Republic of Montenegro University of Montenegro Gordana Latovi - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Republic of Montenegro University of Montenegro

Gordana Laštovička-Medin

Time and Matter 2007

26-31 August, Bled, Slovenia

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Montenegro history Montenegro history

• Name: reflects an adoption of the

Name: reflects an adoption of the Venetian Venetian term term monte monte negro negro, also meaning "black mountain", , also meaning "black mountain", which probably dates back to the era of which probably dates back to the era of Venetian Venetian hegemony hegemony over the area in the Middle

• ver the area in the Middle

Ages. Ages.

Lord Byron wrote: “At the moment of the creation of our planet, the most beautiful merging of land and sea occurred at the Montenegrin seaside... when the pearls of nature were sworn, an abundance of them were strewn all over this area…”

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MONTENEGRO Basic data

• Area: 13,812 km²
• Population: 620,000
• Constitution:

Parliamentary democracy

• Capital: Podgorica

(population 152,025)

• GDP: 1,475 M€
• Population density:

45 per km²

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About Montenegro About Montenegro -

• Geography

Geography

Situated in the Mediterranean,

• n the South Adriatic Sea;

■ Its surface area is 13,812

square kilometers (Sicily is 25,460 square kilometers, Cyprus is 9,251 square kilometers);

■ The capital is Podgorica

(formerly Titograd) with approximately 200,000 inhabitants;

■ By its geographical position,

Montenegro belongs to the central Mediterranean that is Southern Europe.

Luštica Landscape, Skadar Lake

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About Montenegro About Montenegro -

• Geography

Geography

The two furthermost points of the country are only 190 km apart from each other in a straight line, but between them the northbound air streams of Africa meet the southbound from the Polar circle.

■ The distance between the

Montenegrin capital Podgorica and Rome is around 500 km by air, from Paris and Berlin it is around 1,500 km, from Moscow almost 2,000 km, and 7,500 km from New York.

Rivers Moraca and Ribnica , Podgorica Highest peak, Durmitor Mount

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About Montenegro About Montenegro -

• Climate

Climate

Montenegro has a diverse Climate. The South part is characterized by Mediterranean climate with long, hot and dry summers, and gentle rainy winters. The Central and northern part is characterized by mountain Climate. The North part is characterized by continental climate, with small, considerably equilibrated quantities of rainfalls, and great daily and yearly amplitudes of temperature.

■ Average temperature of the air is

27.4°C in the summer and 13.4°C in the winter.

■ 180 average sunny days per

Landscape, Durmitor Mount Mamula I sland

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About Montenegro About Montenegro -

• nature

nature

■ Although small in area, nature

has produced here unique contrasts - the quality and diversity of its natural and anthropological values, makes it

• ne of the most attractive

regions in the Mediterranean.

■ Captain Jacque Cousteau, who

investigated the pollution in the Mediterranean with his scientific team, described the Montenegrin coast the cleanest in the Mediterranean – no industrial polluters along the coast of Montenegro.

Sveti Stefan

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About Montenegro About Montenegro -

• Nature

Nature

Over a span of only 100 km in a straight line, three natural environments are distinguishable: the seaside, the karstic field zone and the high mountain region - the tourist has the possibility of taking a swim in the lakes or in the sea, rafting down the river and skiing on the mountain slopes - all in a day;

■ The Parliament of Montenegro,

in 1991, adopted the Declaration whereby Montenegro got proclaimed the first ecological state in the worl

Rijeka Crnojevica

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About Montenegro About Montenegro -

• Nature

Nature

A most attractive resource is the more than 290 km long coastline, with a multitude of beaches and inlets.

The beaches are of extreme

quality and many of them have been classified with the highest of grade and among the most beautiful in the Mediterranean;

■ The seaside is a very narrow

strip of land (2-10 km wide), separated from the inland by high and steep limestone mountains of Rumija, Sutorman, Orjen, and Lovcen.

Skadar Lake

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About Montenegro About Montenegro -

• Nature

Nature

The width of the Adriatic Sea is greatest between Montenegro and Southern Italy (around 200 km), and that part of the Adriatic is at the same time the deepest (greatest depth is 1.330 m at the point 120 km south-west of the Bay of Kotor).

■ An abundance of underwater

caves, shipwrecks, cliffs and rich marine life (some of it rare) make Montenegro a scuba diving heaven.

■ There are 40 lakes in

Montenegro and its rivers have still remained the purest of Europe's.

Perast (Bay of Kotor)

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About Montenegro About Montenegro – – Nature Nature

Tara is the longest Mountain river in Montenegro (150 km). The canyon of the river is about 80 km long cut between the mountains of Sinjajevina and Durmitor, the average depth is about 1.000m, near the town

• f Obzir it reaches a depth of 1.300m

which makes it the deepest and longest canyon of the world after the Grand Canyon of Colorado.

■ Eighty percent of the territory

is comprised of forests, natural pasturelands and meadows

Tara Canyon

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About Montenegro About Montenegro -

• Nature

Nature

A total of 2.833 plant species, many of them unique, grow here which makes up nearly a quarter

• f the entire European flora! All

that in a mere 0.14% of the continents territory.

■ The entire northern part of

Montenegro is literally an oasis

• f untouched nature which is

waiting to be explored.

■ There is maybe no other country

in Europe where the nature lover can enjoy so many activities at a most diverse morphological environment, i.e. rafting, fishing, climbing, hunting, hiking, canoeing, skiing, etc.

Skadar Lake Black Lake

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About Montenegro About Montenegro -

• Nature

Nature

Four national parks and a number of other places of flora and fauna, many of which are protected by UNESCO, cover almost 1/3

• f the territory.

■ In only the Biogradska Gora

National Park there are 86 kinds of trees and probably the only virgin forest in Europe – with trees over 500 years old.

Biogradska Gora

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About Montenegro About Montenegro-

• People

People

The population of Montenegro is 620,000 (2003).

■ The language spoken is Serbian

although with its own Montenegrin dialect.

■

It is a multi-ethnic and multi- confessional Community (majority Christian orthodox, the rest are Islamic, Roman Catholic, Jewish, Protestant and other).

■ Montenegro's traditional culture

revolves around clans, groups of patriarchal related families that at one time maintained tribal identities on their own traditional territories.

Montenegrins in ethnic costumes

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About Montenegro About Montenegro -

• People

People

Habits, customs, values and morality form a unique life philosophy – family brotherhood, tribe and the whole state upheld the military/proud spirit of the time.

■ Renowned about their bravery

forced Giuseppe Garibaldi to state: "Montenegro undoubtedly takes one of the first places; the legendary heroism of its people brings honor to mankind“.

A "gusle" player

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About Montenegro About Montenegro – – History and Culture History and Culture

Montenegrins have accumulated a rich cultural and historical heritage, which dates from the pre-Romanesque, Gothic and Baroque periods.

■ Montenegro has been

influenced by both eastern and western civilizations – whether these were Greeks, Illyrians, or Romans, Byzantines, Venetian, Slavs, Austro-Hungarians or Ottomans, they all left their mark forming a most interesting multicultural society.

Stećak

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About Montenegro About Montenegro – – History and Culture History and Culture

The historical roots of

Montenegro lie in the arrival of the Slavs in the Balkans in the 7th century AD.

■ Earlier, during the period of the

Roman Empire the area of present Montenegro greatly

• verlapped with the territory of

Prevalitana; later called Duklia established by the Byzantines.

■ From the 11th century on, it

was called "Zeta", which was first ruled by the Balšić dynasty and later by the Crnoiević

Church door in Kotor Old Town Church door in Kotor Old Town

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About Montenegro About Montenegro history and culture history and culture

The Byzantine influence in architecture and art is especially felt in continental part of

• Montenegro. Montenegrin medieval

monasteries are decorated with thousands

• f square meters of frescoes on their walls.

■ The Montenegrin coastal region is

especially known for its cultural monuments, such as the Cathedral of St. Tryphon, the basilica of St. Luke (over 800 years), Our Lady of the Rock (Scrpjelo), the Savina Monasteryand many others.

Fresco at Moraca monastery

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About Montenegro About Montenegro – – History and Culture History and Culture

The name "Montenegro" meaning Black Mountain was first mentioned in the 13th

• century. The following five

centuries Montenegro enjoyed the status of being an independent principality ruled under the Crnojević and Petrović Dynasties.

■ Montenegro's resistance to

Ottoman attacks, which in the end resulted in strengthening its statehood, marks this time period.

Mausoleum on Lovćen

Herceg Novi, Western Montenegro

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About Montenegro About Montenegro – – History and History and Culture Culture

In the 15th century it remained the only unconquered and free

• asis, surrounded by the

powerful Ottoman empire and the Venetians.

■ The printed word in Montenegro

goes way back in history. Thirty eight years after the Gutenberg's Bible, in 1493, the first printing shop in the Balkans started its

• perations. A year later the first

book was printed - Oktoih (from Greek οκτόηχος), a precondition for the future development of literature in Montenegro.

First book published in the Balkans A Cave next to Ostrog Monastery

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Culture and History Culture and History

Montenegro was internationally recognized as a state in 1878, after having been an independent Principality for almost five centuries. Its capital at the time was Cetinje.

■ Montenegro was declared

kingdom on August 1, 1910 during the reign of King Nikola I

• f the Petrovic’s Dynasty.

■ From 1918 to 1941 it was part of

the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

■ After the II World War, it became

• ne of the six republics of the

Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

King Nikola I Cetinje Monastery

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History and Culture History and Culture

In 1992, after the breakup of Communist Yugoslavia and the introduction of a multi-party political system, it became part

• f the Federal Republic of

Yugoslavia (FRY).

■ In 2003 the FRY was renamed

to Serbia and Montenegro and

• fficially reconstituted as a

loose commonwealth.

■ A new referendum on

independence or union was in 2006, and Montenegro become independent country.

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Economy Economy

Montenegro is the only state

• ut of those in the Eurozone

that uses the Euro as its currency.

The Yugoslav Dinar was abandoned in November 1999 when the German Deutsch Mark was adopted.

Pešića Lake, Bjelasica Mount

■ The real GDP growth in 2004 was

estimated to be a low 2.7% .

■

Transition is proceeding, with good results in privatization of enterprises and banks, but the administrative capacity

to implement reforms remains weak and the entrepreneurial culture needs further development.

Tara River

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Economy and Industry Economy and Industry

Over the last 50 years, industry has been the chief carrier of the economic development of Montenegro.

■ In that period, the growth of the

power industry, metallurgy (steel and aluminum), and transport infrastructure were making the basis for the overall development.

■ The industrial facilities had been

sized to the needs of the previous Yugoslavia so that 90%

• f the produce of Montenegro

was marketed outside the Republic.

Shipyard Bijela, Kotor fiord

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Economy and Industry Economy and Industry

As a result, Montenegro presently has at its disposal the facilities for producing/treating,

฀ 400,000 tons of crude steel; ฀ 1,000,000 tons of bauxite; ฀ 280,000 tones of alumna; ฀ 100,000 tons of aluminum; ฀ 75,000 tons of sea salt; ฀ 2,700,000 tons of coal. ■

The power plants (hydro-electric power plants of Perućica and Piva, and the thermoelectric power plant of Pljevlja) produce around 3 bn KWh per year.

■

Supplemented with a variety of industries, i.e. metal-works, timber, textile, chemical, Barrage , Piva river household appliances.

Barrage , Piva river

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Research and Education Research and Education

MREN – Montenegro Research and Education Network

• MREN was established in June 2005
• The development and operation of MREN is co-financed by the

European Commission through SEEREN2 project (FP6) and the Ministry of education and Science.

• The link, connecting MREN to the GEANT was upgraded to 34 Mbps
• Emphasis in Research Networking and Grid areas.
• The promotion of e-business technologies and practices.

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Research Institutions Research Institutions

• 4 research institutes:

Institute for Biotechnology Institute of Marine Biology Institute of History Institute for Foreign Languages

♦ Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts

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Research Institutions Research Institutions

• University of Montenegro
• Established: April 29, 1974
• 15 faculties
• 3 art academia
• 1 professional college
• Stuff: 1273

Stuff: 1273

• Students: 10645

Students: 10645

• 35 Departments

35 Departments

Faculty of Economics, of Engineering and Faculty of Economics, of Engineering and the Faculty of Law from Titograd, two the Faculty of Law from Titograd, two colleges: Teaching College from colleges: Teaching College from Nik Nikš ši ić

ć and

and Maritime Studies College from Kotor and Maritime Studies College from Kotor and three independent scientific institutes: for three independent scientific institutes: for History, for Agriculture and for Biological History, for Agriculture and for Biological and Medical Research from Titograd, and Medical Research from Titograd, signed an Agreement on Association into signed an Agreement on Association into the University in Titograd the University in Titograd.

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RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS

♦ Independent Institutes

• I nstitute for Geology
• I nstitute for Steel Production and I nstitute for

Aluminium operate as parts of our two big industrial

enterprises (included in the process of privatization) in the field of economic research.

• I nstitute for Strategic Studies and Prognoses
• I SSP, established by Stability Pact Initiative.
• I nstitute for Health Care
• Agency for Eco-toxicological I nvestigations
• Centre for Meteorology and Seismology

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Structure of Researchers Structure of Researchers

• University of Montenegro employs :

373 scientists with PhD degree and 360 with MSc degree

Relative structure of scientific researchers by scientific fields

• Natural-Mathematical sciences 15.92 %
• Biotechnology 6.43 %
• Engineering and Technology 28.64 %
• Medicine 6.85 %
• Social sciences and Humanities 42.3 %

Out of University are employed 187 PhD scientists and 467 MSc

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International co-operation

• Multilateral:

Tempus FP6 UNESCO 2 Other multilateral projects 12 (co-operation with international organizations and programmes: UNDP, DESY, IAEA, COST)

• Bilateral

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University follows Bologna principles University follows Bologna principles

• University of Montenegro has been organized at

University of Montenegro has been organized at most faculties in accordance with the Bologna most faculties in accordance with the Bologna Declaration principles. Declaration principles.

• Implementation of European Credit Transfer

Implementation of European Credit Transfer System (ECTS) provides better conditions of System (ECTS) provides better conditions of studying for students as well as an opportunity studying for students as well as an opportunity for mobility within the European Academic Area for mobility within the European Academic Area

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Some general information Some general information

1979 1979 –

– Education of Physicists in Montenegro begins at Department of Education of Physicists in Montenegro begins at Department of Physics at Institute for Mathematics and Physics Physics at Institute for Mathematics and Physics

1988 1988 –

– Department of Physics at Faculty of Science Department of Physics at Faculty of Science Since 1979 Since 1979 -

• 16 assistants from the Department of Physics got PhD

16 assistants from the Department of Physics got PhD 8 of those 16 PhDs were done in HEP. 8 of those 16 PhDs were done in HEP. In general, HEP is attractive and popular among young physicists In general, HEP is attractive and popular among young physicists from Department of Physics. from Department of Physics.

BUT BUT, Physicist at Department of physics are teaching stuff

, Physicist at Department of physics are teaching stuff

• Departments need various profiles of Physics education

Departments need various profiles of Physics education

young

young people who want to do PhD in HEP can hardly expect employment people who want to do PhD in HEP can hardly expect employment at the Department at the Department

thus young people are going abroad for PhD

thus young people are going abroad for PhD study. study.

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The most intensive collaboration of The most intensive collaboration of University of Montenegro in HEP University of Montenegro in HEP

• JI NR

JI NR – – Dubna Dubna: was the only gate abroad for our physicists during

: was the only gate abroad for our physicists during the sanctions against Serbia and Montenegro the sanctions against Serbia and Montenegro

• Propane Bubble Chamber experiment (DUBNA)

Propane Bubble Chamber experiment (DUBNA)

• CERES/NA45 experiment (CERN)

CERES/NA45 experiment (CERN)

• ATLAS Project (CERN)

ATLAS Project (CERN)

• University of Oxford

University of Oxford

• International Linear Collider (LCFI group)

International Linear Collider (LCFI group)

• Physics I nstitute, University of Heidelberg

Physics I nstitute, University of Heidelberg

• CERES/NA45/NxA60 experiment (CERN)

CERES/NA45/NxA60 experiment (CERN)

• MPI Munich

MPI Munich

• H1 experiment (DESY)

H1 experiment (DESY)

• ATLAS project (CERN)

ATLAS project (CERN)

• DESY Zeuthen I nstitute, Germany
• H1 and HERA-B experiments (DESY)

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I nstitutes from ex-Yugoslavia

• Jožef Stefan I nstitute, Ljubljana, Slovenia,

(ARGUS)

• Physics Faculty, University of Belgrade

(Propane Chamber, CERES, ATAS)

• I nstitute of Physics, Belgrade (Propane

Chamber, ATAS)

NOTE: Physics from Montenegro were participating to HEP collaborations mostly (except H1 and ILC) only via other Institutes (no official membership

• f University) .

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Leading project in HEP at Leading project in HEP at University of Montenegro University of Montenegro

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Engagement of HEP Physicists from Engagement of HEP Physicists from University of Montenegro in H1 University of Montenegro in H1

6 physicists from University of Montenegro involved H1 6 physicists from University of Montenegro involved H1 (5 of them are woman!)

(5 of them are woman!)

Detector performance studies Study of performances of Liquid-Argon trigger for HERA II data; Study of the FST performances and precision for HERA II data using

γ → e+ e- and K0 → π+ π – decay

channels; New hardware component - Jet Trigger - software development and implementation.

Main activities on H1 of physicists from University of Montenegro

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HEP Montenegro HEP Montenegro Group & H1

Group & H1

Physics Analysis Physics Analysis

• Measurement of

Measurement of e e+

+ p

p neutral current (DIS) neutral current (DIS) D

Deep

eep I

I nelastic

nelastic S

Scattering

cattering (e + p (e + p →

→ e + X with high momentum transfer

e + X with high momentum transfer – – Q Q2

2) cross section and the

) cross section and the structure functions (results for HERA I data obtained and p structure functions (results for HERA I data obtained and published); ublished);

• Measurement of

Measurement of e e+

+ p

p DIS cross section and the structure functions at low DIS cross section and the structure functions at low Q Q2

2 from data collected on H1 during 1999/2000 (preliminary result e

from data collected on H1 during 1999/2000 (preliminary result exists, xists, but still work to be done; precision of measurement of F2 struct but still work to be done; precision of measurement of F2 structure function ure function expected to be on the level of 1% ); expected to be on the level of 1% );

• Study of electron

Study of electron-

• proton charged current DIS processes (e + p

proton charged current DIS processes (e + p →

→ ν ν + X)

+ X) from HERA II data; from HERA II data;

• Xi analysis and searches for Xi

Xi analysis and searches for Xi--

• - pentquark

pentquark. .

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International Linear Collider (ILC) International Linear Collider (ILC)

• The main technology being developed

The main technology being developed by LCFI is the by LCFI is the Column Parallel Charge Column Parallel Charge Coupled Device Coupled Device (CPCCD). (CPCCD).

• These are composed of tiny pixels

These are composed of tiny pixels which accumulate charge when which accumulate charge when particles pass through. particles pass through.

• Similar to the

Similar to the CCDs CCDs in digital cameras, in digital cameras, but with a but with a much faster readout much faster readout

(~ 50MHz required). (~ 50MHz required).

Linear Collider Flavour Identification (LCFI) group

Montenegro HEP group engagement Jet tagging algorithms (e.g. Neural Networks) SUSY - search for Sbottom in soft b-jets, (cosmology motivated scenario).

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Summary Summary

• Montenegro is country with a lot

Montenegro is country with a lot to offer. to offer.

• International scientific

International scientific collaboration is significantly collaboration is significantly increasing. increasing.

• We would like to invite you to

We would like to invite you to

• rganise
• rganise the next Time and Matter

the next Time and Matter Conference in Montenegro. Conference in Montenegro.

It would be our pleasure and honor It would be our pleasure and honor for University of Montenegro as well as for University of Montenegro as well as a step forward in establishing and a step forward in establishing and developing science on international developing science on international level in Montenegro. level in Montenegro.

Thank you for your attention. Thank you for your attention.

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How to get to Montenegro How to get to Montenegro

• There are several hundred planes

There are several hundred planes that land at the that land at the Podgorica

Podgorica and

and

Tivat Tivat airports every day during

airports every day during the high season, with visitors from the high season, with visitors from around the world. A large number around the world. A large number

• f passenger ships dock in the
• f passenger ships dock in the

port of port of Bar

Bar and the many marinas

and the many marinas along the whole coastal zone are along the whole coastal zone are ready to welcome small and ready to welcome small and medium size yachts. medium size yachts.