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Structure of ECHO Clinics

Duration Item 5 minutes Introductions, roll call, announcements 25 minutes Didactic presentation, followed by Q&A 25 minutes Case Study presentation and discussion 5 minutes Wrap-up/Post-Clinic Survey completion

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Cardi-OH ECHO Reducing the Burden

• f Hypertension

Thursday, February 27, 2020

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Disclosure Statements

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The following planners, speakers, moderators, and/or panelists of the CME activity have financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose:

• Adam T. Perzynski, PhD reports being co-founder of Global Health Metrics LLC, a Cleveland-based software

company and royalty agreements for forthcoming books with Springer publishing and Taylor Francis publishing.

• Brian Bachelder, MD received funds for his role as Physician Advisor at VaxCare.
• SiranM. Koroukian, PhD received grant funds for her role as a subcontractor on a study funded by Celgene.
• Christopher A. Taylor, PhD, RDN, LD, FAND reports grant funding and travel support for his role as a consultant,

researcher, and presenter for Abbott Nutrition, and is also a member of the Scientific Advisory Council of Viocare, Inc.

• Jackson T. Wright, Jr., MD, PhD reports research support from the NIH and Ohio Department of Medicaid and

consulting with NIH, AHA, and ACC.

• These financial relationships are outside the presented work.

All other planners, speakers, moderators, and/or panelists of the CME activity have no financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose.

Special Populations: African Americans

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Jackson T. Wright, Jr., MD, PhD, FACP, FAHA

Emeritus Professor of Medicine Director, Clinical Hypertension Program Division of Nephrology and Hypertension University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center Case Western Reserve University

Objectives

• Briefly describe the epidemiology and impact of hypertension

among African Americans.

• List and describe a minimum of two guideline-based

recommendations tailored for the treatment of hypertension among African Americans.

• Describe a culturally sensitive approach to recommending

lifestyle and medication treatment for individual adult African American patients.

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Prevalence of Hypertension Based on 2 SBP/ DBP Thresholds*†

SBP/DBP ≥130/80 mm Hg or Self- Reported Antihypertensive Medication† SBP/DBP ≥140/90 mm Hg or Self-Reported Antihypertensive Medication‡ Overall, crude 46% 32% Men (n=4717) Women (n=4906) Men (n=4717) Women (n=4906) Overall, age-sex adjusted 48% 43% 31% 32% Age group, y 20–44 30% 19% 11% 10% 45–54 50% 44% 33% 27% 55–64 70% 63% 53% 52% 65–74 77% 75% 64% 63% 75+ 79% 85% 71% 78% Race-ethnicity§ Non-Hispanic White 47% 41% 31% 30% Non-Hispanic Black 59% 56% 42% 46% Non-Hispanic Asian 45% 36% 29% 27% Hispanic 44% 42% 27% 32%

The prevalence estimates have been rounded to the nearest full percentage. *130/80 and 140/90 mm Hg in 9623 participants (≥20 years of age) in NHANES 2011–2014. †BP cutpoints for definition of hypertension in the present guideline. ‡BP cutpoints for definition of hypertension in JNC 7. §Adjusted to the 2010 age-sex distribution of the U.S. adult population. BP indicates blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; and SBP, systolic blood pressure.

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Morbidity and Mortality in AA Hypertensive Patients

• Hypertension occurs at younger age and more resistant to

treatment

• Mortality in African American males—30% hypertension-

related, females—20%

• Nonfatal strokes—1.3 x greater than whites
• Fatal strokes—1.8 x greater than whites
• Heart disease deaths—1.5 x greater than whites
• End-stage renal disease—4.2 x greater than whites (HTN-

related—20 x greater)

• Numbers have changed little over past decade

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Social Determinants of Health

• Socioeconomic status
• Social challenges associated with Race, ethnicity
• Social support
• Culture and language
• Access to care
• Residential environment
• Above mediated via psychological, behavioral,and biologic

mechanisms

AHA Scientific Statement; Havranek EP, et al. Circ 2015;132:873-98. 9

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Hypertension Change Package Algorithm

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Kaiser Improvement

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BP Control VAMCs 2000-2010

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Egan BR, et al. HTN 2018; 72:1320-1327 14

8.39% 9.49% 5.75% 23.95% 36.41% 2.07% 30.15% 30.86% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

Selected blood pressure (BP) medications filled in adults on Medicaid with uncontrolled BP Calendar years 2017-2018 (N=1549)

Ohio Department of Medicaid’s (ODM’s) Chronic Conditions Quality Collaborative Ohio MEDTAPP funded ODM Hypertension Quality Improvement Project, 2019. https://grc.osu.edu/Projects/MEDTAPP/HypertensionQIP

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Hypertension Drug Treatment Algorithm

BLOOD PRESSURE AT GOAL?

Yes

If on amlodipine, increase to 10 mg/day. Add spironolactone 25-50 mg once daily if K< 4.5 Consider non-adherence issues, secondary causes of HTN, additional agents like hydralazine or minoxidil, or referral to a HTN specialist.

Continue current therapy

No Add an ACEI/ARB (e.g. lisinopril 10-40 mg once daily or losartan 50-100 mg once daily. Can be added at Step 1 if CKD present (esp with proteinuria) or BP> 20 mmHg above goal.

In addition to lifestyle change: Start a thiazide diuretic (chlorthalidone 25 mg ½ tab once daily. [Need pill cutter]) OR Amlodipine 5 mg once daily.

Add amlodipine 5-10 mg once daily). If on chlorthalidone, increase to 25 mg once daily

Add a beta blocker if HR > 70 (e.g. metoprolol ER 50 -200 mg daily)

• r

guanfacine 1-3 mg daily (not clonidine)

Add chlorthalidone to 12.5-25 mg/day mg once daily).

Yes

No

Yes Yes Yes

No

No

Yes

No

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2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.1 Mean Number of Meds Standard: Intensive:

6 12 18 24 30 36 Follow-up Month 115 119 123 127 131 135 139 143 Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)

1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 Mean Number of Meds Standard: Intensive:

6 12 18 24 30 36 Follow-up Month 115 119 123 127 131 135 139 143 Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)

1.7 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.8 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 Mean Number of Meds Standard: Intensive:

6 12 18 24 30 36 Follow-up Month 115 119 123 127 131 135 139 143 Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)

Non-Hispanic Blacks Non-Hispanic Whites Hispanics Average post-baseline follow-up SBP mean±SE for standard (vs intensive) group: NHW=134.7±0.1 (vs 119.9±0.4 ) mmHg; NHB = 135.5±0.2 (vs of 121.8±0.2) mmHg; Hispanic= 134.8±0.3 (vs 122.6±0.2) mmHg.

Still CH et al. Am J Hypertens 2017, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpx138

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Systolic BP During Follow-up

*Treatment by subgroup interaction

Primary Outcome in the Pre-specified Subgroups

Wright JT Jr et al. NEJM 2015; 373: 2103-2116

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Diuretic Duration of Action and Pharmacokinetics

Drug Vol of Distribution BP↓/mg Oral Bioavail Onset of Effect Peak Effect Half-life (chronic dosing) Duration (chronic dosing) HCTZ 3-4 L/kg

40% protein bound

ref ~70% 2 hr 4-6 hr 16-24 hr Chlorthalidone 3-13/kg 75% protein bound (98% RBC distribution) 2 ~65% 2-3 hr 2-6 hr 48-72 hr Indapamide 20 ~93% 1-2 hr < 2 hr ~36 hr

Note: Compared to HCTZ, chlorthalidone ~ twice as potent in BP lowering, more gradual onset of diuretic action, longer duration of action of BP lowering, and has larger evidence base documenting CVD reduction Carter BL, Ernst ME, Cohen JD. Hypertension 2004;43:4-9. Abernathy DR, Cardiol 1992; 80:31-36 19

Calcium Channel Blocker Half-Life

Sica DA. J Clin Hypertens 2005; 7(4) Supp 1: 21-26

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Blood Pressure During Follow-up

Ramipril Amlodipine Metoprolol Low MAP Goal Usual MAP Goal

SBP (mm Hg) 134 131 134 128* 141 DBP (mm Hg) 81 81 81 78* 85 MAP (mm Hg) 99 98 99 94* 104 *Significantly different between two blood pressure goals p<0.01

Wright et al. JAMA 2002; 288:2421

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Strategies to Improve Hypertension Treatment and Control

Recommendation for Structured, Team-Based Care Interventions for Hypertension Control COR LOE Recommendation I A A team-based care approach is recommended for adults with hypertension.

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Summary/ Conclusions

• We can no longer use minority, or even Black race, as an excuse for

inadequate BP control

• We have the therapeutic tools to manage and control the disorder to

recommended targets, even in the most severe hypertensive subgroups (e.g. Black hypertensive pts with CKD)

• It will require measures to address the failure to intensify treatment

required to achieve BP control

• Greater use of chlorthalidone, amlodipine, and spironolactone is

needed to achieve and maintain BP control, esp when adherence is a challenge

• Greater emphasis on life-style modification to reduce need for drug

treatment (though not addressed in this presentation)

• Team-base care essential, esp to address SDOH

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Thank you! Questions/ Discussion

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