Singapore EEE07 Pang Kai Lin River Valley High School Rationale - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Feasibility Study of Solar Power in Singapore

EEE07 Pang Kai Lin River Valley High School

Rationale

High and rising electricity consumption No other viable renewable sources of energy Decreasing LCOE generated via PV energy conversion

Rationale

High and rising electricity consumption

• Singapore is ranked 51 out of 220 for

electricity consumption

• Electricity consumption increased 2.6 times
• ver the past 17 years
• A recorded consumption of 48.6TWh in 2017

Rationale

No other viable renewable sources of energy

• Low wind speeds
• Narrow tidal range
• Lack of river system
• Small land area and high population

density Solar irradiance received is 50% more than temperate countries

SINGAPORE

Rationale

Decreasing LCOE generated via PV energy conversion

• Cost of solar energy declined over past three years
• LCOE will decrease from $0.27/kWh to $0.11/kWh

in 2020

• Facilitates transformation of energy systems into

sustainable solar energy

Aims

Prominence of solar energy as a power source currently and in the future Factors affecting performance of a PV cell

Aims

Factors affecting performance of a PV cell Prominence of solar energy Solar Irradiance Ambient Temperature Load Resistance Projected Annual Output

Factors Affecting Performance of PV cell

Matlab Simulation

Varying solar irradiance starting from 0W/m to 1200W/m , ambient temperature constant at 25˚C Plotting I-V and P-V curves of the PV array module from Sun Power T5-SPR- 315E

2 2

Varying temperature starting from 20˚C to 40˚C, solar irradiance constant at 1000W/m

2

Matlab Simulation

MPPT Technique: Incremental conductance

• Determine exact

value of MPP instead

• f oscillating
• Able to track rapidly

changing irradiance Cell temperature is affected independently by ambient temperature and solar irradiance

Solar Irradiance

• Solar irradiance has significant impact on

performance of PV cell

• Effect of intermittency, where solar

irradiance cannot be ignored

• Cloud cover ranges from 24% to 91% in

Singapore

• Global average trend suggests a small

decline in the total cloud cover 0.4% per decade

Ambient Temperature

• Ambient temperature does not have

significant impact on performance of PV cell

• An average rise of 0.25ºC per decade is

predicted in Singapore with temperatures varying from 23 ºC to 33 ºC, it would not have significant impact on the energy

• utput of the PV system.

Load Resistance

1. Ensure that solar irradiance is kept constant at around 556W/m2 2. Ensure that the ambient temperature is kept constant at 28.0℃ using a non- contact thermometer 3. Resistance of the variable resistor was varied between 5 Ω and 9 Ω 4. At each value, the voltage and current

• utput of the PV cell was measured

5. The above steps were repeated three times and average reading was taken

Pyranometer Multimeter Variable Resistor

Load Resistance

• Optimal resistance of the load to maximize
• utput power is about 6.32Ω, close to

internal resistance of PV panel at 7.2Ω

• In agreement with Maximum Power

Transfer Theorem

Projected Annual Output

Projected Annual Output

1. The experiment was conducted on a clear, sunny day with little cloud cover 2. Readings were taken half-hourly during the peak sun hours, from 9.00am – 6.00pm 3. Solar irradiance, ambient temperature and

• utput voltage and current were measured
• respectively. The resistance of the load is

fixed at 7.0 Ω. 4. Steps 1 and 2 were repeated on two other days and average half hourly readings were taken. 5. Projected annual energy output of the PV cell was calculated.

Pyranometer Multimeter Variable Resistor

Projected Annual Output

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Current against Time

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Voltage against Time

Projected Annual Output

• Maximum available space for PV installations in

Singapore is around 45 km2

• Dimension of the PV cell used is 1.05m by 0.38m
• Total of 1.13 x 108 PV cells can be placed
• Total projected annual energy output of the entire

PV system will be 8.23TWh

17%

• f

Singapore’s total annual energy consumption

Conclusion

To optimize performance of PV system:

• Maximal solar irradiance
• Negligible impact of ambient

temperature

• Maximum Power Transfer

Theorem Projecting into the future:

• Predicted reduction

in cloud cover in the future also suggests that intermittency might become less of a problem Prominence of solar energy:

• Solar energy cannot be the

main or sole source of energy

• Singapore needs to

consider importing power from the utility grid in order to continuously maintain energy balance

Limitations

Less accurate as compared to experimental variation:

• Weather conditions could not be

varied or kept constant

• Light intensity indoors is too low

Invalid assumptions in calculating projected annual output :

• Different cloud cover at different

locations on different timings

• Varying lengths of monsoon

seasons

• Orientation of PV panels

Future Work

Severity of Intermittency Optimal Tilt Angle Effect of Shading

Thank You!

Perturbation and Observation Algorithm

Incremental Conductance

Projected Annual Output

Time Temperature/℃ Solar Irradiance/ W m2 Voltage/V Current/A Energy/kWh 9.00am 33.4 298 10.78 1.542 0.00831 9.30am 32.9 489 11.07 1.689 0.00935 10.00am 33.0 550 12.78 1.867 0.0119 10.30am 34.7 543 12.19 1.865 0.0114 11.00am 35.8 579 12.29 1.873 0.0115 11.30am 37.0 545 12.17 1.807 0.0110 12.00pm 36.1 712 12.30 1.873 0.0115 12.30pm 35.0 745 12.39 1.869 0.0116 1.00pm 36.0 800 13.05 1.874 0.0122 1.30pm 35.7 857 13.18 2.004 0.0132 2.00pm 34.5 723 12.58 1.903 0.0120 2.30pm 33.2 734 12.26 1.863 0.0114 3.00pm 32.6 845 11.80 1.782 0.0105 3.30pm 32.6 712 11.08 1.686 0.00934 4.00pm 32.4 587 11.79 1.589 0.00937 4.30pm 33.0 578 11.26 1.512 0.00851 5.00pm 33.7 601 12.33 1.679 0.0104 5.30pm 33.6 439 11.29 1.583 0.00894 6.00pm 33.8 241 10.07 1.409 0.00709