Social Psychology � Chapter 12 �
Procrastination � � Avoids anxiety aroused by tough task with activities aimed at repairing mood – i.e., checking Facebook, taking a nap = feel worse later – attempts at mood repair sabotage effort � � 20% of adults claim to be procrastinators; 70% of students � � Predicts: � � Lower salaries � � Higher likelihood of unemployment � � Failing to save for retirement � � Neglecting preventive healthcare � � Men are worse than women – tendency to complete fewer years of education �
Procrastination � Treatment: � � Negative emotions can derail attempts at self- � � control – emotion is at core � � - Time travel – project self into future – imagine � � good feelings if finish project; bad � � � feelings if don’t � � - Just get started – Don’t have to do whole � � � project – just first step –do in stages � � - Forgive yourself – Stop beating yourself up – � � � replace negative thoughts with positive ones � � - Easy things first – Take easiest task on list or one � � you feel most like doing �
Social Thinking � � Attitudes – feelings based on beliefs � � � Persuasion - � � Central-route processing � � Peripheral-route processing � � Social cognitions – understanding others � � Schemas – organizing framework � � Impression formation – expectations � � Attribution process - causes � �
Social Cognition � � Attribution biases – � � Halo effect � � Assumed-similarity bias � � Self-serving bias � � Fundamental attribution error � � Cultural context �
Cognitive Dissonance � � Definition � � Four ways to reduce cognitive dissonance - � � � Modify � � Change importance of cognition � � � Add a cognition � � � Deny �
Cognitive Dissonance �
Cognitive Dissonance �
Power of Situation Film – Stanford Prison �
Social Influence: Conformity � � Conformity variables - � � � Characteristics of group; status � � Individual ’ s response public vs. private � � Kind of task – ambiguous vs. clear � � Unanimity – support of even one person � � Gender differences � � � “ Display rules ” � �
Social Influence: Compliance � • Foot-in-door • Door-in-face • That ’ s not all • Not-so-free sample
Social Influence: Obedience � Obedience � � � Obedience based on refusal to take responsibility for actions �
Obedience Film –Milgram �
Group Influence � Social facilitation � � Social loafing � � Deindividuation � � Group polarization � � Groupthink � � Affiliation �
Film - Affiliation �
Social Relations:Prejudice and Discrimination � � Foundations of prejudice- � � Social roots � � Emotional roots � � Cognitive roots � � Reducing consequences of prejudice �
Social Relations: Prejudice and Discrimination � � You’ve got to be taught to hate and fear, � � You’ve got to be taught from year to year � � It’s got to be drummed in your dear little ear. � � You’ve got to be carefully taught. � � � You’ve got to be taught to be afraid � � Of people whose eyes are oddly made, � � And people whose skin is a diff’rent shade, � � You’ve got to be carefully taught. � �
Social Relations: Prejudice and Discrimination � � You’ve got to be taught before it’s too late, � � Before you are six or seven or eight, � � To hate all the people your relatives hate, � � You’ve got to be taught. � � Lyrics from “South Pacific” �
Bigotry � � Parental influence � Peer impact � Community biases � Geographical history � Political ramifications � Legal aspects � Conscious = unbiased � Unconscious = bigotry
Aggression � � Biological factors – � � Genetic / Neural / Biochemical � � Two types of aggression – � � Reactive / Instrumental � � Psychological theories � � Frustration – aggression � � Observational learning – � � Video games � � Importance of intentions �
Attraction - Positive Social Behavior � � Interpersonal attraction- important factors � � � Love � � Passionate � � Companionate �
Decline of Relationships � � Assessing relationship � � � Confronting/ negotiating � � � Negotiating dissolution � � � End of relationship � � Two common reasons for decline: Perceiving partner’s behavior negatively/ communication breakdown �
Prosocial Behavior � � Altruism � � Diffusion of � � responsibility � � �
Conflict and Peacemaking � � Distorted mirror-image perception � � � Cooperation can lead to peace �
Chapter 14 Review � Definitions � � Attitudes; central-route processing, schemas, halo effect, compliance, social loafing deindividuation; groupthink, etc. � Social thinking � � – Fundamental attribution error � � – Attitudes and actions �� � – Cognitive dissonance � Social influence – main concepts and definitions; conformity, compliance, obedience, bigotry, group, etc. � Social relations – prejudice; aggression; conflicts; attraction; altruism; mirror- image perception; peace �
Unmarried Pregnancies � � Very strong correlation between: � � Single motherhood and low social mobility � � High school dropout rates and low social mobility � � Level of education and income level over twenty years � � Poverty and low education level and teenage pregnancy � � Poor sex education in schools and high teenage pregnancy � � Quintupled incarceration rates since 1970 �
Unmarried Pregnancies � � Stats: � � 36% of births were to unmarried women – up 80% since 1980 � � Majority of high school dropouts having babies are unmarried; only 9% of college graduates are � � Two-thirds of black women giving birth are unmarried; just more than a quarter of white women are unmarried � � Percentage of births to single mothers has been rising steadily in U.S. – and other countries also � � Four out of five teenage pregnancies unintended (80%) � � Pregnancy prevention curriculum in low-income schools reduced teen births by half � � Average age of women at first birth in U.S. is 25.8 �
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