Nanoscale zero-valent iron: a new technology for groundwater remediation? Richard Crane School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales R.Crane@wrl.unsw.edu.au Richard Crane, International Association of Hydrogeologists Presentation, 07/05/13
Contents My background and research interests Why study environmental engineering? Why research engineered nanoparticles? Why zero-valent iron? Hydro-geochemical characterisation of a contaminated mine site, SW Romania Batch sorption experiments using the mine water Improving the physio-chemical composition of nano-Fe 0 Industrial implications My concurrent and future work at UNSW Richard Crane, Interface Analysis Centre. IOM 3 Young Persons Lecture Competition, 3/02/10 Richard Crane, International Association of Hydrogeologists Presentation, 07/05/13
My background Grew up in Dorset, England BSc Geoscience, University of Bristol, 2004 – 2008 PhD Geochemistry, University of Bristol, 2008 – 2012 Postdoctoral Research Fellow, University of Bristol, 2012 – 2013 Research Fellow, University of New South Wales, 2013 – present Research interests: Geochemistry and hydrology of groundwater systems Applications include: environmental engineering; water quality and resource protection; mining and mine site management; waste management; and the use of engineered nanomaterials for environmental applications Richard Crane, Interface Analysis Centre. IOM 3 Young Persons Lecture Competition, 3/02/10 Richard Crane, International Association of Hydrogeologists Presentation, 07/05/13
Why study environmental engineering? Pollution by definition is toxic! WHO estimate that is contributes to 88% of the global burden of disease A side effect of our industrial success, the majority of which has occurred since the industrial revolution in the 1800’s. The type of emissions has changed in the last 50-60 years with pollution from complex chemicals, dense non-aqueous liquid phases (DNAPLs) and radioactive metals. UNICEF/WHO. 2008. www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/jmp_report_7_10_lores.pdf Richard Crane, Interface Analysis Centre. IOM 3 Young Persons Lecture Competition, 3/02/10 Richard Crane, International Association of Hydrogeologists Presentation, 07/05/13
Why study engineered nanoparticles – its all about their size! Nanomaterial is defined as a material with at least one dimension <100nm • A pin head: 2 mm = 2,000,000 nm • A human hair: 100 µm = 100,000 nm • A red blood cell: 10 µm = 10,000 nm • An E. Coli bacteria cell: 0.2 µm = 200 nm • A Rhinovirus (common cold): 25 nm • A DNA strand (width): 2 nm • A Glucose molecule: 1 nm � High surface area to volume ratio � Quantum size effects � Pore network penetration even for low k systems � Subsurface deployment as a colloidal suspension Richard Crane, International Association of Hydrogeologists Presentation, 07/05/13
Unique deployment mechanism for a sorption agent Nanoparticle injection Conventional PRB Crane, R A, Scott, T B. (2012) Nanoscale zero-valent iron: Future prospects for an emerging water treatment technology. J Haz.Mat.. 211, 112–125. Richard Crane, International Association of Hydrogeologists Presentation, 07/05/13
Why zero-valent iron? � Strong reducing agent � High sorption capacity � Non toxic � Cheap Proven as effective for the reductive transformation of a wide variety of heavy metals, radionuclides, chlorinated organics, inorganic anions, and other harmful chemicals…. Crane, R A, Scott, T B. (2012) Nanoscale zero-valent iron: Future prospects for an emerging water treatment technology. J Haz.Mat.. 211, 112–125. Richard Crane, Interface Analysis Centre. IOM 3 Young Persons Lecture Competition, 3/02/10 Richard Crane, International Association of Hydrogeologists Presentation, 07/05/13
Deployment mechanism depends on the type of contaminant Metal and metalloid contaminant remediation – immobilisation via sorption (adsorption, complexation, co-precipitation) and/or chemical reduction Organic contaminant remediation – reductive transformation Crane, R A, Scott, T B. (2012) Nanoscale zero-valent iron: Future prospects for an emerging water treatment technology. J Haz.Mat.. 211, 112–125. Richard Crane, International Association of Hydrogeologists Presentation, 07/05/13
Environmental engineering techniques Remediation Technology Limitation Remediation type A, B, D Pump-and-treat Limitations Ex-situ D, E Excavation and disposal N/A In-situ flushing In-situ physical A= Lack in emplacement N/A Hydraulic fracturing versatility A, B, D, E Permeable reactive barriers In-situ chemical C Chemical oxidation B= Long time lag Nanoscale zero-valent iron injection C= Only appropriate for A, B, D, E Solidification, Stabilization and vitrification specific contaminants In-situ electrical A, B, D, E, F Electrokinetic processes D= Expensive A, B, C, F Enzymatic remediation In-situ biological Phytoremediation A, B, C, F E= Invasive A, B, C, F Mycoremediation F= Low yield A, B, C, F Microbial remediation Richard Crane, Interface Analysis Centre. IOM 3 Young Persons Lecture Competition, 3/02/10 Richard Crane, International Association of Hydrogeologists Presentation, 07/05/13
Thesis title: Sorption of uranium onto nanoscale zero-valent iron particles Research goals: Characterise the mechanisms and kinetics of uranium uptake onto nanoscale zero-valent iron Application: Determine the suitability of iron-based nanomaterials for the treatment of uranium contaminated waters and waste effluents 1. Hydro-geochemical characterisation of a contaminated site in SW Romania 2. Sorption experiments using natural and synthetic groundwater 3. Linking the recorded corrosion and contaminant uptake mechanisms to potential physico-chemical improvements for the different iron-based nanomaterials Richard Crane, International Association of Hydrogeologists Presentation, 07/05/13
NATO and Royal Society funded fieldwork in SW Romania 200 miles 50 miles Richard Crane, Interface Analysis Centre. IOM 3 Young Persons Lecture Competition, 08/02/10 Richard Crane, International Association of Hydrogeologists Presentation, 07/05/13
Geochemical analysis of the contaminated groundwater Concentration (mg L -1 ) Chemical species Metals Cu 0.023 Fe 0.043 Mo 0.045 U 0 - 10 Ligands Cl - 35.01 - HCO 3 1041.10 K. V. Ragnarsdottir and L. Charlet. Uranium behaviour in natural environments. ISBN: 0-903-05620-8. F - 0.19 Environmental mineralogy – Microbial Interactions, Anthropogenic Influences, Contaminated Land and Waste Management. Mineralogical Society Series . 9 (2000) 245-289. NO 3- 30.80 U(IV) = insoluble 3- PO 4 0.35 2- SO 4 0.25 Organics 12.72 U(VI) = soluble Richard Crane, Interface Analysis Centre, 19/11/10 Richard Crane, International Association of Hydrogeologists Presentation, 07/05/13
Batch sorption experiments in vadose and phreatic zone conditions Scott, T B, Popescu, I C, Crane R A, Noubactep C. (2011). Nano-scale metallic iron for the treatment of solutions containing multiple inorganic contaminants. J Haz.Mat. 186(1):280-287. Crane, R A., Dickinson, M., Popescu, I C., Scott, T B. (2011) Magnetite and zero-valent iron nanoparticles for the remediation of uranium contaminated environmental water. Wat. Res. 45(9), 2931- 2942. Crane, R A, Scott, T B. (2012) Nanoscale zero-valent iron: Future prospects for an emerging water treatment technology. J Haz.Mat.. 211, 112–125. Crane, R A., Scott, T B. (In Press) The removal of uranium onto nanoscale zero-valent iron particles in anoxic batch systems. J Haz.Mat. Richard Crane, International Association of Hydrogeologists Presentation, 07/05/13
Scott, T B, Popescu, I C, Crane R A, Noubactep C. (2011). Nano-scale metallic iron for the treatment of solutions containing multiple inorganic contaminants. J Haz.Mat. 186(1):280-287. Crane, R A., Dickinson, M., Popescu, I C., Scott, T B. (2011) Magnetite and zero-valent iron nanoparticles for the remediation of uranium contaminated environmental water. Wat. Res. 45(9), 2931- 2942. Crane, R A, Scott, T B. (2012) Nanoscale zero-valent iron: Future prospects for an emerging water treatment technology. J Haz.Mat.. 211, 112–125. Crane, R A., Scott, T B. (In Press) The removal of uranium onto nanoscale zero-valent iron particles in anoxic batch systems. J Haz.Mat. Richard Crane, International Association of Hydrogeologists Presentation, 07/05/13
Scott, T B, Popescu, I C, Crane R A, Noubactep C. (2011). Nano-scale metallic iron for the treatment of solutions containing multiple inorganic contaminants. J Haz.Mat. 186(1):280-287. Crane, R A., Dickinson, M., Popescu, I C., Scott, T B. (2011) Magnetite and zero-valent iron nanoparticles for the remediation of uranium contaminated environmental water. Wat. Res. 45(9), 2931- 2942. Crane, R A, Scott, T B. (2012) Nanoscale zero-valent iron: Future prospects for an emerging water treatment technology. J Haz.Mat.. 211, 112–125. Crane, R A., Scott, T B. (In Press) The removal of uranium onto nanoscale zero-valent iron particles in anoxic batch systems. Env. Sci. Tech. Richard Crane, International Association of Hydrogeologists Presentation, 07/05/13
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