SCIENCE IN THE NEWS: THE AIR WE BREATHE Rachel McMullan & Temperance Rowell
What’s in the news … • Before You Vape: High levels of Formaldehyde Hidden in E-Cigs (NBCNews, Jan 21 st , 2015)
Overview • Background • Where did they come from? • Current Market • Cigarettes vs E-cigarettes • How do e-cigs work? • Current Research Findings • Lungs • Structure, Immune system • Effect of smoke • Future Direction
Adverse Effects of Cigarette Smoke Stampfli et al. 2009 Nature Reviews Immunology
Where did e-cigs come from? Electronic cigarette developed in Beijing 2003 2006-7 Oct 2008 May-June April 2011 2011 … .. 2009
Where did e-cigs come from? Electronic cigarette developed in Beijing E-cig introduced in US 2003 2006-7 Oct 2008 May-June April 2011 2011 … .. 2009
Where did e-cigs come from? Electronic cigarette 1 st study on developed toxin levels in Beijing funded by founding co E-cig introduced in US 2003 2006-7 Oct 2008 May-June April 2011 2011 … .. 2009
Where did e-cigs come from? Electronic cigarette 1 st study on developed toxin levels in Beijing FDA testing & funded by Obama signs founding co E-cig law to regulate introduced tobacco in US products 2003 2006-7 Oct 2008 May-June April 2011 2011 … .. 2009
Where did e-cigs come from? Electronic cigarette 1 st study on developed toxin levels in Beijing FDA testing & funded by Obama signs founding co E-cig FDA to law to regulate introduced regulate tobacco in US e-cig products 2003 2006-7 Oct 2008 May-June April 2011 2011 … .. 2009
Where did e-cigs come from? Electronic cigarette 1 st study on developed toxin levels in Beijing FDA testing & funded by Obama signs founding co E-cig FDA to law to regulate introduced Since 2011:851 regulate tobacco in US research e-cig products publications 2003 2006-7 Oct 2008 May-June April 2011 2011 … .. 2009
Current E-cig Market U.S. News & CDC
Cigarettes vs E-Cigarettes
Traditional vs and Electronic Cigarettes • >480,000 deaths/year in • Safer smoking alternative? US • No tar, battery-powered heat • Leading cause of source preventable death • Smoking cessation tool? • Exposure to toxic • efficient nicotine delivery chemicals (tobacco, tar, tool combustion) • Secondhand vapor? • Secondhand smoke • Thirdhand exposure • Affects innate immune • Flavors = greater appeal? response Slide: Temperance Rowell http://www.vapeitnow.com/pics/ego-starter-kit/blue-ego-ce4-starter-kit-650mah-3.jpg
Current Claims
How do E-cigs work? D Cressey Nature News 2013
What is in E-cigs?
Composition of E-cig liquid • Propylene glycol • Fxn: vapor production (e-cig) • FDA approved for food additive, cosmetics, medicines • Antifreeze • Eye and lung irritation • MSDS: don’t inhale; may be different when heated • Glycerin (vegetable) • Fxn: aerosol production • MSDS: hazardous in skin, eye contact, ingestion, inhalation • Prolong exposure à organ damage • Nicotine • Can be lethal depending on dose • Highly addictive • Known effects on human body Etter et al 2013 Addiction Williams 2013 UC-Riverside
Toxin levels in e-cig ‘vape’ Comparison of toxins levels between conventional and electronic cigarettes Toxic compound Conventional Electronic Average ratio cigarette ( µ g in cigarette ( µ g per (conventional vs mainstream 15 puffs) electronic smoke) 35 cigarette) Formaldehyde 1.6-52 0.20-5.61 9 Acetaldehyde 52.140 0.11-1.36 450 Acrolein 2.4-62 0.07-4.19 15 Toluene 8.3-70 0.02-0.63 120 NNN 0.005-0.19 0.00008-0.00043 380 NNK 0.012-0.11 0.00011-0.00283 40 NNK, N ′ -nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosoamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1- butanone; NNN, N ′ -nitrosonornicotine. Goniewicz ML et al Tob Control 2014
Formaldehyde
Recent Toxin Findings … Daily Exposures to Formaldehyde Associated with Cigarettes and E-Cigarettes. Jensen RP et al. N Engl J Med 2015;372:392-394.
How does e-cigarette smoke affect us?
Lung Structure and Function
Lung Structure and Function
Lung Structure and Function
Lung Defense Mechanisms Wright 2005 Nature Reviews Immunology
Immune Response in Lungs
Immune Response in Lungs
Immune Response in Lungs Boundless. “T and B Lymphocytes in Detail.” Boundless Biology. Boundless, 03 Jul. 2014.
Immune Response in Lungs Boundless. “T and B Lymphocytes in Detail.” Boundless Biology. Boundless, 03 Jul. 2014.
Cigarette Smoke: Effect on lungs Barnes. 2008 Nature Reviews Immunology
Cigarette Smoke: Effect on lungs Stampfli et al. 2009 Nature Reviews Immunology
E-cigarette smoke: Effect on Lungs
Extra Slides
Immune Response in Lung Cells
Cigarette Smoke: Effect on lungs Stampfli et al. 2009 Nature Reviews Immunology
Grana et al 2013 Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education
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