Research&context & - - PDF document

Parcours(éduca+fs(et(inégalités(à(l'embauche( entre(hommes(et(femmes(en(Suisse (

(work&in&progress) &

Chris0an&IMDORF& Social'Research'&'Methodology'Group' University'of'Basel' chris;an.imdorf@unibas.ch'

Research&context &

EduLIFE&project&“Educa0on&and&gender&differences&in&schoolCtoC work&transi0ons”:&Swiss&country&study& & Switzerland:&Strong,&stable&gender&segrega0on&on&Swiss&labour& market,&related&to&social&inequali0es&to&the&disadvantage&of&women& (Epple&et&al.&2012)& & Research(ques+ons(

• Current&extent&of&horizontal&and&ver0cal&gender&inequali0es&at&

labor&market&entry?&

• How&do&educa0onal&pathways&relate&to&horizontal&/&ver0cal&

gender&segrega0on?&

• How&does&horizontal&segrega0on&relate&to&ver0cal&gender&

inequali0es?&

Tracked(( system( 25(%( 75(%(

UpperDsecondary(educa+on(and(training( comple+on(rates(in(Switzerland((2010)(

Source:&SERI&(2013)&

Most(frequent(VET(programs( by(profession((2011)(

Source:&Federal&Sta0s0cal&Office&2012&(SERI&2013)&

UAS(/(UTE(

Labour(Market( Labour(Market(

Compulsory(School( Voca+onal(Educa+on( University( Gymnasium(

6&

The(gendered(Swiss(educa+on(&(transi+on(system(

X X

X

No&reCchoice& Early&decision& Specificity&

X X

Strong&linkage&

Ter;ary' educa;on' Upper' secondary' educa;on' Lower' secondary' educa;on'

PET(

SexCtyping&of&occupa0on&by&educa0on&(CH)& (18C35&yearColds*,&Swiss&Census&2000)&

*)&&&Without&appren0ces& **)&Appren0ceship,&full0me&VETCschool,&teacher&colleges,&upperCsecondary&specialised&schools&

Educational+ attainment+ WOMEN+

Male2dominated+ Gender2integrated+ Female2domin.+

VET**+

5.2%+ 49.7%+ 45.2%&

UoAS+/+PET+

6.4%+ 69.7%& 23.9%+

University+

20.0%& 64.1%+ 15.9%+

+ + + + + + + + Educational+ attainment+ MEN+

Male2dominated+ Gender2integrated+ Female2domin.+

VET**+

63.4%& 30.3%+ 6.4%+

UoAS+/+PET+

63.0%+ 31.1%+ 5.9%+

University+

48.5%+ 48.0%& 3.4%+

! HOMMES( SexDtyping(of(occupa+on*( Diplôme(le(plus(élevé( maleC dominated& genderC integrated& femaleC dominated& Total& Pas&de&scolarité& 61.3%& 32.9%& 5.8%& Aucun&diplôme&mais&scolarité&jusqu’en&école&primaire&ou&au& collège& 68.7%& 26.3%& 5.0%& Aucun&diplôme&mais&scolarité&au&delà&du&collège& 68.2%& 25.7%& 6.1%& Cer0ficat&d’études&primaires& 67.7%& 26.1%& 6.2%& BEPC,&brevet&élémentaire,&brevet&des&collèges& 64.1%& 27.5%& 8.4%& Cer0ficat&d’ap0tudes&professionnelles,&brevet&d.&compagnon& 77.7%( 18.2%( 4.1%& Brevet&d’études&professionnelles& 72.1%& 21.9%& 5.9%& 100%& Baccalauréat&général,&brevet&supérieur& 54.6%& 32.4%& 13.0%& Bac&technologique&ou&professionnel,&brevet&professionnel&ou& de&technicien,&BEC,&BEI,&BEH,&capacité&en&droit& 68.1%& 24.4%& 7.5%& Diplôme&universitaire&de&1er&cycle,&BTS,&DUT,&diplôme&des& professions&sociales&ou&de&santé,&d’infirmier(ère)& 54.3%& 32.5%& 13.2%& Diplôme&universitaire&de&2ème&ou&3ème&cycle,&diplôme& d’ingénieur,&d’une&grande&école,&doctorat,&etc.& 42.1%( 48.7%( 9.2%& Total&hommes&(1’444’861&unweighted&cases)& 62.0%& 29.8%& 8.3%& *)&Weighted&percentages&

SexCtyping&of&occupa0on&by&educa0on&(France)

&

French&census&2006:&15to34CyearColds,&France&metropol.,& & PCS&(486),&without&appren0ces&&&trainees &

FEMMES( SexDtyping(of(occupa+on*( Diplôme(le(plus(élevé( maleC dominated& genderC integrated& femaleC dominated& Total& Pas&de&scolarité& 12.6%& 49.3%& 38.1%& Aucun&diplôme&mais&scolarité&jusqu’en&école&primaire&ou&au& collège& 13.1%& 40.5%& 46.3%& Aucun&diplôme&mais&scolarité&au&delà&du&collège& 13.2%& 36.4%& 50.3%& Cer0ficat&d’études&primaires& 12.2%& 36.3%& 51.5%& BEPC,&brevet&élémentaire,&brevet&des&collèges& 13.2%& 33.4%& 53.5%& Cer0ficat&d’ap0tudes&professionnelles,&brevet&d.&compagnon& 12.9%& 29.8%& 57.3%& Brevet&d’études&professionnelles& 11.6%& 27.6%( 60.8%( 100%& Baccalauréat&général,&brevet&supérieur& 11.3%& 33.4%& 55.4%& Bac&technologique&ou&professionnel,&brevet&professionnel&ou& de&technicien,&BEC,&BEI,&BEH,&capacité&en&droit& 10.8%& 27.5%( 61.7%( Diplôme&universitaire&de&1er&cycle,&BTS,&DUT,&diplôme&des& professions&sociales&ou&de&santé,&d’infirmier(ère)& 8.6%& 33.3%& 58.0%& Diplôme&universitaire&de&2ème&ou&3ème&cycle,&diplôme& d’ingénieur,&d’une&grande&école,&doctorat,&etc.& 12.4%& 54.5%( 33.1%( Total&femmes&(1’258’062&unweighted&cases)& 11.1%& 37.1%& 51.8%& *)&Weighted&percentages&

SexCtyping&of&occupa0on&by&educa0on&(France)

&

French&census&2006:&15to34CyearColds,&France&metropol.,& & PCS&(486),&without&appren0ces&&&trainees &

Empirical(reconstruc+on(of(schoolDtoDwork( transi+ons(in(Switzerland(

• Data:&TREE&longitudinal&study&2000&–&2010+&
• Star0ng&point:&PISA&2000&subsample&(N=6343)&
• 8&survey&panels:&2001C07&yearly,&plus&2010&
• Panel&dropout:&Asri0on&rate&2000C10&=&45,3%&
• Subsample:&par0cipants&with&first&significant&

job&un0l&2010&(N=&3674)&

10&

Educa+onal( Aaainment( Level( (( ( Lower(( secondary( school( track(

PreC& gymnasial& Extended&req.& Basic&req.&

Upper(( secondary( track((general( vs.(voca+onal)(

Educa+onal(variables (

University( degree( 5a( 5b(

Lower(secondary(school(track(by(gender( &

Upper(secondary(track(&( university(degree(by(gender& Are(there(ver+cal(occupa+onal( inequali+es(by(gender(? (

2483&valid&cases& 1191'(32%)'missings' ChiCSquare&test&not&significant& 2020&valid&cases& 1654'(45%)'missings' ChiCSquare&test&significant& TREE'wave'7,'2007' “Approximately&10%&of&the&young&people&in&employment&were&working&on&the&basis&&

• f&contracts&scheduled&to&terminate&within&a&year.&Women&are&twice&as&oten&&

in&temporary&employment&as&are&men&(14%&vs.&7%)&(Bertschy&et&al&2008).”&

Job(posi%on(by(university(degree( ( and(gender( ( Job(contract(by(university(degree( ( and(gender( &

What(about(the(gender(income(gap(? ( Job(quality:(Gender(segrega+on ( Dissimilarity(index* ( by&occupa0onal&classifica0on&

*)'Weighted'with'design'weight'(basewt)&

Dissimilarity(index,(by(lower(secondary(school(track & SexDtyping(of(occupa+on,(by(gender( &

Based&on&jobs&held&by&15&to&35CyearColds&according&to&the&Swiss&census&2000,& Swiss&Standard&Classifica0on&of&Occupa0ons&2000,&at&5digit&level,&30/70%&tresholds& (weighted&percentages)& &

(unweighted&case&numbers)&

JobDtype:(SexDtyping(of(occupa+on(by(gender( and(lower.secondary.school.track .

MEN& WOMEN&

SexDtyping(of(occupa+on(by(gender(and( ( upper.secondary.track &

MEN& WOMEN&

Is(sexDtype(of(job(linked(to(ver+cal( inequali+es?(Job&contract&and&job&posi0on&

• No&effects&of&job&type&on&temporary&work&
• Significantly&more&supervisor&roles&in&gender'

integrated'jobs&(17%)&then&in&maleC&and& femaleCdominated&jobs&(both&14%)&

Mul0variate&analysis &

Analysis&I&& Job&type&(sex&type)&=&gendered&occupa0onal&aspira0ons& +&educa0on&(+&early&aspira0ons&*&educa0on)& & Analysis&II&& Job&quality&(wage)&=&gender&+&educa0on&+& educa0on*gender&+&femprop&+&femprop*gender&

SexDtype(of(occupa+on,(early(aspira+ons(and(educa+on (

Some(early(conclusions (

C Globally&few&ver0cal&gender&inequali0es&at&labour&market& entry&in&Switzerland& C Gender&inequali0es&rather&for&university&graduates&than&for& VET&graduates,&but&strong&horizontal&gender&segrega0on&in& VET& !&persistence&of&lower&return&on&educa0on&for&increasingly& highly&educated&women&?& !&VET&separates&&&integrates&?&