Research Relevant to MHD Power Generation in the Naval Research - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Research Relevant to MHD Power Generation in the Naval Research - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Oct 11, 2022 452 likes •740 views

Plasma Physics Division Research Relevant to MHD Power Generation in the Naval Research Laboratorys Plasma Physics Division * S. L. Jackson, B. V. Weber, A. S. Richardson, D. G. Phipps, J. D. Sethian, J. L. Giuliani, J. M. Neri, R. J.

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Plasma Physics Division

Research Relevant to MHD Power Generation in the Naval Research Laboratory’s Plasma Physics Division*

  • S. L. Jackson, B. V. Weber, A. S. Richardson, D. G. Phipps, J. D. Sethian,
  • J. L. Giuliani, J. M. Neri, R. J. Commisso, J. W. Schumer, J. R. Angus,
  • S. B. Swanekamp, D. P. Murphy, and D. D. Hinshelwood,

Plasma Physics Division, Naval Research Laboratory

  • C. N. Boyer and P. F. Ottingera

Engility Corporation

2014 Magnetohydrodynamics Power Generation Workshop October 1 – 2, 2014 Arlington, VA

*Work supported by NRL Basic and Applied Research Program aIndependent consultant to NRL through Engility Corporation

stuart.jackson@nrl.navy.mil

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Plasma Physics Division

Outline

  • Overview of NRL & Plasma Physics Division
  • Ongoing work in electron-beam-driven NOx reduction and rep-

rate, solid-state pulsed power

  • Example plasma chemistry simulation of KrF laser
  • Combustion dynamics and modeling (Chemistry Division)
  • Electromagnetic Launcher Materials Testing Facility
  • Basic physics investigation (coupled modeling & experiment) of

plasma-field interactions in a plasma opening switch

Particle-in-cell modeling of species separation in an opening switch plasma

“Heavy” ion density “Light” ion density 2

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Plasma Physics Division

  • Founded near end of WWI at suggestion of Thomas Edison
  • Conducts broad range of basic and applied research for US Navy, Marine

Corps, and other government and non-government organizations

  • 2200 employees (750 PhDs)
  • $800M/yr
  • Many advances

– Radar – Early space programs – GPS

Naval Research Laboratory conducts broad range of basic and applied research

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Plasma Physics Division

NRL Plasma Physics Division conducts broad range of plasma physics research

Plasma Physics Division

Laser Plasma (Code 6730) Beam Physics (Code 6790) Radiation Hydrodynamics (Code 6720) Charged Particle Physics (Code 6750) Pulsed Power Physics (Code 6770)

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Plasma Physics Division

diffuser

Plasma physics research challenges in MHD energy conversion for power generation

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combustor/nozzle magnet coils electrodes insulator B combustion plasma J v Seeding combustion products to increase conductivity Pollutant reduction Detailed physics understanding of plasma inhomogeneities that lead to loss mechanisms Materials science in extreme current, temperature, and magnetic field environment

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Plasma Physics Division

Laser Plasma Branch (Code 6730) Research & Relevance

Research Description

  • Laser fusion and basic laser target

interaction research

  • Development and applications of

high-power pulsed electron beams

  • Development of detection

mechanisms for biological, chemical, and explosive hazards

Nike Laser Facility Electra Laser Facility Experimental setup for measurement of areal mass nonuniformity in a laser- accelerated target

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Plasma Physics Division

Laser Plasma Branch (Code 6730) Research & Relevance

Research Description

  • Laser fusion and basic laser target

interaction research

  • Development and applications of

high-power pulsed electron beams

  • Development of detection

mechanisms for biological, chemical, and explosive hazards

Nike Laser Facility Electra Laser Facility Experimental setup for measurement of areal mass nonuniformity in a laser- accelerated target

Relevant Projects/Capabilities

  • Electron-beam-driven chemical

reactions

  • Durable and efficient rep-rate

pulsed power

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Plasma Physics Division

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Pulsed Power Supply Gas Recirculator Reaction Chamber Electron Beam Sources Pulsed Power Supply

* Run times currently limited by spark gap based pulsed power technology

  • Originally developed to pump a

krypton fluoride (KrF) laser

  • 500 keV, 100 kA x 2, 140 nsec
  • 10 hour rep‐rate (2.5 to 5 Hz)
  • peration*

ELECTRA: 50 kW pulsed electron beam system

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Plasma Physics Division

Electra experiments show pulsed e-beam converts NOx to pure N2 & O2 w/ o catalyst

Initial NOx (ppm) Final NOx (ppm) Removal Efficiency

200 4.2 96% 500 9.9 98% 980 44 96%

14.7 psi N2 plus NOx at concentrations listed Energy deposition  .08 J/cc NRL patent allowed: 8/22/2014

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Plasma Physics Division

New NRL all solid state pulsed power system has demonstrated 11,000,000 shots continuous at 10 Hz

Could be the basis for a compact and durable discharge or e-beam system

PLEX, LLC 200 kV, 4.5 kA, 250 ns, Marx > 80% efficiency

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Plasma Physics Division

Radiation Hydrodynamics Branch (Code 6720) Research & Relevance

Research Description

  • Modeling & analysis of high

energy density (HED) plasmas produced by

– Pulsed-power generators – High intensity, short pulse lasers

Venn diagram showing interplay between atomic physics, hydrodynamics, and radiation transport that must be accounted for in understanding HED plasmas Experimental images of an imploding neon pinch (left) vs. synthetic images from a radiation MHD simulation (right) Modeling of z-pinch K-shell spectra

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Plasma Physics Division

Radiation Hydrodynamics Branch (Code 6720) Research & Relevance

Research Description

  • Modeling & analysis of high

energy density (HED) plasmas produced by

– Pulsed-power generators – High intensity, short pulse lasers

Venn diagram showing interplay between atomic physics, hydrodynamics, and radiation transport that must be accounted for in understanding HED plasmas

Relevant Projects/Capabilities

  • MHD and non-equilibrium

modeling of various plasma configurations

  • Strong plasma chemistry

simulation capability

Experimental images of an imploding neon pinch (left) vs. synthetic images from a radiation MHD simulation (right) Modeling of z-pinch K-shell spectra

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Plasma Physics Division

NRL has strong plasma chemistry simulation capability

Example of capabilities: Modeling Electra Krypton Fluoride Laser

1-D & 2-D Electron Deposition Plasma Chemistry 3-D Laser Transport 3-D Amplified Spontaneous Emission

24 species, 146 reactions, 53 vibrational states

Neutral Channel Ion Channel

e-beam e-beam Kr Kr F2 F- e- Kr F- F2 2Ar 2Kr , F2, e- harpoon ion-ion rec exchange GAIN, go , Ar, Kr, F2, e- , Ar, Kr, F2, e-

absorption,  = F2F2+ F-F- + KrF2 KrF2 + ArF2 ArF2

Kr,Ar,F2 Ar* Ar+ Kr* Kr+ ArF*

KrF*

ArKrF* Kr2F* Kr,Ar,F Good Bad

Neutral Channel Ion Channel

e-beam e-beam Kr Kr F2 F- e- Kr F- F2 2Ar 2Kr , F2, e- harpoon ion-ion rec exchange GAIN, go , Ar, Kr, F2, e- , Ar, Kr, F2, e-

absorption,  = F2F2+ F-F- + KrF2 KrF2 + ArF2 ArF2

Kr,Ar,F2 Ar* Ar+ Kr* Kr+ ArF*

KrF*

ArKrF* Kr2F* Kr,Ar,F Good Bad

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Plasma Physics Division

Plasma chemistry simulations accurately predict Electra main amplifier laser pulse

0 50 100 150 200 250 Pe-beam (expt) ILaser (expt) ILaser (Orestes)

Shot OSC080404_11 ELaser = 731 Joules

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 time (ns) intensity or power (arb units)

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Plasma Physics Division

NRL I nternal Collaborations

Chemistry Division, Combustion Dynamics & Modeling Section:

  • Test facilities

– Bench-scale combustion experiments – Practical-scale fire/combustion test facility at Chesapeake Bay Detachment

  • Extensive combustion diagnostic capabilities

– Absorption, fluorescence, Raman spectroscopy for temp., species – Velocimetry, high-speed visible/IR imaging – Multi-phase interaction, particulates (gas-liquid-solid)

  • High-Performance Computing capability (Fluent, Internal

code) for reactive, electromagnetically-influenced flow

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Plasma Physics Division

Charged Particle Physics Branch (Code 6750) Research & Relevance

Research Description

  • Electromagnetic launchers for

defense applications

  • Investigation of space plasma

phenomena

  • Low-temperature plasmas for

materials processing

Region of artificial ionization impacting satellite radio signals Space Chamber Railgun Materials Testing Facility Low-temperature plasmas

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Plasma Physics Division

Charged Particle Physics Branch (Code 6750) Research & Relevance

Research Description

  • Electromagnetic launchers for

defense applications

  • Investigation of space plasma

phenomena

  • Low-temperature plasmas for

materials processing

Region of artificial ionization impacting satellite radio signals Space Chamber Railgun Materials Testing Facility

Relevant Projects/Capabilities

  • Materials testing in harsh

electromechanical environment

  • Macro-scale application of strong,

long-lived magnetic fields

  • Spectroscopy of burning exhaust

Low-temperature plasmas

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Plasma Physics Division

NRL electromagnetic launcher tests materials in extreme environment

Cross-section of rails and containment structure

  • 6 m long
  • 5 cm wide bore
  • 12 MJ stored

energy

  • 15 T fields typical
  • 1.5 MA peak

current

  • Adjustable pulse

width (~1 to 5 ms)

Analysis of deposits from hot liquid deposited at rail-armature interface indicate temperature of over 1300 C Armature

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  • Materials Testing Facility for

rail and armature materials

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Plasma Physics Division

Pulsed Power Physics Branch (Code 6770) Research & Relevance

Research Description

  • Development of high-energy

pulsed power systems employing capacitive and inductive energy storage

  • Production and utilization of

plasmas and intense high- power, charged particle beams

Particle-in-cell simulation

  • f a plasma opening switch

Investigation of power flow in radiographic diodes using 8 MV, 200 kA, 50-ns “Mercury” pulsed power generator

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Plasma Physics Division

Pulsed Power Physics Branch (Code 6770) Research & Relevance

Research Description

  • Development of high-energy

pulsed power systems employing capacitive and inductive energy storage

  • Production and utilization of

plasmas and intense high- power, charged particle beams Relevant Projects/Capabilities

  • MHD, Hall-MHD, and Particle-in-

Cell (PIC) modeling closely coupled to experimental facilities

  • Modeling of low-ionization-fraction

gases

  • Plasma source development
  • Plasma diagnostics

(interferometry, spectroscopy, etc.)

Particle-in-cell simulation

  • f a plasma opening switch

Investigation of power flow in radiographic diodes using 8 MV, 200 kA, 50-ns “Mercury” pulsed power generator

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Plasma Physics Division

Hawk pulsed-power generator makes plasmas of interest for MHD generators

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Marshall-gun plasma sources vacuum chamber Hawk Marx capacitor bank (behind wall) coaxial electrodes Marshall gun capacitors spectrograph

  • Hawk pulsed power generator

coupled to coaxial electrodes for plasma opening switch research

  • Current research focused on basic

physics of plasma-field interaction in multi-species plasmas

  • Plasmas of controllable composition

accelerated axially by J×B forces

  • Advanced diagnostics include

interferometry (ribbon-beam, holographic, high-sensitivity, and two-color), laser wavefront analyzer, spectroscopy, high-voltage (>1 MV) vacuum voltmeter, magnetic probes, activation foils, fast-gated cameras

  • Also used for research in gas-puff z-

pinches and electron & ion beams

  • Computational modeling effort

closely-coupled to experiment

Hawk pulsed-power generator

Bank energy 220 kJ Rise time 1.2 μs Voltage 640 kV (peak) Current 700 kA (peak)

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Plasma Physics Division

Voltage multiplication at > TW power level demonstrated on Gamble I I in 19871,2

1Neri, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 50 (1987) 2Weber, et al., IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. PS_15,(1987)

0.9 MA/70 ns conduction, 10 ns opening 2.7 x Voltage multiplication 2.3 x Power multiplication

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Plasma Physics Division

6.4 8.5

500 ns

r(cm) 6.4 8.5

880 ns

6.4 8.5

910 ns

  • 10

10 20 30 6.4 8.5 x10

13 cm

  • 3

1280-2560 640-1280 320-640 160-320 80-160 40-80 20-40 10-20 5-10 2.5-5.0

940 ns

z(cm)

MACH2 MHD simulation of plasma opening switch shows distortion & displacement

n < 2x1014 cm-3 n < 3x1015 cm-3

Opening Switch Plasma

MACH2 simulaton by J. Schumer

PIC regime

number density

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Plasma Physics Division

PI C code used to simulate the low-density switch plasma to examine non-MHD effects

B2

plasma at end

  • f conduction phase

simulation of low density region

14 -3

10 cm

15 -3

2x10 cm artificial electrodes

1Grossmann, et al., Phys. Plasmas 1994. 2Goyer, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 1991. 3Chukbar, et al., Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 1988. 4Rix, et al., IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 1991.

B

2

Gap Gap Magnetic insulation at electrode B penetration by Hall effect Plasma distortion by JxB forces anode cathode

1 2 3 4

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Plasma Physics Division

Separation of plasma species observed in modeled densities (t = 5 ns)

Vortex formation and species separation modeled in opening switch plasma1

  • Detailed analytical modeling within electron-

magnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) approximation (ions fixed in an electron fluid)

  • Vortices with strong v × B electric fields developed

and led to charge separation

  • Semi-analytic vortex structure derived from model

and used as initial condition for PIC modeling

  • Vortex propagation speed found to be proportional

to Hall speed

  • PIC modeling showed that vortices were dissipated

by moving ions and led to species separation

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1Richardson, et al., Phys. Plasmas,

  • v. 20, p. 082115 (2013).

“Heavy” ion density “Light” ion density

Magnetic field (t = 2.5 ns) Charge and current densities (t = 2.5 ns)

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Plasma Physics Division

Opening switch plasma parameters differ from MHD generator combustion plasma

Characteristic MHD Generator1,2 Opening Switch Temperature 0.25 eV (3000 K) 100 eV Density 1019 cm‐3 (0.75 MPa) 1016 cm‐3 Fractional ionization << 1 >> 1 Conductivity 5 S/m 6×107 S/m Magnetic field 6 T 2 T Pulse rise time Steady‐state 1.2 μs Current density 2×104 A/m2 3×107 A/m2 Hall parameter 4 << 1

1Kayukawa , Prog. In Energy Combustion Sci., v. 30, p. 33 (2004). 2Mikheev et al., IEEE Trans. Energy Conv., v. 21, p. 242 (2006).

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Plasma Physics Division

Summary of plasma physics challenges and relevant, demonstrated capabilities at NRL

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diffuser combustor/ nozzle magnet coils electrodes insulator B combustion plasma J v

Seeding combustion products to increase conductivity Pollutant reduction Detailed physics understanding of plasma inhomogeneities that lead to loss mechanisms Materials science in extreme current, temperature, and magnetic field environment Electron beams

  • NOx reduction with

electron-beam-driven reactions

  • Rep-rate pulsed power

Rad hydro modeling KrF laser modeling demonstrates plasma chemistry simulation capability that could be applied to combustion plasma Combustion dynamics & modeling (Chemistry Division)

  • Testing facilities for bench-

and practical-scale fire/combustion experiments

  • Modeling and diagnostic

capabilities Plasma source development & diagnostics Modeling and experiments with multi-species plasmas show evidence of vortices, magnetic pushing, and field penetration that could be relevant to inhomogeneities in MHD generators Materials Testing Facility Electromagnetic launcher facility tests materials in extreme current, temperature, and magnetic field environment