡❧❛♥♦❡✳♦r❣ ✷✵✶✷✱ P❛r✐s ✲ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❊①❛♠♣❧❡s

✭♦✮ ❙t❛rt s❤❛♣❡❞ t❤r❡❛❞ ✿ ✈♦t❡ ❜② ❛❣r❡❡♠❡♥t ✭♣✮ ▲✐♥❡ s❤❛♣❡❞ t❤r❡❛❞ ✿ ✈♦t❡ ❜② ❞❡❡❞

❝♦♥❡✐♥❅✉♥✐❝❡✳❢r ⑤ ❞❡❜✐❛♥❅❞❡❧❛♥♦❡✳♦r❣ ✷✵✶✷✱ P❛r✐s ✲ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❊①❛♠♣❧❡

❝♦♥❡✐♥❅✉♥✐❝❡✳❢r ⑤ ❞❡❜✐❛♥❅❞❡❧❛♥♦❡✳♦r❣ ✷✵✶✷✱ P❛r✐s ✲ ❋r❛♥❝❡

❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❙❤❛♣❡ ✭❞❡♣t❤✮ ♦❢ t❤r❡❛❞s

✭q✮ ❆✈❡r❛❣❡ ❞❡♣t❤ ❜② ②❡❛r

❝♦♥❡✐♥❅✉♥✐❝❡✳❢r ⑤ ❞❡❜✐❛♥❅❞❡❧❛♥♦❡✳♦r❣ ✷✵✶✷✱ P❛r✐s ✲ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❙❤❛♣❡ ✭❞❡♣t❤✮ ♦❢ t❤r❡❛❞s

✭r✮ ❆✈❡r❛❣❡ ❞❡♣t❤ ❜② ②❡❛r

❝♦♥❡✐♥❅✉♥✐❝❡✳❢r ⑤ ❞❡❜✐❛♥❅❞❡❧❛♥♦❡✳♦r❣ ✷✵✶✷✱ P❛r✐s ✲ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❉❡❜✐❛♥s ▲✐st ❝❧♦s✉r❡

✭s✮ ❚♦♣ ✶✵✵ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t♦rs ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ❡❛❝❤ ❧✐st

❈♦♥tr✐❜✉t♦rs ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ❧✐st ❛r❡ ✧s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❡❞✧ ❊♥tr② ❜❛rr✐❡rs

❝♦♥❡✐♥❅✉♥✐❝❡✳❢r ⑤ ❞❡❜✐❛♥❅❞❡❧❛♥♦❡✳♦r❣ ✷✵✶✷✱ P❛r✐s ✲ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❉❡❜✐❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❯❜✉♥t✉ ♣❛ss✐✈❡ ♠❡♠❜❡rs❤✐♣ ❛♥❞ ♣♦sts

✭t✮ ✪ ♦❢ ♠❛✐❧s ❛♥❞ P❛ss✐✈❡ ▼❡♠❜❡rs ✴ ②❡❛r

▼❡♠❜❡rs ✇❤♦ st♦♣ ♣♦st✐♥❣ ❛❢t❡r ♣♦st✐♥❣ ♦♥❡ ❛t ❧❡❛st ❖♥❧② ❛❝t✐✈❡ ♠❡♠❜❡rs r❡✲✐♥t❡r✈❡♥❡

❝♦♥❡✐♥❅✉♥✐❝❡✳❢r ⑤ ❞❡❜✐❛♥❅❞❡❧❛♥♦❡✳♦r❣ ✷✵✶✷✱ P❛r✐s ✲ ❋r❛♥❝❡

❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❙tr✉❝t✉r❡ ❚❤r❡❛❞ ✐♥❞❡①

❈❛❧❝✉❧ ThreadIndex =

N

• 1

▼❛✐❧si

N

• 1

❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡si + 1

❝♦♥❡✐♥❅✉♥✐❝❡✳❢r ⑤ ❞❡❜✐❛♥❅❞❡❧❛♥♦❡✳♦r❣ ✷✵✶✷✱ P❛r✐s ✲ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❈♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤r❡❛❞ ❛s ❛ ❞✐r❡❝t❡❞ ❣r❛♣❤

✭✉✮ ✸ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s ♦❢ ✐♥❞❡①

❝♦♥❡✐♥❅✉♥✐❝❡✳❢r ⑤ ❞❡❜✐❛♥❅❞❡❧❛♥♦❡✳♦r❣ ✷✵✶✷✱ P❛r✐s ✲ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❙tr✉❝t✉r❡ ❚❤r❡❛❞ ✐♥❞❡①

■♥❞❡① ❝♦♠♣r❡❤❡♥s✐♦♥ ✿

❙tr✐❝t❧② ❙t❛r ❙❤❛♣❡ t❤r❡❛❞ ■♥❞❡① ❂ ✶ ❙tr✐❝t❧② ▲✐♥❡ ❙❤❛♣❡ t❤r❡❛❞ ■♥❞❡① t❡♥❞s t♦ ✵

❈♦♠♣r❡❤❡♥s✐✈❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s

❙t❛r ❙❤❛♣❡ ❂ ✈♦t❡ ✭s❡❝✉♥❞❡❞✮ ❙tr✐❝t ❧✐♥❡ s❤❛♣❡ ❂ ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥ ❇✐❣ ▼✐① ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ✢❛♠✐♥❣

❝♦♥❡✐♥❅✉♥✐❝❡✳❢r ⑤ ❞❡❜✐❛♥❅❞❡❧❛♥♦❡✳♦r❣ ✷✵✶✷✱ P❛r✐s ✲ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❉✐❛❝❤r♦♥✐❝ ❚❤r❡❛❞ ✐♥❞❡① ❱✐❡✇

Years Quantity

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

• 2002

2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

• liste.debian.devel

liste.debian.user liste.debian.user.french liste.ubuntu.devel liste.ubuntu.fr liste.ubuntu.users

✭✈✮ ■♥❞❡① ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ t❤r♦✇ t✐♠❡

❝♦♥❡✐♥❅✉♥✐❝❡✳❢r ⑤ ❞❡❜✐❛♥❅❞❡❧❛♥♦❡✳♦r❣ ✷✵✶✷✱ P❛r✐s ✲ ❋r❛♥❝❡

❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❍♦✇ ♠❛♥② ❛✉t❤♦rs ♣❡r t❤r❡❛❞ ❄

✭✇✮ ◆❜✳ ♦❢ t❤r❡❛❞s ✴ ♥❜✳ ♦❢ ♣❡rs♦♥s

◆✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❞②❛❞s ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s ✇❤❡r❡❛s ♦t❤❡rs ❛r❡ st❛❜❧❡ ✭♠♦♥❛❞✱ tr✐❛❞✱ t❡tr❛❞✱ ♣✐♥t❛❞ ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡✮ ❘❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❛✉t❤♦rs ❛♥❞ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❤r❡❛❞❬❈♦♥❡✐♥ ❛♥❞ ▲❛t❛♣②✱ ✷✵✵✽❪

❝♦♥❡✐♥❅✉♥✐❝❡✳❢r ⑤ ❞❡❜✐❛♥❅❞❡❧❛♥♦❡✳♦r❣ ✷✵✶✷✱ P❛r✐s ✲ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❈♦♥t❡♥t ❛♥❛❧②s✐s

❋✐❣✉r❡✿ ❋❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✱ ❙✉❜❥❡❝t✴❋r♦♠

❝♦♥❡✐♥❅✉♥✐❝❡✳❢r ⑤ ❞❡❜✐❛♥❅❞❡❧❛♥♦❡✳♦r❣ ✷✵✶✷✱ P❛r✐s ✲ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❈♦♥t❡♥t ❛♥❛❧②s✐s

❋✐❣✉r❡✿ ❋❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✱ ❙✉❜❥❡❝t✴❋r♦♠

❝♦♥❡✐♥❅✉♥✐❝❡✳❢r ⑤ ❞❡❜✐❛♥❅❞❡❧❛♥♦❡✳♦r❣ ✷✵✶✷✱ P❛r✐s ✲ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❙t❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❚❤r❡❛❞ ■♥❞❡①

❋✐❣✉r❡✿ ❋❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✱ ❙✉❜❥❡❝t✴■♥❞❡①

❝♦♥❡✐♥❅✉♥✐❝❡✳❢r ⑤ ❞❡❜✐❛♥❅❞❡❧❛♥♦❡✳♦r❣ ✷✵✶✷✱ P❛r✐s ✲ ❋r❛♥❝❡

❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❙t❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❚❤r❡❛❞ ■♥❞❡①

❋✐❣✉r❡✿ ❋❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✱ ❋r♦♠✴■♥❞❡①

❝♦♥❡✐♥❅✉♥✐❝❡✳❢r ⑤ ❞❡❜✐❛♥❅❞❡❧❛♥♦❡✳♦r❣ ✷✵✶✷✱ P❛r✐s ✲ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❙t❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❚❤r❡❛❞ ■♥❞❡①

❋✐❣✉r❡✿ ❋❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✱ ❋r♦♠✴■♥❞❡①

❝♦♥❡✐♥❅✉♥✐❝❡✳❢r ⑤ ❞❡❜✐❛♥❅❞❡❧❛♥♦❡✳♦r❣ ✷✵✶✷✱ P❛r✐s ✲ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

■♥t❡r✈✐❡✇ ✷✵✶✵

❘❛♣❤❛ë❧ ❍❡rt③♦❣ ❨♦✉ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t❡ r❡❣✉❧❛r❧② t♦ ❉❡❜✐❛♥ ♠❛✐❧✐♥❣ ❧✐sts✱ ②❡t ■ ❞♦♥✬t r❡♠❡♠❜❡r ❛♥② ❛❣❣r❡ss✐✈❡✴❢r✉str❛t❡❞ ♠❛✐❧ ♦❢ ②♦✉✳ ❍♦✇ ❞♦ ②♦✉ ♠❛♥❛❣❡ t❤❛t ❄ ❆r❡ ②♦✉ ❛✈♦✐❞✐♥❣ ❤❡❛t❡❞ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥s ❄ ❏♦❡② ❍❡ss ❘❛ts✱ s♦✉♥❞s ❧✐❦❡ ❛❧❧ ♠② ✇♦♥❞❡r❢✉❧ ✢❛♠❡s ♦❢ ②❡❛rs ♣❛st ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❢♦r❣♦tt❡♥ ✦ ❙❡r✐♦✉s❧② t❤♦✉❣❤✱ ❛❢t❡r ■ ♥♦t✐❝❡❞ t❤r❡❛❞ ♣❛tt❡r♥s✱ ■ st❛rt❡❞ tr②✐♥❣ t♦ ❛✈♦✐❞ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❛❞ ♣❛tt❡r♥s ♠②s❡❧❢✳ ◆♦✇ ■ ❧✐♠✐t ♠②s❡❧❢ t♦ ♦♥❡ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♥ ♦♣✐♥✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ■ ❞♦♥✬t ❝❛r❡ ✇❤♦ ❣❡ts t❤❡ ❧❛st ✇♦r❞✳ ■❢ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❝❛♥✬t ❜❡ ❝♦♥✈✐♥❝❡❞✱ ✐t✬s t✐♠❡ t♦ ✜♥❞ ❛♥♦t❤❡r ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✳ ❆❧s♦✱ ❝♦❞❡ t❛❧❦s✳ ❙♦✉r❝❡

❤tt♣ ✿✴✴r❛♣❤❛❡❧❤❡rt③♦❣✳❝♦♠✴✷✵✶✵✴✶✶✴✶✶✴♣❡♦♣❧❡✲❜❡❤✐♥❞✲❞❡❜✐❛♥✲❥♦❡②✲❤❡ss✲♦❢✲❞❡❜❤❡❧♣❡r✲❢❛♠❡✴ ❝♦♥❡✐♥❅✉♥✐❝❡✳❢r ⑤ ❞❡❜✐❛♥❅❞❡❧❛♥♦❡✳♦r❣ ✷✵✶✷✱ P❛r✐s ✲ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥

❲♦r❦ ✐♥ ♣r♦❣r❡ss ❚♦ ❛♥❛❧②③❡ ♠❛✐❧✐♥❣✲❧✐st ❛r❝❤✐✈❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❢✉❧❧ ❚♦ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡ ♥♦t ♦♥❧② ❛ ♥❡✇ ♠❡t❡r ❇✉t ❛♥ ❛❣♥♦st✐❝ t❤r❡❛❞ ✐♥❞❡① ❚❤❛t ❡✈❡r②♦♥❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ♠❛♥❛❣❡ ✇✐t❤ ✭❤❛♠✴tr♦❧❧✮ ❇✉t ✐t s✉♣♣♦s❡s t❤❛t ❡✈❡r②♦♥❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❛❝❝❡ss t♦ ❤❡❛❞❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛✐❧✐♥❣✲❧✐st ❛r❝❤✐✈❡ → ❍♦✇ t♦ ♣r❡s❡r✈❡ ♣r✐✈❛❝② ❛♥❞ ✐❣♥♦r❡ tr♦❧❧s ❄

❝♦♥❡✐♥❅✉♥✐❝❡✳❢r ⑤ ❞❡❜✐❛♥❅❞❡❧❛♥♦❡✳♦r❣ ✷✵✶✷✱ P❛r✐s ✲ ❋r❛♥❝❡

❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

◗✉❡st✐♦♥s ❄

❝♦♥❡✐♥❅✉♥✐❝❡✳❢r ⑤ ❞❡❜✐❛♥❅❞❡❧❛♥♦❡✳♦r❣ ✷✵✶✷✱ P❛r✐s ✲ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❘é❢ér❡♥❝❡s ■

❈♦♥❡✐♥✱ ❇✳ ❛♥❞ ▲❛t❛♣②✱ ▼✳ ✭✷✵✵✽✮✳ ▲❡s ✉s❛❣❡s é♣✐sté♠✐q✉❡s ❞❡s rés❡❛✉① ❞❡ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ é❧❡❝tr♦♥✐q✉❡ ✿ ▲❡ ❝❛s ❞❡ ❧✬♦♣❡♥✲s♦✉r❝❡✳ ❙♦❝✐♦❧♦❣✐❡ ❞✉ tr❛✈❛✐❧✳

❝♦♥❡✐♥❅✉♥✐❝❡✳❢r ⑤ ❞❡❜✐❛♥❅❞❡❧❛♥♦❡✳♦r❣ ✷✵✶✷✱ P❛r✐s ✲ ❋r❛♥❝❡