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❈♦❝❝✐♥❡❧❧❡✿ ❆ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✲❇❛s❡❞ ❆♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t♦ ▼❛♥❛❣✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❈♦❧❧❛t❡r❛❧ ❊✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ▲✐♥✉① ❉❡✈✐❝❡ ❉r✐✈❡rs ❏✉❧✐❛ ▲❛✇❛❧❧ ❉■❑❯✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❈♦♣❡♥❤❛❣❡♥ ●✐❧❧❡s ▼✉❧❧❡r✱ ❨♦❛♥♥ P❛❞✐♦❧❡❛✉ ✓ ❊❝♦❧❡ ❞❡s ▼✐♥❡s ❞❡ ◆❛♥t❡s✲■◆❘■❆✱ ▲■◆❆ ✶

✰ ✸ ❦ s ✰ ✸ ❦ s ❚❤❡ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ❞r✐✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✭✮ ❖❙ ❦❡r♥❡❧ ✰ ❞r✐✈❡r s✉♣♣♦rt ♠♦❞✉❧❡s ✷

✳ ✻ ❦ s ✭ ✵ ✭ ✵ ✳ ✻ ✰ ✸ ✰ ✸ ❦ s ✰ ✸ ❦ s ✰ ✸ ❦ s ❚❤❡ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ❞r✐✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✭❛ ♠♦r❡ r❡❛❧✐st✐❝ ✈✐❡✇✮ ❩❩❩❩❩❩ ❤ ♣ ❩❩❩❩❩❩ ❞❞❞❞❞❞ ♥ ✈ ❞❞❞❞❞❞ ❖❙ ❦❡r♥❡❧ ✰ ❞r✐✈❡r s✉♣♣♦rt ♠♦❞✉❧❡s ❤ ♣ ❩❩❩❩❩❩ ❩❩❩❩❩❩ ❞❞❞❞❞❞ ♥ ✈ ❞❞❞❞❞❞ ■ ❖❙ ❡✈♦❧✈❡s t♦ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡✱ ♠❡❡t ♥❡✇ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts✱ ❡t❝✳ ■ ❊✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❙ ❡♥t❛✐❧ ❝♦❧❧❛t❡r❛❧ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ❞r✐✈❡rs✳ ✸

❈♦❧❧❛t❡r❛❧ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ❞r✐✈❡rs ■ ▼❛♥② ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ❞r✐✈❡rs✳ ■ ▼♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ✼✵✪ ♦❢ ❛ ♠♦❞❡r♥ ❖❙ ❬❊♥❣❧❡r ✲ ❙❖❙P✵✶❪ ■ ❈♦♠♣❧❡① ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❞r✐✈❡rs ❛♥❞ ❣❡♥❡r✐❝ ♠♦❞✉❧❡s✳ ■ ❋❛♠✐❧✐❡s✱ s✉❜❢❛♠✐❧✐❡s✱ ❝r♦ss✲❢❛♠✐❧② r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣s ■ ✳✳✳ ❱❛r②✐♥❣ ❡①♣❡rt✐s❡ ♦❢ ❞r✐✈❡r ♠❛✐♥t❛✐♥❡rs✳ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣❡r ♣❡r❢♦r♠✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥✱ ❞r✐✈❡r ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡r✱ ✉s❡r✳ ❖r♣❤❛♥❡❞ ❞r✐✈❡rs✳ ❉r✐✈❡rs t❤❛t ❡✈♦❧✈❡ ♦✉ts✐❞❡ t❤❡ ❦❡r♥❡❧ s♦✉r❝❡ tr❡❡✳ ✹

▲✐♥✉① ❞r✐✈❡r ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❡s i2c/i2c−elv.c i2c/i2c−dev.c i2c/i2c−elektor.c i2c/i2c−velleman.c i2c/i2c−phillips−par.c i2c/i2c−algo−pcf.c i2c/i2c−algo−bit.c media/video/bttv_if.c media/video/msp3400.c ... i2c/i2c−core.c (9 files total) kernel media/video/videodev.c media/video/saa5249.c media/radio/radio−cadet.c ... usb/usb.c media/video/zr36067.c ... (25 files total) usb/serial/usbserial.c usb/serial/belkin_sa.c usb/serial/cyberjack.c ... (17 files total) ✺

▲✐♥✉① ❞r✐✈❡r ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❡s i2c/i2c−elv.c i2c/i2c−dev.c i2c/i2c−elektor.c i2c/i2c−velleman.c i2c/i2c−phillips−par.c i2c/i2c−algo−pcf.c i2c/i2c−algo−bit.c media/video/bttv_if.c media/video/msp3400.c ... i2c/i2c−core.c (9 files total) kernel media/video/videodev.c media/video/saa5249.c media/radio/radio−cadet.c ... usb/usb.c media/video/zr36067.c ... (25 files total) usb/serial/usbserial.c usb/serial/belkin_sa.c usb/serial/cyberjack.c ... (17 files total) ✺

▲✐♥✉① ❞r✐✈❡r ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❡s i2c/i2c−elv.c i2c/i2c−dev.c i2c/i2c−elektor.c i2c/i2c−velleman.c i2c/i2c−phillips−par.c i2c/i2c−algo−pcf.c i2c/i2c−algo−bit.c media/video/bttv_if.c media/video/msp3400.c ... i2c/i2c−core.c (9 files total) kernel media/video/videodev.c media/video/saa5249.c media/radio/radio−cadet.c ... usb/usb.c media/video/zr36067.c ... (25 files total) usb/serial/usbserial.c usb/serial/belkin_sa.c usb/serial/cyberjack.c ... (17 files total) ✺

❈♦❧❧❛t❡r❛❧ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ❞r✐✈❡rs ■ ▼❛♥② ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ❞r✐✈❡rs✳ ■ ▼♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ✼✵✪ ♦❢ ❛ ♠♦❞❡r♥ ❖❙ ❬❊♥❣❧❡r ✲ ❙❖❙P✵✶❪ ■ ❈♦♠♣❧❡① ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❞r✐✈❡rs ❛♥❞ ❣❡♥❡r✐❝ ♠♦❞✉❧❡s✳ ■ ❋❛♠✐❧✐❡s✱ s✉❜❢❛♠✐❧✐❡s✱ ❝r♦ss✲❢❛♠✐❧② r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣s ■ ❱❛r②✐♥❣ ❡①♣❡rt✐s❡ ♦❢ ❞r✐✈❡r ♠❛✐♥t❛✐♥❡rs✳ ■ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣❡r ♣❡r❢♦r♠✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥✱ ❞r✐✈❡r ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡r✱ ✉s❡r✳ ■ ❖r♣❤❛♥❡❞ ❞r✐✈❡rs✳ ■ ❉r✐✈❡rs t❤❛t ❡✈♦❧✈❡ ♦✉ts✐❞❡ t❤❡ ❦❡r♥❡❧ s♦✉r❝❡ tr❡❡✳ ❈♦❧❧❛t❡r❛❧ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ✐s s❧♦✇ ❛♥❞ ❡rr♦r✲♣r♦♥❡✳ ✻

❆ t❡♠♣t✐♥❣ t❛r❣❡t ❢♦r ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❘❡❢❛❝t♦r✐♥❣ ■ ❆ r❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❝♦rr❡❝t♥❡ss ♣r❡s❡r✈✐♥❣ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥s ■ ❘❡q✉✐r❡s t❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠ ■ ◆♦t ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠❛❜❧❡ ❆s♣❡❝t✲❖r✐❡♥t❡❞ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ■ ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ♥❡✇ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥❛❧✐t✐❡s ✭q✉♦t❛✱ ❡t❝✳ ❬❈♦❛❞②✱ ❡t ❛❧✳❪✮ ■ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠❛❜❧❡✱ ❜✉t tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧❧② ♥♦♥✲✐♥✈❛s✐✈❡ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s ■ ❙tr❛t❡❣♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✲s♣❡❝✐☞❝ ❛❜str❛❝t✐♦♥s✱ ❜✉t ✉❧t✐♠❛t❡❧② ✐s ❧♦✇✲❧❡✈❡❧ ❖✉r ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧✿ ❈♦❝❝✐♥❡❧❧❡ ■ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ✫ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐✈❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ t♦♦❧ ■ ❚❛r❣❡t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ❞r✐✈❡rs ✼

❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ■ ❖❙ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ■ ❈♦❧❧❛t❡r❛❧ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ❞r✐✈❡rs ■ ❘❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ♦♥ ❈♦❝❝✐♥❡❧❧❡ ■ ❯s✐♥❣ ❈♦❝❝✐♥❡❧❧❡ ■ ❈✉rr❡♥t st❛t✉s✱ ❢✉t✉r❡ ✇♦r❦✱ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ✽

❖❙✲❞r✐✈❡r ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ✭✐♠♣❧✐❝✐t✮ ●❡♥❡r✐❝ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ❡①♣♦rt❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❖❙✳ ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ♥❛♠❡✱ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥ts✱ ❛♥❞ r❡t✉r♥ ✈❛❧✉❡✳ ❈❛❧❧❜❛❝❦s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② ❡❛❝❤ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ❞r✐✈❡r✳ ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ❛♥❞ r❡t✉r♥ ✈❛❧✉❡✳ ❉❛t❛ str✉❝t✉r❡s ❢♦r ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♥❣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❖❙ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ❞r✐✈❡r✳ ❙t✉❝t✉r❡ ❧❛②♦✉t✱ ❭♣✉❜❧✐❝✧ ✈s✳ ❭♣r✐✈❛t❡✧ ☞❡❧❞s✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ❞❡s❝r✐❜✐♥❣ ✇❤❛t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ✇❤❡♥✳ ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝❛❧❧s ❛❞❞❡❞✱ r❡♠♦✈❡❞✱ ♦r❞❡r✐♥❣ ❝❤❛♥❣❡❞✳ ❉❡☞♥✐t✐♦♥s ♠♦✈❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❖❙ t♦ t❤❡ ❞r✐✈❡r✱ ♦r ✈✐❝❡ ✈❡rs❛✳ ✾

❊✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❙✲❞r✐✈❡r ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ✭✐♠♣❧✐❝✐t✮ ●❡♥❡r✐❝ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ❡①♣♦rt❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❖❙✳ ■ ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ♥❛♠❡✱ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥ts✱ ❛♥❞ r❡t✉r♥ ✈❛❧✉❡✳ ❈❛❧❧❜❛❝❦s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② ❡❛❝❤ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ❞r✐✈❡r✳ ■ ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ❛♥❞ r❡t✉r♥ ✈❛❧✉❡✳ ❉❛t❛ str✉❝t✉r❡s ❢♦r ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♥❣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❖❙ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ❞r✐✈❡r✳ ■ ❙t✉❝t✉r❡ ❧❛②♦✉t✱ ❭♣✉❜❧✐❝✧ ✈s✳ ❭♣r✐✈❛t❡✧ ☞❡❧❞s✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ❞❡s❝r✐❜✐♥❣ ✇❤❛t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ✇❤❡♥✳ ■ ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝❛❧❧s ❛❞❞❡❞✱ r❡♠♦✈❡❞✱ ♦r❞❡r✐♥❣ ❝❤❛♥❣❡❞✳ ■ ❉❡☞♥✐t✐♦♥s ♠♦✈❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❖❙ t♦ t❤❡ ❞r✐✈❡r✱ ♦r ✈✐❝❡ ✈❡rs❛✳ ✶✵

■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s 1000 interface changes Linux 2.2 Linux 2.3 Linux 2.4 Linux 2.5 500 Linux 2.6 0 OS function Driver functions Data structures Protocol ✶✶

❙✐t❡s ♣❡r ❝❤❛♥❣❡ Max, Linux 2.2 1000 Max, Linux 2.3 sites per change Max, Linux 2.4 Max, Linux 2.5 Max, Linux 2.6 Ave, Linux 2.2 500 Ave, Linux 2.3 Ave, Linux 2.4 Ave, Linux 2.5 Ave, Linux 2.6 0 OS functions Driver functions Data structures Protocol ✶✷