Review of Oxides of Nitrogen, Sulphur Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Review of Oxides of Nitrogen, Sulphur Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Jun 21, 2023 338 likes •578 views

Review of Oxides of Nitrogen, Sulphur Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide and Metals (Air Quality and Emissions Data) Professor David Russell Head of CRCE-Wales Objectives To review available data on local air quality with respect to oxides of

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Review of Oxides of Nitrogen, Sulphur Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide and Metals (Air Quality and Emissions Data)

Professor David Russell Head of CRCE-Wales

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SLIDE 2

Objectives

  • To review available data on local air quality with respect to
  • xides of nitrogen (NOx), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and Carbon

Monoxide (CO), and to compare with National Air Quality Standards (NAQS) and Air Quality Objectives (AQO).

  • To review the impact of commissioning Kiln 4 on local air

quality.

  • To assess heavy metals emissions from the plant operations

and potential impact upon public health.

  • To ascertain the likely impact upon health of local air quality.
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Principal Pollutants

  • Oxides of nitrogen (NOx)
  • Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
  • Carbon monoxide (CO)
  • “Acid gases” e.g. hydrogen

fluoride (HF) hydrogen chloride (HCl)

  • Metals
  • (Particulates and dioxins)
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SLIDE 4

Toxicology

  • NO2-Respiratory irritation, exacerbation of asthma. May

be due to particulates.

  • SO2- respiratory irritation; asthmatics may be more

sensitive.

  • CO-asphyxiant. Susceptible individuals include those with

CHD.

  • Acid gases- strong sensory irritants and corrosive gases.
  • Metals-toxicology varies according to metal. Hg-

nephrotoxic, Pb-neurotoxic.

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Air Quality Standards/Objectives

  • Standards- concentrations of

pollutants adopted to achieve a certain level of environmental quality based on health and on the environment (DEFRA, 2007).

  • Objectives - policy targets

expressed as average concentrations over a specified time period +/- exemptions or exceedences within a given time period.

Source: DEFRA (2007)

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SLIDE 6

Air Quality Index: banding for susceptible individuals

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UK Air quality 2001-2009 (NAEI)

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Regional air quality: Flintshire (NOx and SO2)

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Total UK emissions 1970-2008: CO, SO2, NOx

2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 KiloTonnes Year CO SO2 NOx 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 KiloTonnes Year CO SO2 NOx

Cement & manufacturing

Total UK

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Total UK emissions 1970-2008: metals

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Year Tonnes pre year

Arsenic Cadmium Mercury Selenium

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Regional sources of emissions: NOx, SO2 (2011). NOx SO2

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Hanson Cement: contribution to emissions (NOx, SO2 , CO and metals) 2009

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Hanson Cement; CO and SO2 emissions 1998-2009

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Stack emissions: kilns 1-4 (NOx, SO2 and metals)

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

2000 2002 2004 Jul- Dec 05 Jan - Jun 06 Jul - Dec 06 Jan - Jun 07 July - Dec 07 Jan - Jun 08 Jul - Dec 08 Jan - Jun 09 Jul - Dec 09

Monitoring Occasion

mg/m3 Kiln 1 and 2 Kiln 3 Kiln 4 ELV Mercury

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10

2000 2002 2004 Jul- Dec 05 Jan - Jun 06 Jul - Dec 06 Jan - Jun 07 July - Dec 07 Jan - Jun 08 Jul - Dec 08 Jan - Jun 09 Jul - Dec 09

Monitoring Occasion mg/m3

Kiln 1 and 2 Kiln 3 Kiln 4 ELV Cadmium Thallium

Mercury (Hg) Cadmium (Cd)

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SLIDE 15

Local monitoring locations

N

X HC; Mold (LA): EA MMF; HC monitor

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Local Authority Monitoring; NO2 diffusion tubes 1999-2009

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Local ambient air quality-Environment Agency (NOx and SO2) 2000-2007

NOx SO2

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Local ambient air quality-Hanson Cement (NOx and SO2) 2005-2009

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Local Air Quality Index: NOx, SO2 and CO exceedences 2005-2009

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Local ambient monitoring; metals Penyffordd (2001).

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Conclusions

  • There has been a reduction in modelled emissions of NOx and SO2

from 2000-2009 from all UK sectors.

  • Regional reduction in ambient levels of NOx, SO2 and CO.
  • There are several regional sources of atmospheric pollutants, natural

and man-made, indoor and outdoor.

  • Regional emissions of NOx, SO2 and CO appear closely

geographically related to traffic density.

  • Gaseous emissions from Hanson Cement of NOx, SO2 and CO have

declined over the study period.

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Conclusions (continued)

  • Ambient monitoring for metals is limited, but a study in 2001 did not

demonstrate exceedence of respective standards.

  • Stack emissions of NOx, SO2 and CO generally meet permit levels,

with a trend of reducing emissions since kiln 4.

  • Majority of metal emissions do not exceed the Waste Incineration

Directive (WID) and compare favorably with other similar installations.

  • Contribution of Hanson Cement to environmental pollutants is up to

38% of regional sources

  • Local air quality is good and improving
  • Ambient pollution concentrations consistently remain within the “low”

pollution band of the AQI..

  • The impact upon public health is unlikely to be significant.