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Seminar Construction and operation of the Bern EXO - 100 cryogenic facility for R&D in liquid xenon: advances in barium ion tagging Sbastien Delaquis University of Bern Switzerland SLAC, 17th November 2015 Outline Double-beta

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Sébastien Delaquis University of Bern Switzerland

SLAC, 17th November 2015

Construction and operation of the Bern “EXO-100” cryogenic facility for R&D in liquid xenon: advances in barium ion tagging Seminar

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Outline

Double-beta decay (ββ)

  • a way to address some of the open questions in the neutrino sector

The Enriched Xenon Observatory (EXO)

  • EXO’s approach to address the challenge
  • the concept of barium ion tagging – open R&D questions

Advances in barium ion tagging:

  • Analysis of alpha decays with EXO-200 data
  • ion properties relevant for ion tagging in liquid xenon
  • The EXO-100 facility
  • construction and operation of a cryogenic R&D facility
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Neutrino physics: status quo

Measured with neutrino oscillation experiments: 3 mixing angles 2 Δ𝑛2 Open questions in the neutrino sector:

  • Mass hierarchy
  • Absolute neutrino masses
  • Nature of neutrino mass (Dirac, Majorana)
  • CP violation in the lepton sector
  • Massive sterile neutrinos

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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Search for neutrinoless double-beta decay

  • sensitive to Majorana neutrinos

Direct neutrino mass determination:

  • Kinematics of weak decays
  • Time-of-flight measurment (supernova)

Measurements of the anisotropies of the primordial microwave background

Double-beta decay: determining the absolute neutrino mass

𝑁 =

𝑗

𝑛𝜉𝑗 𝑛𝜉𝑓

2(eff) = 𝑗

𝑉𝑓𝑗 2𝑛𝜉𝑗

2

𝑛𝛾𝛾

2 = 𝑗

𝑉𝑓𝑗

2 𝑛𝑗 2

=

𝑗

𝑉𝑓𝑗 2𝑓𝜷𝒋 𝑛𝑗

2 Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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Double-beta decay: decay modes

2νββ: 2𝑜0 → 2𝑞+ + 2𝑓− + 2 𝜉𝑓

Two neutrino double-beta decay (2νββ)

  • Allowed by the SM of particle physics
  • Observed in 11 isotopes so far:

𝟔𝟓 𝟐𝟒𝟕𝒀𝒇:

𝑈

1/2 2𝜉𝛾𝛾 = 2.165 ± 0.016 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑢 ± 0.059 𝑡𝑧𝑡

1021 yr

EXO Collaboration: Phys. Rev. C 89, 015502 (2014)

As a comparison the age of the universe: (13.798 ± 0.037) 109 yr This is the most precisely measured half-life of any 2nbb decay to date. Moreover, this is the slowest process ever directly observed by mankind! Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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Double-beta decay: decay modes

0νββ: 2𝑜0 → 2𝑞+ + 2𝑓−

Neutrinoless double-beta decay (0νββ)

  • Only allowed if the neutrino is a

Majorana particle!

  • Violating total lepton number: Δ𝑀 = 2
  • Hypothetical process: not observed

so far (one controversal claim). 1 𝑈

1/2 0𝜉 = 𝐻0𝜉 𝑁0𝜉 2

𝑛𝛾𝛾

2

𝐻0𝜉 phase space factor 𝑁0𝜉 nuclear matrix element 𝑛𝛾𝛾 effective neutrino mass

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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Double-beta decay: decay modes

0νββ: 2𝑜0 → 2𝑞+ + 2𝑓−

Seperating 0νββ from 2νββ

2νββ: 2𝑜0 → 2𝑞+ + 2𝑓− + 2 𝜉𝑓

Energy resolution is essential!

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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2𝜉𝛾𝛾: 𝐵, 𝑎 → 𝐵, 𝑎 − 2 + 2𝑓− + 2 𝜉𝑓 Realistically observable only in a few even-even nuclei (35 naturaly occuring isotopes). Q-value

  • Sargent’s rule: decay rate ∝ Q5
  • backgrounds

Natural abundance of the isotope and ease of enrichment A suited detection technique

  • source as detection medium
  • easy to purify (nat. rad.)

Double-beta decay: candidate isotopes

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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e- e- e- e- e- e-

cathode at high voltage charge read-out system PMTs for scintillation light Electric field

detection technique

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Double-beta decay:

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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76Ge:

GERDA

130Te:

CUORE

136Xe:

EXO KamLand-Zen Others: NEMO

Advantage of xenon TPC:

  • segmentation
  • good energy resolution
  • unique capability to identify the decay product;

barium tagging

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ββ experiments Double-beta decay: γ

single site (SS) multi site (MS)

𝛿 𝛾

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa AL, USA - D. Auty, T. Didberidze, M. Hughes, A. Piepke, R. Tsang University of Bern, Switzerland - S. Delaquis, R. Gornea, T. Tolba, J-L. Vuilleumier California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA, USA - P. Vogel Carleton University, Ottawa ON, Canada - V. Basque, M. Dunford, K. Graham, C. Hargrove, R. Killick, T. Koffas, F. Leonard, C. Licciardi, M.P. Rozo, D. Sinclair Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO, USA - C. Benitez-Medina, C. Chambers, A. Craycraft, W. Fairbank, Jr., T. Walton Drexel University, Philadelphia PA, USA - M.J. Dolinski, M.J. Jewell, Y.H. Lin, E. Smith, Y.-R Yen Duke University, Durham NC, USA - P.S. Barbeau IHEP Beijing, People’s Republic of China - G. Cao, X. Jiang, L. Wen, Y. Zhao University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign IL, USA - D. Beck, M. Coon, J. Ling, M. Tarka, J. Walton, L. Yang Indiana University, Bloomington IN, USA - J. Albert, S. Daugherty, T. Johnson, L.J. Kaufman University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA, USA - M. Moe ITEP Moscow, Russia - D. Akimov, I. Alexandrov, V. Belov, A. Burenkov, M. Danilov, A. Dolgolenko, A. Karelin, A. Kovalenko, A. Kuchenkov, V. Stekhanov, O. Zeldovich Laurentian University, Sudbury ON, Canada - B. Cleveland, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, J. Farine, B. Mong, U. Wichoski University of Maryland, College Park MD, USA - C. Davis, A. Dobi, C. Hall University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA, USA - J. Abdollahi, T. Daniels, S. Johnston, K. Kumar, A. Pocar, D. Shy University of Seoul, South Korea - D.S. Leonard SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park CA, USA - M. Breidenbach, R. Conley, A. Dragone, K. Fouts, R. Herbst, S. Herrin, A. Johnson, R. MacLellan, K. Nishimura, A. Odian, C.Y. Prescott, P.C. Rowson, J.J. Russell, K. Skarpaas, M. Swift, A. Waite, M. Wittgen Stanford University, Stanford CA, USA - J. Bonatt, T. Brunner, J. Chaves, J. Davis, R. DeVoe, D. Fudenberg, G. Gratta, S.Kravitz, D. Moore, I. Ostrovskiy,

  • A. Rivas, A. Schubert, D. Tosi, K. Twelker, M. Weber

Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany - W. Feldmeier, P. Fierlinger, M. Marino TRIUMF, Vancouver BC, Canada – J. Dilling, R. Krucken, F. Retière, V. Strickland

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Multi stage project:

  • EXO-200
  • nEXO
  • nEXO with barium tagging

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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EXO-200 set-up The Enriched Xenon Observatory:

Located at WIPP in New Mexico, 655 m.w.e below ground

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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Expected background Th-232 chain: 16.0 U-238 chain: 8.1 Xe-137: 7.0 Total expected: 31.1 ± 3.8 Total observed: 39 Best fit for 0nbb: 9.9 13

EXO-200 results The Enriched Xenon Observatory:

𝑈

1/2 2𝜉𝛾𝛾 = 2.165 ± 0.016 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑢 ± 0.059 𝑡𝑧𝑡

1021 yr

EXO Collaboration: Phys. Rev. C 89, 015502 (2014)

𝑈

1/2 0𝜉𝛾𝛾 > 1.1 1025 yr at 90% C. L. EXO Collaboration: Nature (London) 510, 299-234 (2014)

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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EXO-200 performance The Enriched Xenon Observatory:

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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A single TPC 5 tn of enriched xenon Operational in ~2020

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nEXO The Enriched Xenon Observatory:

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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Not possible because of:

  • xenon world production
  • enrichment rate
  • cost…
  • 𝛿-line of 214Bi within 10keV of the Q-value

How can we further increase sensitivity? Make it HUGE?!?...

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nEXO expected performence The Enriched Xenon Observatory:

Ba tagging

54 136𝑌𝑓 𝟔𝟕 𝟐𝟒𝟕𝑪𝒃++ + 2𝑓−(+2

𝜉𝑓)

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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expected performence of nEXO w. Ba tagging The Enriched Xenon Observatory:

Advantage of barium tagging:

  • tag all backgrounds not related to ββ
  • ultimate background 2νββ

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015 18

CCD

e- e- e- e- e- e-

cavity ionizer Ba+ grabber probe ion trap mass filter

barium tagging technique The Enriched Xenon Observatory:

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Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

ion trap

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CCD

e- e- e- e- e- e-

cavity ionizer mass filter

barium tagging technique The Enriched Xenon Observatory:

Ba+ grabber probe

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polonium tagging The Enriched Xenon Observatory:

222Rn decay 218Po decay

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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e- e- e- e- e- e-

alpha detector

polonium tagging technique The Enriched Xenon Observatory:

222Rn decay 218Po decay

Ba+ grabber probe

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Important properties of the decay product

  • fraction of ions
  • drift speed
  • neutralisation during drift

Need for a test set-up:

  • cryostat
  • TPC
  • displacement device
  • ion grabbing probe → requires that barium is ionized!!!

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steps towards barium / polonium tagging The Enriched Xenon Observatory:

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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Important properties of the decay product

  • fraction of ions
  • drift speed
  • neutralisation during drift

concept Analysis of alpha decays with EXO-200 data:

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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identification of decays Analysis of alpha decays with EXO-200 data:

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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222Rn and 218Po populations

Analysis of alpha decays with EXO-200 data:

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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26 222Rn events

Linking algorithem

222Rn - 218Po pairs

Data set

218Po events

event linking Analysis of alpha decays with EXO-200 data:

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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𝑄 Δ𝑦, Δ𝑢 = 𝑄 Δ𝑦 Δ𝑢 ∗ 𝑄(Δ𝑢) 𝑄 Δ𝑢 = 𝜇𝑓−𝜇Δ𝑢 𝑄 Δ𝑦 Δ𝑢 = 1 𝜏 Δ𝑢 ∗ 2𝜌 𝑓

− (Δ𝑦−𝜈)2 2 ∗ 𝜏(Δ𝑢)2

𝜏 Δ𝑢 = 𝜏0 + Δ𝑢 ∗ 𝜏1 + Δ𝑢 ∗ 𝜏2

linking algorithm Analysis of alpha decays with EXO-200 data:

personal comunication with L. Dümbgen Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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algorithm verification Analysis of alpha decays with EXO-200 data:

T1/2 = 178(4)s TPo-218 = 183s

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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Analysis of alpha decays with EXO-200 data:

222Rn - 218Po pairs

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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Analysis of alpha decays with EXO-200 data:

222Rn - 218Po pairs

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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Analysis of alpha decays with EXO-200 data:

222Rn - 218Po pairs

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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Analysis of alpha decays with EXO-200 data: fair linking

∆𝑢 < ∆𝑢𝑔𝑏𝑗𝑠 ≔

𝑨 −𝑨𝑛𝑗𝑜 𝑤𝑛𝑏𝑦

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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Analysis of alpha decays with EXO-200 data:

222Rn - 218Po pairs

Ion fraction: 52(10)% Drift speed: 1.4(4) mm/s Drift field: 376(5) V/cm

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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Components:

  • Cryostat
  • Gashandling
  • Slow control
  • Safety systems
  • verview

The EXO-100 facility:

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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cryostat The EXO-100 facility:

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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cryostat The EXO-100 facility:

xenon: Tb : 165.1K at 1bar Ttr : 161.4K at 0.82bar Δt ~ 4K

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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cryostat The EXO-100 facility:

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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slow control The EXO-100 facility:

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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Gashandling Slow control Emergency handling TPC Displacement device Cryo-camera

gas handling system The EXO-100 facility:

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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summary The EXO-100 facility:

Very versatile cryogenic facility

able to operate with LAr, LCF4 and LXe over a large temperature range of 100 K can be interfaced with closed-loop gas purification system (LXe, LCF4 operation)

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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TPC The EXO-100 facility:

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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TPC The EXO-100 facility:

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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TPC The EXO-100 facility:

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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TPC The EXO-100 facility:

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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displacement device The EXO-100 facility:

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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cryo-camera The EXO-100 facility:

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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detector assambly The EXO-100 facility:

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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recorded events in liquid argon The EXO-100 facility:

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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R&D for EXO High voltage tests with EXO-100:

Situation in EXO-200:

  • designed for -75kV
  • 10kV glitches occure
  • data taking at -8kV

Three hypoteses:

  • acrylic struts (stored in N2 for years)
  • breakdown between rings and cryostat
  • voltage divider

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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miniEXO mock-up High voltage tests with EXO-100:

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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miniEXO installation High voltage tests with EXO-100:

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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a captured breakdown High voltage tests with EXO-100:

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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conclusions High voltage tests with EXO-100:

Observations:

  • reached a voltage of -50kV
  • no breakdown at voltage divider
  • all breakdowns in gap – close to struts
  • agreement with FEM study

Three hypoteses:

  • voltage divider
  • acrylic struts
  • breakdown between rings and cryostat

cathode at -40kV Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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Conclusions

Data analysis:

  • developed a linking algorithm
  • measure properties for 218Po

Hardware:

  • constructed and operated the EXO-100 facility
  • used to for HV tests with miniEXO
  • designed and operated the EXO-100 TPC
  • cryo-camera, displacement device, level meters, …

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015

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Thank you!

Sébastien Delaquis – Seminar, SLAC, 17th November 2015