ROBOTICS 01PEEQW Basilio Bona DAUIN Politecnico di Torino What - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
ROBOTICS 01PEEQW Basilio Bona DAUIN Politecnico di Torino What is Robotics? Robotics is the study and design of robots Robots can be used in different contexts and are classified as 1. Industrial robots 2. Humanoid & biomimetic
Robotics is the study and design of robots Robots can be used in different contexts and are classified as 1. Industrial robots 2. Humanoid & biomimetic robots 3. Service robots 4. Exploration robots 5. Service & exploration robots can be a) wheeled (rovers) b) flying (UAS,UAV, Quadcopters, etc.) c) legged There is a partial overlapping of these classes
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Definitions of Robot According to Robotics Institute of America A reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through various programmed functions for the performance of a variety of tasks. Oxford American Dictionary A machine capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically, programmed by a computer Merriam-Webster Dictionary
efficient but insensitive person. 3. A device that automatically performs repetitive tasks. 4. Something guided by automatic controls
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1818-1942: robots are described either in novels and plays or in science fiction stories (Frankenstein, RUR, Asimov, …)
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1945: tele-manipulators used for nuclear products processing
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1948: Grey Walter (UK) builds “turtle robots” Elmer and Elsie
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1956: Unimation is the first industrial robot firm 1961: first robot on GM car lines
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1970: SRI Shakey
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Shakey was the first mobile robot to reason about its actions. Developed by SRI's (Stanford Research Institute) Artificial Intelligence Center from 1966 through 1972. Shakey has had a substantial legacy and influence on present-day artificial intelligence and robotics.
Shakey had a TV camera, a triangulating range finder, and bump sensors, and was connected to DEC PDP-10 and PDP-15 computers via radio and video links. Shakey used programs for perception, world-modeling, and acting. Low-level action routines took care of simple moving, turning, and route planning. Intermediate level actions strung the low level ones together in ways that robustly accomplished more complex tasks. The highest level programs could make and execute plans to achieve goals given it by a user. The system also generalized and saved these plans for possible future use.
1975: PUMA manipulator
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1979: Stanford cart
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1999: Sony AIBO
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2000: Honda Asimo
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2004: Mars rovers Spirit & Opportunity
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2006-7: DARPA Challenge
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2015: DARPA Robotics Challenge
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2015: DARPA Robotics Challenge
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2015: DARPA Robotics Challenge
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2015: DARPA Robotics Challenge
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2017 …
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Similar to human arms with wrist and a final “hand” for holding tools Rigid mechanical structure to guarantee accuracy and precision (repeatability) 5-6 (rarely 7) dof Internal (proprioceptive) joint sensors
sensors High payloads Reduction gears Well known and quasi-static environment Strict safety requirements Externally supplied power
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Similar to human body with a torso, two arms, two legs, 2-5 fingered hands Complex mechanical structure to guarantee stable bipedal motion Many dofs Internal and external sensors Low payloads Reduction gears or direct drives Unknown and changing environment: land
Limited autonomy Safety requirements TBD HMI and social acceptance issues
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Similar to animals, insects, fishes, birds, etc. May have more than two legs, no legs at all, wings, fins; can walk, crawl, swim, fly Internal and external sensors Low – medium payloads, depending
No safety requirements Unknown and changing environment: sea, air, land
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May have different motion structures: mostly wheeled (differential drives or 4-wheels), but UAVs are becoming popular Mechanical structure is important, but software is a critical issue Internal and external sensors Cameras (single, stereo 3D, ToF, omnidirectional) Laser scanners and Lidars Proximity sensors Special purpose, e.g., thermo-cameras Low to medium size payloads (according to use) HMI is important Unknown and changing environment: indoor (flat), outdoor (land, air, underwater) Privacy and legal issues important
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Unmanned Aerial (or Autonomous) Vehicles are known due to their use as military drones, but now “quadcopters” are very common Civil applications are becoming important surveillance and patrolling of large structures and sites disaster area analysis; search and rescue (SAR) agricultural and environmental remote sensing leisure: commercial and filmmaking material transport Mainly outdoor, but indoor use is gaining interest Unknown environment Limited payload Limited autonomy (battery life is critical) and often tele-operated Mostly vision sensors (lightweight) Privacy and legal issues important
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Used for planetary or deep space exploration e.g., Spirit, Opportunity, Curiosity, future Moon and Mars rovers Some used for underwater or harsh environments (volcanoes, Antarctica exploration, etc.) Usually tele-operated, but partial autonomy necessary due to long time delays between Earth and Mars
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Kinematic Chains: constitutive elements; KC types: open, closed; KC dofs: redundant, non redundant chains Industrial robot types: arms and wrists Kinematic chains: algorithms for fast computation of direct and inverse position and velocity kinematic functions Denavit-Hartenberg conventions and DH parameters Homogeneous matrices Jacobian matrices Statics: kineto-static relations Dynamics: Lagrange equations, general form for control Control algorithms: independent joints linear control, MIMO nonlinear control
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Wheeled rovers structures, differential drive kinematics non-holonomy
Onboard sensors: some types will be briefly analyzed Mapping, localization and SLAM issues Path planning
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