Solar and Photovoltaic Demonstrative research on PV performance in - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Solar and Photovoltaic

Demonstrative research on PV performance in Thailand

August 17, 2006 Fuji Electric Systems Co., Ltd.

1

Today’s Line up

• 1. Solar cell
• 2. PV system
• 3. PV market
• 4. Demonstrative sites and measurement items
• 5. Introduction of collected data at TEI site
• 6. Introduction of collected data at Cho Heng

site

• 7. Explanation of the demonstrative research
• 8. Conclusion of the demonstrative research

2

Solar cell

3

Principles of Solar Cell

・ Solar cell has a structure that p-type semiconductor and n-type semiconductor are joined together. ・ When sunlight is absorbed at p-n junction, positive hole and electron will be born. ・ If plus and minus terminals are connected through load, current is passing. Section view of solar cell (model)

P-type semiconductor N-type semiconductor

Energy of light, not heat

4

Conversion efficiency of PV

PV panel area : 1m2

Irradiance : 1kW/m2 Output power (Pmax) : 100W Conversion efficiency = Output power (Pmax) Input power = 100W/1kW = 10% Equal to 100,000 luxes of illumination Temperature : 25deg.C

5

Electrical performance of PV

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Voltage (V) Current (A) 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Power (W) Voltage-current performance Voltage-power performance

Pmax point

Light intensity : 1kW/m2 Temperature : 25 deg.C AM : 1.5

Example

6

Kind of Solar Cell

Crystal Amorphous Single crystal Polycrystal Single Crystal Polycrystal Silicon Compound PV Cell

(Silicon, Silicon Alloy) (SiGe, SiC, etc.) (GaAs Type) (Cds, CdTe , CuInGaSe2, etc.)

Silicon

(Silicon, Silicon Alloy) (SiGe, SiC, etc.) (GaAs Type) (Cds, CdTe

c-Si a-Si

Conversion Efficiency under STC

(average of product on the market)

15 ~ 19% 13 ~ 16% 6 ~ 10%

• CdTe : 6 ~ 10%

CIS : 8 ~ 10%

7

Solar Cell, Module and Array

8

PV module

Single Crystalline Type Poly-Crystalline Type Thin Film (Amorphous Silicon) Type See Through Type (Amorphous Silicon) Flexible Type (Amorphous Silicon)

9

PV System

10

Basic configuration of PV system

DC DC LOAD PV Array and Frame PV Array and Frame Junction Box Junction Box Power Conditioner

equipped with protective function for interconnection

AC Utility grid (PEA, MEA)

11

Feature of PV system

• Unlimited energy
• Clean Energy
• Same efficiency for

any capacity

• Easy maintenance
• Unlimited energy

Unlimited energy

• Clean Energy

Clean Energy

• Same efficiency for

Same efficiency for any capacity any capacity

• Easy maintenance

Easy maintenance

《 《DEMERIT DEMERIT》 》 《 《MERIT MERIT》 》

• Depend on weather

condition

• Work only daytime
• Low energy density
• Depend on weather

Depend on weather condition condition

• Work only daytime

Work only daytime

• Low energy density

Low energy density

12

Kind of PV system （ Grid-connected）

Grid Connected System Grid Connected System Most popular system for area where utility grid is available Most popular system for area where utility grid is available Merit ・Stable power supply to load ・Most efficient system ・Easy Maintenance Demerit ・PV system cannot work in case of a power failure of utility grid.

DC LOAD AC Utility grid (PEA, MEA) PV Array and Frame Junction Box Power Conditioner

13

Kind of PV system （ Stand alone）

Stand Alone System Stand Alone System Available in non-electrified area, for example a mountain hut, a remote island,etc. Merit ・Independently use Demerit ・More expensive than grid connected system ・Another stable power supply, for example battery, is necessary.

DC LOAD AC PV Array and Frame Charge controller Inverter (CVCF) Battery

DC 14

Kind of PV system (Grid backed-up)

Grid Backed Grid Backed-

• up System

up System Grid connected operation usually, isolated operation in case of a power failure. Merit ・High reliability ・Adequate for a disaster prevention system Demerit ・More expensive than grid connected system

DC AC PV Array and Frame Charge controller Battery

DC

LOAD Utility grid (PEA, MEA) Power Conditioner

15

Power conditioner for grid connected system

Power conditioner Inverter unit

～

Control unit Protection unit for interconnection Protection unit Inverter PV array Grid line Load

・Automatic start/stop operation ・Maximum power tracking system ・Automatic voltage regulation ・Disconnection function under abnormal condition Protection unit which disconnects power conditioner from grid line In case of trouble at grid line, including islanding detector

16

Way of installation

Building integration Frame installation Flat roof Slope roof Ground Installation

17

1kW of PV system

For crystal PV

• Necessary Area for PV modules

about 7.7m2

• Weight

PV panels : about 90kg (about 12kg /m2) Support frame : about 100~200kg (about 13~26kg /m2) Total weight of PV panels and support frame about 190~290kg (about 25kg~38kg /m2)

18

Contribution to Environment

If you install 1kW PV system, you can contribute to environment as much as value shown below. Precondition (in Japan): 1kW PV system can generate electricity of 1,000kWh per a year.

• 1. Reduction of CO2 emission : 165.7 kg-C/year
• 2. Equal value in forest area : 0.17 ha
• 3. Reduction of oil consumption : 243.2 litters

Source : PV system Guidebook, NEDO

19

Maintenance of PV system

Basically, NO MAINTENANCE But periodical check is recommended.

No. Items for check 1 PV 1) PV module (a) Dirt, breakage on surface array (b) Fracture, discoloration of cell (c) Distortion, breakage of frame (d) Damage of cable 2) Suport (a) Corrosion, erosion, rust frame (b) Damage of grounding wire 3) Electrical (a) Measurement of insulation resistance performance (b) Measurement of open-circuit voltage 2 Junction Box (a) Corrosion, erosion, rust of box (b) Damage of cable (c) Damage of grounding wire (d) Condition of door Equipment No. Items for check 3 Power 1) External (a) Corrosion, erosion, rust of box conditioner appearance (b) Damage of cable (c) Condition of door (d) Damage of devices inside (e) Damage of grounding wire (f) Abnormal sound and smell in operation (g) Clogged ventilating filter (h) Environment (high temperature, high humidity) 2) Electical (a) Operating condition of display performance (b) Measurement of insulation resistance (c) Sequence test of protection unit 3) Start and (a) Manual operation stop (b) Automatic operation (c) Pmax tracking unit 4) Protection (a) Relay test relay (b) Sequence test 4 Measurement 1) Pyranometer (a) Dirt, breakage on surface equipment (b) Damage of cable (c) Measurement of output voltage 2) Thermometer (a) Breakage (b) Damage of cable (c) Measurement of signal output 3) Personal (a) Display computer (b) Reserved data (c) Output power data Equipment

20

Bangkok and Tokyo

• 5

10 15 20 25 30 35 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month Monthly average ambient temperature (deg.C) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Monthly average irradiation （ kWh/m2/d）

• Global irradiaton in Tokyo

Global irradiaton in Bangkok Average ambient temperature in Tokyo Average ambient temperature in Bangkok Latitude Longitude

Monthly average ambient temperature (deg.C) Monthly average irradiation (kWh/m2/d)

Tokyo 35'41'' 139'46" 15.6 3.3 Bangkok 13'44" 100'34" 28.6 4.8

21

Source : NEDO

Output energy of 1kW PV (Bangkok)

Trial calculation

• Output Energy per 1kW PV system in Bangkok

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month Monthly output energy (kWh/month)

• Crystal silicon

Amorphous silicon Yearly amount of ourput energy c-Si : 1,295kWh/year a-Si : 1,378kWh/Year (a-Si/c-Si=1.064) Tilt angle : 10 deg. Direction of PV surface : south 22

Output energy of 1kW PV (Tokyo)

Trial calculation

• Output Energy per 1kW PV system in Tokyo

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month Monthly output energy (kWh/month)

• Crystal silicon

Amorphous silicon

Yearly amount of ourput energy c-Si : 999kWh/year a-Si : 1,032kWh/Year (a-Si/c-Si=1.033) Tilt angle : 10 deg. Direction of PV surface : south

23

PV Market

24

Production of Solar Cell in the world (by region)

832.6 154 470.1

560.3 744.1

302 1758.7

1194.7 57.9 60.1 69.4 79.6 88.6 125.8 153.2 201.3 277.8 390.5

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year Annual production of PV module （ MW） Japan USA Europe Other area Total

(Germany:347MW) (China:122MW, Taiwan : 88MW)

Total Japan Europe The other USA

Source : RTS corporation , PV News

25

Production of Solar Cell in the world (by kind)

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Year Annual production of PV module （ MW）

Monocrystalline silicon Polycrystalline silicon Amorphous silicon (including hybrid) a-Si/c-Si Ribbon Si CdTe Poly Si (thin type) Light-gathering CIS Other kind Total sum p-Si 991.0MW p-Si 991.0MW c-Si 486.4MW a-Si/c-Si : 120.0MW a-Si : 73.3MW Ribbon Si : 53.0MW CdTe : 32.0MW CIS : 3.0MW Light-gathering : 0MW Total 1,758.7MW

Source : RTS corporation , PV News

26

Production of Solar Cells in the world (in 2005 by manufacturer)

2 4 % 9 % 8 % 7 % 6 % 5 % 5 % 3 % 3 % 2 % 2 % 2 % 2 % 2 % 1 % 1 % 1 % 1 % 1 % 1 % 1 % 1 1 % Sharp (JPN) Q-Cell (GER) Kyocera (JPN) Sanyo (JPN) Mitsubishi Electric (JPN) Schott Solar (GER) Suntech (CHN) Motech (TWN) Isofoton (ESP) Shell Solar (USA) The other in China Deutsche Cell (GER) BP Solar (AUS) E-Ton (TWN) Photowatt (FRN) BP Solar (USA) Sun Power (PHI) Uni-Solar (USA) Kaneka (JPN) ErSol (GER) First Solar (USA)

Annual production of solar cell in 2005 in the world : 1,758.7MW

Source : RTS corporation , PV News

27

Installed PV system in the world

(in reporting IEA PVPS countries )

Source : PVPS , IEA In 2004 Total in the world : 2,596MW Japan : 1,132.0MW Europe : 1,021.5MW (Germany : 794.0MW) USA : 365.2MW India : 86.0MW China : 60.0MW

28

Installed PV system in the world

29

Source : PVPS , IEA

Installed PV system in Japan

• Capacity and Cost of PV system in Japan

24 31 43 60 91 133 209 330 452 637 860 1132 3700 670 260 46 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Fiscal year Cost of PV system (kilo Yen /kW) 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Cumulative installed capacity (MW) Cost of generated electricity per 1kWh (Yen /kWh)

• Cumulative installed capacity (MW)

Cost of residential PV system per 1kW (kilo Yen/kW) Cost of genereted electricity per 1kWh (Yen/kWh)

source : METI

30

Summary of world market in 2005

PRODUCTION

• Japan and Germany are serving as engines of production of

solar cell.

• New entrants to European market are growing fast.
• There are signs of the establishment of non-crystalline silicon

solar cells in the market, while crystalline silicon solar cell is still dominant.

• Emerging countries, China and Taiwan for instance, are

coming up fast.

• The dawn of a new era of a mega-competition is found.

INSTALLATION

• Installed PV systems in developing countries increase as well

as USA, Europe and Japan.

• Kind of system is mainly a grid-connected system.

31

Demonstrative sites and measurement items

32

Demonstrative Site “Cho Heng Site”

33

Cho Heng Rice Vermicelli Factory Co., Ltd.

19, Moo, Petkasam Road, Yaicha, Sampran, Nakhon Pathom 73110, Thailand TEL 03-422-5240, 03-432-1661~3 FAX 03-422-5241, 03-432-1660

○ ○ Practical site for the subjects on Practical site for the subjects on “ “I Islanding prevention malfunction slanding prevention malfunction” ” and and “ “Prevention of over Prevention of over voltage voltage” ” ○ ○ Reference site for the subject on Reference site for the subject on “ “The most optimum combination of The most optimum combination of a a-

• Si

Si and and c c-

• Si

Si PV PV” ” ○ ○ Actual operation started on October 28, 2006. Actual operation started on October 28, 2006.

Cho Heng Site: PV modules on the roof-top

N Symbol : E/Ka Kind : a-Si Manufacturer : Kaneka Type : SMA088 Layout : 11×32 (Q'ty=352) Connection : 5series×70parallel (with 2 dummy) Capacity : 18.9kW

• No. of circuits at J-box : 20

Symbol : E/M Kind : a-Si Manufacturer : Mitsubishi heavy industries Type : MA100J1-YF-04 Layout : 7×27 (Q'ty=189) Connection : 3series×63parallel Capacity : 18.9kW

• No. of circuits at J-box : 11

Symbol : E/Ky Kind : p-Si Manufacturer : Kyocera Type : SPR1786 Layout : 11×11 (Q'ty=121) Connection : 13series×9parallel (with 4 dummy) Capacity : 20.9kW

• No. of circuits at J-box : 9

Symbol : E/Sl Kind : c-Si Manufacturer : Shell solar japan Type : SQ80-P Layout : 18×14 (Q'ty=252) Connection : 18series×14parallel Capacity : 20.2kW

• No. of circuits at J-box : 14

Symbol : W/M Kind : a-Si Manufacturer : Mitsubishi heavy industries Type : MA100J1-YF-04 Layout : 6×34 (Q'ty=204) Connection : 3series×68parallel Capacity : 20.4kW

• No. of circuits at J-box : 12

Symbol : W/Ka Kind : a-Si Manufacturer : Kaneka Type : SMA088 Layout : 10×36 (Q'ty=360) Connection : 5series×72parallel Capacity : 19.4kW

• No. of circuits at J-box : 16

Symbol : W/Sp Kind : p-Si Manufacturer : Sharp Type : ND-Q7L1K Layout : 9×15 (Q'ty=135) Connection : 13series×10parallel (with 5 dummy) Capacity : 21.7kW

• No. of circuits at J-box : 10
• 96,000

16,930 14,290 31,634 29,750 19,985 33,470 39,838 28,000

34

Cho Heng Site: Measurement points

ID Islanding detector-1 UASB and Water reuse TR1 315kVA 22kV/400V 8.25/455A TR2 1000kVA TR6 1000kVA TR3 1500kVA TR4 1500kVA TR5 2500kVA PEA 22kV ID Islanding detector-2 R Dummy Load 10kW 18.9kW 20.2kW 19.4kW PV 20.4kW PV PV PV Junction box1 PV PV PV PV PV PV PV PV PV Power conditioner (20kW) ~ PV PV PV PV Inverter / Converter (20kVA) ~ 20.9kW PV PV PV PV ~ Low Voltage Switchboard Battery3 23.4kWh G Generator 195kVA Office A T S 600A Switchboard near TR1 Cable 430m 400A 400A 400A 50A 50A 50A 50A 100A 50A ~ ~ ~ ~ DU2 DU1 F-Box3 F-Box2 Battery2 23.4kWh A T S G not exist UASB switchboard (existing) 10kvar 10kvar 300A PC1 PC2 DU3 21.7kW PV PV PV PV ~ 100A ~ F-Box1 Battery1 23.4kWh 18.9kW PV PV PV PV 50A ~ PC3 INV1 DU4 PC4 PC5 DU5 DU6 PC6 INV2 DU7 PC7 INV3 Single Crystal Poly Crystal (B) Amorphous (B1) Amorphous (A1) Poly Crystal (A) Amorphous (A2) Amorphous (B2) L C J-box2 J-box3 J-box4 J-box5 J-box6 J-box7

[A] Environmental Data [B] PV temperature

(1) Total irradiance (2) Ambient temperature (3) Wind speed (4) Wind direction (5) Amount of Rain fall

[C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] 35

Cho Heng Site: Measurement items

Note) Digital inputs / outputs, for instance failure of power conditioner and of grid line, are excluded in the following table. Group No. Items The number of measurement items Group No. Items The number of measurement items

1 Total irradiance 2 35 AC current (R) 1 2 Ambient temperature 1 36 AC current (S) 1 3 Wind speed 1 37 AC current (T) 1 4 Wind direction 1 38 AC voltage (RS) 1 5 Amount of Rain fall 1 39 AC voltage (ST) 1

PV module

40 AC voltage (TR) 1

[B]

41 AC active power 1 7 PV DC current 7 42 AC reactive power 1 8 PV DC voltage 7 43 AC current (R) 1 9 AC current (R) 7 44 AC current (S) 1 10 AC current (S) 7 45 AC current (T) 1 11 AC current (T) 7 46 AC voltage (RS) 1 12 AC voltage (RS) 7 47 AC voltage (ST) 1 13 AC voltage (ST) 7 48 AC voltage (TR) 1 14 AC voltage (TR) 7 49 AC active power 1 15 AC active power 7 50 AC reactive power 1 16 AC reactive power 7 51 Frequency 1 17 AC current (R) 1 52 AC current (R) 1 18 AC current (S) 1 53 AC current (S) 1 19 AC current (T) 1 54 AC current (T) 1 20 AC voltage (RS) 1 55 AC voltage (RS) 1 21 AC voltage (ST) 1 56 AC voltage (ST) 1 22 AC voltage (TR) 1 57 AC voltage (TR) 1 23 AC active power 1 58 AC active power 1 24 AC reactive power 1 59 AC reactive power 1 25 BAT DC current 3 153 26 BAT DC voltage 3 27 AC current (R) 3 28 AC current (S) 3 29 AC current (T) 3 30 AC voltage (RS) 3 31 AC voltage (ST) 3 32 AC voltage (TR) 3 33 AC active power 3 34 AC reactive power 3

Total PV system (not including dummy load) [F] Receiving point (Low Voltage) [G] UASB load (Already existing) [H] sum

14 6 PV temperature

Environment al Data [A] Battery system (Inverter- converter, Battery) [E] Dummy Load [D] Power conditioner [C]

36

Demonstrative Site “TEI Site”

37

Thailand Environment Institute

16/151-4 Muang Thong Thani, Bond Street Road, Bangpood Pakkred, Nonthaburi 11120, Thailand TEL 02-503-3333 FAX 02-504-4826~8

○ ○ Practical site for the subjects on Practical site for the subjects on “ “The most The most

• ptimum combination of
• ptimum combination of a

a-

• Si

Si and and c c-

• Si

Si PV PV” ” ○ ○ Actual operation started on November 1, 2006. Actual operation started on November 1, 2006.

TEI Site: Concept of PV system

Detail investigation on performance of PV modules Measurement of IV curve Actual operating condition of PV system Measurement of input output of power conditioner PV module PV array Power conditioner Junction box MCCB

5th flr 2nd flr 1st flr

Personal computer MCCB WHM Meter pole Junction box Pyranometer IV curve tracer 38

• k

y

• s

h s s

• k
• F

E S

• k
• m

h i

• F

E S

Area② Kind of PV : amorphous Q'ty : 45 (9×5) Connection : 4series×11 parallel (one for dummy) Capacity : 2.38kW Area① Kind of PV : poly crystal Q'ty : 27 (9×3) Connection : 9 series×3 parallel Capacity : 4.51kW Area④ Kind of PV : single crystal Q'ty : 50 (5×10) Connection : 12 series×4 parallel (two for dummy) Capacity : 3.84kW Area⑤ (Rooftop of elevater room) Ten (10) PV modules for test are installed on the rooftop of elevater room. Kind and q'ty of PV module are as follows. Single crystal : 1 Poly crystal : 2 Amorphous : 7

Capacity of PV modules : 15.3kW

• Area③

Kind of PV : hybrid / HIT Q'ty : 24 (6×4) Connection : 4 series×6 parallel Capacity : 4.56kW

: Py ranometer (f or irradiance) Q'ty : 2 : Spectral irradiance meter Q'ty : 1 : Thermometer Q'ty : 1 : Anemometer Q'ty : 1 : Rain gauge Q'ty : 1

• F

E S

• F

E S

Plan View of Rooftop

39

TEI Site: Connection Diagram

Power conditioner 2.5kW(1φ) Pyranometer (total irradiance)

W H M Pole transformer

High voltage transmission line (22kV) Low voltage distribution line (400V)

MCCB for 5th floor Switchboard LP5 at 5th floor J- box1 J- box2

PV PV

J- box3 Warehouse at 5th floor Switchboard at ground floor Power conditioner 4.2kW(1φ)

a-Si PV 2.42kW （ Kaneka） p-Si PV 4.51kW （ Sharp） HIT PV 4.56kW （ Sanyo）

Computer room at 2nd floor J- box4

c-Si PV 3.84kW （ Shell）

Power conditioner 4.2kW(1φ) Power conditioner 4.2kW(1φ) Rain gauge Thermometer (ambient temperature)

PT100Ω

Anemometer (wind speed) (wind direction)

LCD

Spectral Pyranometer

PV PV PV PV PV PV

TD MCCB MCCB 3Φ3 W MCCB MCCB

Area (2) Area (1) Area (3) Area (4)

PC 1 PC 2 PC 3 PC 4

～ ～ ～ ～

PV PV PV PV PV PV

Elevater room at rooftop

a-Si PV （ Kaneka） a-Si PV （ M H I ） a-Si PV （ F E S ） c-Si PV （ Shell） p-Si PV （ Kyocera） p-Si PV （ Sharp） PV module for I-V measurement

Pyranometer (total irradiance) PV module switching box TC switching box I-V curve tracer Junction box for PV

TD Converter

Personal computer (No.1)

LCD

Personal computer (No.2) TEI Building

[I] [J] [K] [L] 40

TEI Site: Measurement items

Group No. Items Number of measurement 1 Total irradiance 1 2 Ambient temperature 1 3 Wind speed 1 4 Wind direction 1 5 Amount of Rain fall 1 6 PV temperature 4 Spectrum data [J] 8 PV DC current 4 9 PV DC voltage 4 10 PV DC power 4 11 AC current 4 12 AC voltage 4 13 AC active power 4 14 Frequency 4 15 Daily AC output energy (kWh) 4 16 I-V curve 6 17 PV temperature 6 18 Total irradiance 1 sum 55 Spectral irradiance 1 Environmental Data [I] Power conditioner data [K] IV performacen data [L] 7 41

Introduction of collected data at TEI site

42

TEI data : Daily irradiation

43

• Irradiation (south, tilt angle : 10deg)

1 2 3 4 5 6 Nov-05 Dec-05 Jan-06 Feb-06 Mar-06 Apr-06 May-06 Jun-06 Month Monthly average daily irradiation (kWh/m2/d) Mearured daily irradiation at TEI

• Average of global daily irradiation

Average irradiation from October 23 to June 16 : 4.71 kWh/m2/day

TEI data : Ambient temperature

44 Ambient temperature @TEI (data from Nov.24, 05 to Jun.30, 06) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

• Nov. 2005
• Dec. 2005
• Jan. 2006
• Feb. 2006
• Mar. 2006
• Apr. 2006

May 2006

• Jun. 2006

Date Average ambient temperature (deg.C)

TEI data : Wind speed

45 Wind speed @TEI (data from Nov.24, 05 to Jun.30, 06) 2 4 6 8 10 12

• Nov. 2005
• Dec. 2005
• Jan. 2006
• Feb. 2006
• Mar. 2006
• Apr. 2006

May 2006

• Jun. 2006

Date Wind speed (m/s) Average wind speed Maximum wind speed Average : 1.5m/s Maximum : 10.5m/s

TEI data [PV array] AC output energy

46

• AC output energy per day of PV arrays @TEI (data from Nov.24, 05 to Jun.30, 06)

10 20 30 40 50 60 70

• Nov. 2005
• Dec. 2005
• Jan. 2006
• Feb. 2006
• Mar. 2006
• Apr. 2006

May 2006

• Jun. 2006

Date

Daily average output energy (kWh/d)**

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Daily average irradiation (kWh/m2/d)

• SUM

Sharp Kaneka Sanyo Shell Irradiation

TEI data [PV array] Generation efficiency

47 Generation efficiecy of PV arrays @TEI (data from Nov.24, 05 to Jun.16, 06)

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 2005/11/1 2005/12/1 2005/12/31 2006/1/30 2006/3/1 2006/3/31 2006/4/30 2006/5/30 2006/6/29 Date

Generation efficiecy (%)**

Sharp Kaneka Sanyo Shell

Sanyo : 12.1% Sharp : 9.6% Shell : 7.1% Kaneka : 5.1% Average Generation efficiency = Daily output energy (kWh/d) Daily irradiation (kWh/m2/d) × Area of PV module (m2) Trouble of measurement system

TEI data [PV array] Normalized generation efficiency

48 Normalized generation efficiecy of PV arrays @TEI (data from Nov.24, 05 to Jun.16, 06)

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 2005/11/1 2005/12/1 2005/12/31 2006/1/30 2006/3/1 2006/3/31 2006/4/30 2006/5/30 2006/6/29 Date

Normalized generation efficiecy (pu)**

Sharp Kaneka Sanyo Shell

Sanyo : 0.75 Sharp : 0.76 Shell : 0.56 Kaneka : 0.82 Average

Normalized generation efficiency = Generation efficiency Conversion efficiency under standard test condition

Trouble of measurement system

TEI data [PV module] Generation efficiency

49

Daily generatiion efficiency at TEI site 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Oct-05 Nov-05 Dec-05 Jan-06 Feb-06 Mar-06 Apr-06 May-06 Jun-06 Date Generation efficiency (%)

Generation efficiency = Daily output energy (kWh/d) Daily irradiation (kWh/m2/d) × Area of PV module (m2)

Kyocera Sharp Shell Kaneka MHI Abnormal condition (Obstacles on PV panels)

TEI data [PV module] Normalized generation efficiency

50

Normalized efficiency at TEI site 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 Oct-05 Nov-05 Dec-05 Jan-06 Feb-06 Mar-06 Apr-06 May-06 Jun-06 Date Normalized efficiency

SHELL SHARP KYOCERA MHI KANEKA

Normalized efficiency = Generation efficiency Conversion efficiency under standard test condition Abnormal condition (Obstacles on PV panels)

Introduction of collected data at Cho Heng site

51

Cho Heng data : AC output energy

52

• 470.9

343.8 570.9 379.9 324.2 425.3 535.3 415.2 117.5 111.8 129.8 121.0 103.5 110.0 112.3 81.9 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Nov.05 Dec.05 Jan.06 Feb.06 Mar.06 Apr.06 May.06 Jun.06 Date Daily PV output energy (kWh/d) 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Peak PV output power (kW) Daily PV output energy Peak PV output power Nominal capacity : 140kW

Explanation of the demonstrative research

53

Large capacity of PV systems is expected to Large capacity of PV systems is expected to be installed in Thailand in the near future be installed in Thailand in the near future

Thailand has good condition

• f irradiation all over the
• country. This is the reason

why Thailand is much more suitable country for PV system. Promotion of renewable energy as environmentally friendly energy source

Clustered PV Condition

Yearly average of daily irradiation in Thailand

54

Three subjects for the demonstrative research Three subjects for the demonstrative research

1.

• 1. Possibility of islanding prevention

Possibility of islanding prevention malfunction could be increasing malfunction could be increasing in clustered PV system. in clustered PV system.

• 2. Over voltage due to reverse power
• 2. Over voltage due to reverse power

flow by a large number of PV could flow by a large number of PV could limit PV output. limit PV output.

• 3. The most optimum combination of
• 3. The most optimum combination of

amorphous silicon PV and crystalline amorphous silicon PV and crystalline silicon PV can improve the system silicon PV can improve the system performance. performance.

Solution to technical problems under clustered PV condition Maximum utilization of better condition for PV performance

55

(1) A-Si and c-Si PV account for about 90% of annual production in the world. (2) A-Si PV is expected to be installed much more in the near future.

Why to compare a-Si and c-Si?

Annual production of PV in the world (2005)

Source : RTS corporation, PV News

Focus on a-Si and c-Si only

• The other

11.8% Amorphous silicon (including hybrid) 4.2% Poly-crystalline silicon 56.3% Mono-crystalline silicon 27.7%

56

Establishment of the method to optimize PV combination between Establishment of the method to optimize PV combination between a a-

• Si

Si and and c c-

• Si

Si according to geographic and meteorological condition according to geographic and meteorological condition

Purpose of the subject

Conclusion =The best combination A-Si PV : ○kW C-Si PV : △kW General information Latitude Longitude Ambient temperature Irradiation Installed condition

• f PV panels

Analysis

Final destination is to make Final destination is to make “ “Design Principles Design Principles” ” for combined for combined system of system of a a-

• Si

Si and and c c-

• Si

Si PV at any place in the world. PV at any place in the world.

57

Amorphous & Crystal / Theory (1)

• Crystalline silicon

Symmetrically arranged in good order

• Amorphous silicon

Not symmetrically arranged ( same as glass ) Symmetrically arranged in short range, but not in long range.

Crystalline Structure

Si Bond Dangling bond Bond Si

Crystalline silicon Amorphous silicon

58

Amorphous & Crystal / Theory (2)

• 1. Absorption coefficient : a-Si > c-Si

A-Si solar cell can be made as thin film (=10-6 m) compared with c-Si (=200~300×10-6 m)

• 2. Many defect inside solar cell

Low conductivity Low efficiency (a-Si : 8~10%, c-Si : 12~15%)

• 3. Photo degradation

Heat recovery (Annealing effect)

• 4. Spectral response

Spectral response of a-Si is near human visible region.

Feature of amorphous silicon solar cell compared with crystal A-Si is thin film. A-Si is low efficiency. A-Si has initial degradation. Spectral response is different.

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Amorphous & Crystal / Comparison

Crystalline Silicon Amorphous Silicon High Low (13～15%) (8～10%) Small Large (6.6～7.7m2/kW) (10.0～12.5m2/kW) Long Short (about 2.2years) (about 1.6years) Small Big (

• 0.4%/℃)

(

• 0.2%/℃)

Long wavelength Short wavelength (400～1200nm) (300～800nm) Yes Yes Range of Spectral Response Light Degradation of Efficiency Recover of efficiency by Annealing Effect No No Conversion Efficiency Necessary Area (PV surface area) Energy Payback Time Temperature Coefficient

60

Amorphous & Crystal Outdoor performance in Japan

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month Normalized Efficiency Amorphous Silicon PV Crystalline silicon PV HOT SEASON COLD SEASON

c-Si＞a-Si

c-Si＜a-Si

Normalized Efficiency = Efficiency under outdoor condition Nominal Efficiency

In JAPAN

61

Amorphous & Crystal temperature coefficient

Comparison of dependence on cell temperature between amorphous silicon PV and mono-crystalline silicon PV (for reference)

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 10 20 30 40 50 60 Cell temperature (deg.C) Normalized Efficiency Amorphous Silicon PV Mono-crystalline Silicon PV

Normalized Efficiency = Efficiency under outdoor condition Nominal Efficiency

62

Comparison of Spectral response

63

Spectral irradiance of standard sunlight and Spectral response of 2 kinds of PV (a-Si, c-Si) 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Wavelength （ nm） Spectral irradiance （ W･ m-2･ µm-1） 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 Relative response Spectral irradiance of standard sunlight Spectral response of c-Si PV Spectral response of a-Si PV

Light degradation and Recovery by annealing (1)

T i m e E f f i c i e n c y Initial Degradation Stability Model of PV performance during light irradiation test Anneling Recovering Start testing

A B C

Annealing

64

Dark condition

Way of calculation (1)

Reference : Sophisticated Verification Method (SV method) 65

Irradiation (kWh/m2) [ HA*A ] Output Energy (kWh) [ EP ] KHS Kpdrn KPE KPS Loss Loss Loss ηPS

Performance parameter

KPT KPM KPDRS KC Loss by shadow Loss by incident-angle-dependance Loss by DC circuit Loss by dirt on the surface of PV Loss by temperature rise Loss by mismatch of Pmax tracking Coefficient of spectral response Loss by AC circuit KHS : Kpdrn : KPE : KPS : KPT : KPM : KPDRS : KC :

Way of calculation (2)

Output energy of PV : EP EP=K×HA×A×ηPS =K×HA×PPS

66

HA : Irradiation [kWh/m2] A : Area of PV array [m2] ηP

S

: Conversion efficiency under standard test condition PPS : Nominal output power of PV array [kW] K : System performance ratio K = KHS×Kpdrn×KPE×KPS×KPT×KPM×KPDRS×KC

Conclusion of the demonstrative research

67

Summary of Adjustment Coefficients in a-Si

68

Kpt K PDRS Kpdrn Kc Kpm Nov-05 0.989 1.028 0.963 0.881 0.960 Dec-05 0.991 1.023 0.954 0.878 0.960 Jan-06 0.989 1.023 0.950 0.882 0.970 Feb-06 0.989 1.029 0.957 0.877 0.960 Mar-06 0.988 1.029 0.968 0.877 0.930 Apr-06 0.986 1.034 0.976 0.878 0.956 May-06 0.988 1.034 0.978 0.874 0.956 Average 0.989 1.029 0.964 0.878 0.956

K 0.823

a-Si Date

Total system Output Coefficient =0.823

Summary of Adjustment Coefficients in poly-Si

69

Kpt K PDRS Kpdrn Kc Kpm Nov-05 0.897 0.995 0.963 0.886 0.990 Dec-05 0.913 0.997 0.954 0.884 1.020 Jan-06 0.890 0.996 0.950 0.886 1.010 Feb-06 0.889 0.992 0.957 0.881 1.010 Mar-06 0.893 0.991 0.968 0.882 0.960 Apr-06 0.883 0.989 0.976 0.880 1.020 May-06 0.900 0.989 0.978 0.877 1.040 Average 0.895 0.993 0.964 0.882 1.007

K 0.761

Date poly-Si

Total system Output Coefficient =0.761

Summary

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Analysis of PV system(a-Si,poly-Si) using measurement results(Nov.05 to May 06) related to PV and weather

• 1. Weather

Maximum module temperature in each month is more than 60 deg.C during this period It will be more than 60 deg.C through a year.

• 2. Total Adjustment Coefficient (calculation)

a-Si:0.823 poly-Si: 0.761 It is expected that output energy per rated capacity of a-Si system is about 8% larger than that of poly-Si system

• 3. Practical System Output Coefficient

a-Si:0.805 poly-Si: 0.753 Calculated coefficient is almost correspondence with practical coefficient