SNC 1D Chemistry Particle Theory and Types of Matter l Learning - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

SNC 1D

Chemistry

Particle Theory and Types of Matter

l Learning Goals: l Success Criteria:

l By the end of the class

I will be successful if I can list the 5 main ideas of particle theory.

l By the end of the class

I will be successful if I can correctly identify substances as pure, mixture, or solution.

l By the end of the class

I will be able to list the main ideas of the particle theory.

l By the end of the class

I will be able to identify the difference between pure substances, mixtures, and solutions.

Matter

Anything that has a mass and takes up space

Particle Theory

Particle Theory: a theory that describes the composition and behaviour of matter. There are 5 main ideas of the particle theory.

• 1. All matter is made up of tiny particles

that have empty spaces between them.

• 2. Different substances are made up of

different kinds of particles.

• 3. Particles are in constant random motion.

• 4. The particles of a substance move faster

as its temperature increases.

• 5. Particles attract each other.

Particle Theory Video

Types of Matter

Pure Substances and Mixtures

Pure Substance: a substance that is made up

• f only one type of particle.

Mixture: a substance that is made up of at least two different types of particles.

Mechanical mixture: a mixture in which you can distinguish between different types of matter.

Solution: a uniform mixture of two or more substances.

Alloy: a solid solution of two or more metals.

Matter

Pure Substance Mixtures

anything that has a mass and takes up space 1 type of particle 2+ types of particles

• Mechanical Mixtures

Solutions

A"mixture"in"which"you" can"distinguish"between" different"types"of"matter A"uniform"mixture"of"two"

• r"more"substances,"looks"

like"a"pure"substance.

• Alloy

a"solid"solution"of"2+" metals

combine to form

Element Compound

made up of identical atoms made up of 2+ different atoms chemically bound

Matter

Pure Substance Mixtures

anything that has a mass and takes up space 1 type of particle 2+ types of particles

• Mechanical Mixtures

Solutions

A"mixture"in"which"you" can"distinguish"between" different"types"of"matter A"uniform"mixture"of"two"

• r"more"substances,"looks"

like"a"pure"substance.

• Alloy

a"solid"solution"of"2+" metals

combine to form

Element Compound

made up of identical atoms made up of 2+ different atoms chemically bound

TRICK** Solution or Mechanical Mixtures? If Gas/Liquid is opaque

• r murky = Mechanical

Mixture

Side note: Solution: Salt water Solvent: substance that dissolves another substance; water. Solute: the substance that is dissolved; salt

Mixture

Heterogeneous: Homogeneous: "different kind" "same kind" consists of 2+ substances. It is non-uniform and the different components of the mixture can be seen ex: consists of 2+ substances. It is uniform and the different components of the mixture can be seen ex:

Physical Properties

Physical Properties: A characteristic that can be determined without changing the composition of the substance.

Qualitative Properties

l Properties of a substance that

is not measured and does not have a numerical value.

Qualitative Properties

l Colour l Odour l Taste l Texture l Shape

Qualitative Properties

Quantitative Properties

l Properties of a substance

that is measured and has a numerical value.

Quantitative Properties

l Lustre l Optical Clarity l Viscosity l Brittleness

Hardness Malleability Ductility Electrical Conductivity

Quantitative Properties

Characteristic Physical Properties

l A physical property that is

unique to a substance and can be used identify the substance.

Characteristic Physical Properties

l Density l Melting point l Freezing point l Boiling point

Characteristic Physical Properties

Physical Change

l A change in which the

composition of the substance remains unaltered and no new substances are produced.

Physical Change

l Change of state l Melting, freezing,

boiling

l Changing size l AND

DISSOLVING

Bell Work: Physical Characteristics

Define the following terms:

• -Freezing Point (abbreviated to FP)
• -Melting Point (abbreviated to MP)
• -Boiling Point (abbreviated to BP)
• Why is the importance to know the FP/MP

and BP of a substance?

Test Tuesday September 29

Density

For Full Communication Marks… Sample Problem: Calculate the density of a metal sample that is 18.00 cm long, 9.21 cm wide and 4.45 cm high and that has a mass of 14.25 kg. What is the identity of the metal? Give: l= 18.00 cm h= 4.45 cm w= 9.21 cm m= 14.25 kg Required: density of metal (d) Solution: V = l*w*h = 18.00 cm * 9.21 cm * 4.45 cm = 738 cm3 m = 14.25 kg =14250 g d = m/v = 14250 g/738 cm3

= 19.3 g/cm3

Statement: The density of the metal is 19.3g/cm3. This metal is gold.

Chemical Properties & Changes

Chemical Properties: A characteristic of a substance that is determined when the composition of the substance is changed and one or more new substances is created

Fireworks

l Fireworks contain ingredients

such as metal flakes, fuel and a bursting charge

l These substances react

together to produce new substances, some of which are visible in the smoke

l The entire reaction produces

a great deal of energy; which appears in the form of light, sound, thermal energy and high-speed motion high into the sky

Advantages of Chemical Properties

In our daily lives we mix different substances together to create products that we want Examples: Baking soda causes a cake to rise Bacterial cultures turn milk into cheese Chemicals clean our jewellery

Chemical Changes

l A change in the starting

substance and the production of

• ne or more new substances

What do you think are examples of chemical changes?

Types of Chemical Changes

l Change of colour – a new substance has formed that has a

different colour than the original substance

A change of odour – a new substance has formed that has a detectable odour

Bubbles are visible that are not caused by heating – a new substance is produced in the form of a gas

A new solid is seen – a new substance that is produced does not dissolve in the mixture and shows up as a solid The solids that are formed in this way are often powdery and are called precipitates

A change in temperature or light – energy is released or absorbed during the chemical change, and is detected as a change in temperature or light

Exothermic: exo~ “exit” thermic ~“hot”

• Heat Releasing

Endothermic: endo~ “within” thermic ~“hot”

• - Heat Absorbing

Endothermic Vs. Exothermic Rxh

Demonstration

Before:

• Describe the physical properties of the materials.

Separate each property in a chart as either qualitative or quantitative. After:

• Describe the physical properties after the change.
• Is the a physical or chemical change?
• Is this an example of an endothermic or

exothermic reaction

Changing States

• Melting ice: endothermic or exothermic?
• Freezing ice: endothermic or exothermic?

Unusual Behaviour of Water

• Density of Ice < Density of Water

Unusual Behaviour of Water

• Density of Ice < Density of Water

Pros and Cons of Water’s Unusual Characteristic Physical Properties

Pros: Cons:

Pros and Cons of Water’s Unusual Characteristic Physical Properties

Pros:

• Allows aquatic life to survive

Cons:

• Potential for pipes to burst
• Cannot freeze water in a glass

Salt and Ice

• Adding salt to water alters the characteristic

physical properties.

• When do we take advantage of this?

Brainstorm possible alternatives