REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH IN YEMEN Thankam S. Sunil, Ph.D., MPH - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH IN YEMEN Thankam S. Sunil, Ph.D., MPH Associate Professor of Sociology Director, Institute for Health Disparities Research University of Texas at San Antonio Background Characteristics, 2011 Total population: 24,133,492

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REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH IN YEMEN

Thankam S. Sunil, Ph.D., MPH Associate Professor of Sociology Director, Institute for Health Disparities Research University of Texas at San Antonio

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Total population: 24,133,492 Life expectancy: 63.7 years Age structure: 0-14 years: 43% Male: 61.7 years 15-64 years: 54.4% Female: 65.9 years 65+ years: 2.6% TFR: 4.63 Population growth rate: 2.65% Literacy: 50.2% Birth rate: 33.5/1,000 Male: 70.5% Death rate: 7.02/1,000 Female: 30% (2003 est.) Sex ratio: 1.05 males/female Unemployment: 35% IMR: 55.1/1,000 live births

Background Characteristics, 2011

Source: CIA World Factbook

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Reproductive Health:

Complex demographic phenomenon Takes into account multitude of factors Provides a holistic approach to population

health

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Reproductive Health:

 “a state of complete physical, mental and

social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes” (UN, 1994)

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 Able to have satisfying and safe sex life and

they have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so.

 Have access to safe, effective, affordable and

acceptable choice of family planning methods.

 Access to appropriate healthcare services that

will enable women to go safely through pregnancy and childbirth and provide couples with the best chance of having a healthy infant.

Three Broad Dimensions

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Able to have satisfying and safe sex life and the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how

ften to do so.



Marriage law



Age at marriage



Adult illiteracy



Abortion law



Gender inequality

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Marriage Law

 North Yemen – 15 and South Yemen - 16  Legal age at marriage was 15 until 1999  Currently there is no legal age at

marriage

 Nearly half of young women marry

before age 20

 Growing proportion of mothers prefer

their daughters to marry at a later age

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Cumulative Percent Married by Age

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 9 19 29 39

Age at marriage

1991 1997

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Percent Illiterate by Gender

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1991/ 1992 1999 2002 Male Female Total

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Gender Inequality Index

0.37 0.38 0.39 0.4 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.47 1998 2002 2006

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Abortion Law

 Restricted in Yemen  Cannot be performed in public health

facilities

 Allowed in specific situations

Save a woman’s life
Victim of rape
Congenital abnormality of fetus

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Have access to safe, effective, affordable and acceptable methods of family planning of their choice  Proportion not using contraceptives  Use of any modern methods  Unmet need for family planning

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71.8 94.3 64 84.2 57.7 78.9 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1991/ 92 1997 2006 Urban Rural

Never Used Any Method

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Use of Modern Methods

Urban Rural

18.8 3.3 21.2 6.1 33.7 12.7 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 1991/ 92 1997 2006

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33.3 40.3 13.8 28 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 1997 2006

Urban Rural

Unmet Need for Family Planning

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Access to appropriate healthcare services that will enable women to go safely through pregnancy and childbirth and provide couples with the best chance of having a healthy infant  Births at a health facility  Antenatal care  Traditional birth attendants  Infant mortality  Maternal mortality

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30.3 8 31.7 11.3 40.3 17.4 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 1991/ 92 1997 2006 Rural Urban

Births at a Health Facility

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37 74.4 36.9 71.2 27.9 59.3 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 1991/92 1997 2006 Urban Rural

No Antenatal Care

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14.1 23.4 6.7 8.7 5 10 15 20 25 1997 2006

Rural Urban

Assistance from Traditional Birth Attendants

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87.59 75.48 81.68 81.6 69.92 75.9 70.55 59.98 65.39 63.18 53.39 58.4 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1994 1999 2005 2009 Male Total Female

Infant Mortality*

*per 1,000 live births

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50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 1997 2005 2009

Maternal Mortality*

*per 100,000 live births

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Is Reproductive Health Transition a Reality in Yemen?

Behavior of young adolescents

 ASFR  Proportion married  Use of modern contraception

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50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 1977 UN 1991-92 DHS 1994 Census 1997 DHS 2005 UN

Age Specific Fertility Rates

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5 10 15 20 25 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1991/ 92 1997

Percent Married (9-18)

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Use of Modern Contraception

5 10 15 20 25 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1991/ 92 1997

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Conclusion

Growing young population
Pace of fertility decline
Adolescent reproductive health