SLIDE 1 REMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED MINING SITES TO HALT THE LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
N.Ardeleanu1, G.Lazar2 , R.Ionce3
1 Local Environmental Protection Agency of Bacau, Bacau, Romania 2 Department of Environmental Engineering, V. Alecsandri University of Bacau, Bacau, Romania
3Eudemos Organization, Suceava, Romania
SLIDE 2 Mining has always had a dual role in
industrial development, both in scope of scientific and technical innovations as well as a supplier of raw materials needed to develop industries and transport, being a decisive factor in developing
geographical areas.
SLIDE 3 EUROPEAN LEGISLATION
Directiv
Directive 2006/2 2006/21/EC /EC of the he Eur European pean Parliament arliament and nd of
the Council
March 2006 006 on
the management anagement of wast aste fr from
tractive industries industries and and amending mending Directiv irective 2004/35/EC 2004/35/EC - Stat tatement ment by the the Eur European pean Parliament, arliament, the the Council
and the he Commission Commission
2009/360/EC:
2009/360/EC: Commission
ecision of 30 April pril 2009 2009 com completing leting the the technical echnical req requirements irements for wast aste charact characterization rization laid laid do down wn by Directiv Directive 2006/2 2006/21/EC /EC of the he Eur European pean Parliament arliament and nd of
the Council
the management anagement of wast aste fr from
tractive industries industries (no (notif ified ied under under document
umber C(2009) (2009) 30 3013)
2000/532/EC:
2000/532/EC: Commission
ecision of 3 Ma May 2000 2000 replacing eplacing Decision Decision 94/3/EC /3/EC establishing stablishing a list list of
stes es pur pursuant uant to Ar Article ticle 1(a) 1(a) of
Council Directiv irective 75/4 75/442/EEC 42/EEC on wast aste and and Council
Decision 94/904/EC /904/EC establishing stablishing a list list of
hazardous dous wast aste pur pursuant uant to Ar Article ticle 1(4) 1(4) of
Council Directiv irective 91/689/EEC /689/EEC on
hazardous
aste (no (notif ified ied under under document
umber C(2000) (2000) 1147) (Text xt with with EEA EEA rele relevance) nce)
SLIDE 4 EUROPEAN LEGISLATION
2009/33
2009/337/EC: 7/EC: Commission
ecision of 20 April pril 2009 2009 on
the definition inition of the the crit riteria ria for
the classif lassification ication of was aste facilities cilities in in accor accordance ance with with Anne Annex III III of Directiv Directive 2006/2 2006/21/EC 1/EC of
the Eur uropean
arliament and nd of
the Council
concerning concerning the the manag anagement ement of wast aste fr from
tractive industries industries (notif ified ied under under document document number number C(2009) C(2009) 2856) 2856)
2009/360/EC:
2009/360/EC: Commission mission Decision ecision of 30 April pril 2009 2009 com comple leting ting the he technical chnical req equireme uirements nts for
ste charact haracterization erization laid aid down by Directiv Directive 2006/2 2006/21/EC /EC of the he Eur European pean Parliament rliament and and of the he Council Council on the he management management of
ste from extractiv xtractive industries ndustries (no notif tified ed under under document
number number C(2009) C(2009) 30 3013)
2009/335/EC:
2009/335/EC: Commission mission Decision ecision of 20 April pril 2009 2009 on
chnical guidel idelines ines for the he establ establishment ishment of the he financial nancial guarant uarantee ee in in accor accordance dance with with Directiv Directive 2006/2 006/21/EC /EC of the he Eur European pean Parliament rliament and and of the he Council Council concerning concerning the the manag anagement ement of wast aste fr from
tractive industries industries (notif ified ied under under document document number number C(2009) C(2009) 2798) 798)
SLIDE 5 NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Mining Law no. 85/2003 Government
Decision no. 856/2008
the management of extractive waste
Order no. 2042 of 22 November 2010 approving the
procedure for the approval of the waste management plan in the extractive industries and its content normative
Government
Emergency Ordinance 68/2007
environmental liability with regard to the prevention and repair of environmental damage
The Mine Closure Manual, approved by Order 273/2001
- f the Ministry of Industry and Resources
SLIDE 6 The The 2016 national ational invent entory identif identified ed 98 984 potentially entially contaminat contaminated ed sit sites spread spread acr across ss economic economic sect sector
hich 156 potentially entially contaminat contaminated ed sit sites in mining mining and nd metallurgy metallurgy industr ndustry. The The largest argest area area in in the the Romanian
egions are are :
West
st (23.2%), (23.2%),
Nor
Northeast heast (20.5%), 20.5%),
Nor
North West est (19.7%), .7%),
Central
Central (12.3%) 12.3%) and nd
South
South West est Olt ltenia enia (12.2 (12.2 %). ).
SLIDE 7
SLIDE 8 In In Sucea Suceava County
the Nor
th -W
est Region, egion, there there are are signif ignificant cant deposits deposits of
copper ore, re, manganese, anganese, salt, salt, uranium uranium ore, re, barit aritone,
sulfur, natural atural gas, gas, construction construction rocks, cks, peat peat and and mineral ineral waters. rs. Of Of great great impor
tance after er the the Fir First st World rld War ar was the the exploitation xploitation and nd valorization lorization of
- f manganese.
- manganese. At
present present
nly the he Ulm Ulm deposits eposits (Dorna Dorna Arini) rini) are re ex exploite ted. The The distribution istribution of production duction wast aste by extractiv tractive industr industry, as repor eported by the he economic economic operat
he annual annual statistical statistical questionnaires uestionnaires for 2011-20 1-2015, is sho shown in Table able 1.
SLIDE 9
Economic activity Quantity (tonnes) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Extractive industry 24,720.28 14,6966.23 13,8848.57 23,2504.94 55,6283.68
Table 1. Generation of non-hazardous production waste from extractive industry in Suceava County, 2011-2015
(Source: Annual Statistical Survey on Waste Generation and Management, LEPA
Suceava)
SLIDE 10
One of the major problems of the mining industry is the storage of residues from both extraction and ore preparation. The impact of this mining waste is on:
Wa Water : the chemical and physical pollution of surface and underground waters, changes in watercourses drainage, including the collection and pumping of mine acid waters
SLIDE 11
Soil
Soil: soil contamination with heavy metal ions, the occupation of large areas of agricultural land and / or forestry, the risk of landslides terrain
SLIDE 12
Ecosystem : the destruction of local ecosystems, affect the fauna mainly due to the restriction of their natural habitat through infrastructure and specific mining activities, as well as due to environmental pollution
- landscape destruction
- air pollution
SLIDE 13
SLIDE 14 SITE DESCRIPTION
The The main ain activity ctivity in the he Ulm Ulm Minin ining Perime erimeter er is is the the exploitation ploitation of
manganese ore re by sur surface-t ace-to-q
uarrying ying works. rks. Ulm Ulm mining ining perimet erimeter er is is locat located in the he nor northern hern central central par part of
the Bistrita istrita Mountains.
The The relief elief of the he region region is is mountainous, mountainous, ranging ranging from 1250 1250 m to 800 800 m. m. The The two tailings tailings dum dumps occup ccupy a land land area area which which was as a pasture o e on w n which the s e soil w l was removed a d and have a v a volume o e of 353.78 353.78 thousand thousand m3 and and the he occupied
area is is 48.400 48.400 m2. T . The tailings dumps a s are located n d near t r two Natura 2000 sites:
the
the Special pecial Pr Protection ection Area Area (SP (SPA) Rar arău-Giumal u-Giumalău Mountains
the
the Special pecial Area Area of
Conservation tion (SA (SAC) Rar arău-Giumal u-Giumalău Moun Mountain tains. s.
SLIDE 15
No. Name Category Surface (ha) 1 Calimani National Park National Park 10.700 2 Rarău-Giumalău Mountains SPA 2.157,3 3 Rarău – Giumalău SCI 2.547
Table 3 . Protected natural areas in the vicinity
SLIDE 16 Habitats.
- Habitats. Forests
- rests are
are the he main main habitats, habitats, consisting
spruce, spruce, beech, eech, and nd Arr Arrola la pine, pine, while hile upper upper lands ands are are covered ered with with scrubs scrubs lik like dw dwar arf pine, ine, alpine alpine rose, se, alpine lpine blueberr blueberry and nd huckleberr huckleberry. Accor ccording ing Council Council Directiv irective 92/43/EEC 92/43/EEC of
May 1992 992
the conser
tion of
natural habitats abitats and nd of
wild fauna una and nd flora flora the he habitats habitats fr from
Calimani National National Park Park are are list isted in the he ANNEX ANNEX I
3220 Herbaceous erbaceous vege egetation ation on the he banks banks of mountain
ivers; ers;
Scrubs with with species species sub ub ar artic tic of Salix; alix;
crubs with ith Pinus inus mugo ugo and nd Rhododendr Rhododendron
ifollium;
- llium;
- 6230
- 6230 Mountain
Mountain meado meadows of Nar ardus; dus;
idophile forests rests of Picea icea abies abies in mountain
egion (V (Vaccinio-Picee accinio-Piceetea) ea)
rests of Larix arix decidua decidua and/or nd/or Pinus inus cembra cembra in in mountain mountain region. region.
SLIDE 17
Vu Vulnerable p plants
Cam Campanula Carpatica anula Carpatica Viola dacica Viola dacica
SLIDE 18 POLL POLLUTION PR UTION PROBLEMS OBLEMS
There w There were identif re identified the f ed the follo llowing wing pollution pr pollution problems:
drainage,
drainage, including ncluding the the collection
nd pum pumping ing of mine mine acid acid waters;
leak
leakage age on the he slopes slopes that that driv drives es sediments sediments (and and sediment sediment quality); ality);
effluents of waste
te wate ter;
soil
soil contamination; contamination;
solubilized
solubilized pollutants
aste disposal disposal areas; areas;
dust
dust emissions emissions from mining mining areas reas adjacent; adjacent;
emissions
emissions of mine mine gases. ases.
SLIDE 19 The
The presence resence of sulphides ulphides - the he average: erage: 30.72% 30.72% in in the the polymetallic polymetallic ore, re, 15.04% 5.04% in the he pyrit rite-copper
re - includes includes the the operating perating wast stes es in in the the cat ategor egory of the he pot potentially ntially acidifying acidifying waters, being eing non-w non-wast ste accor ccording ding Ar Article ticle 1 (b) (b) of COMMISSION OMMISSION DECISION DECISION of
30 April April 2009 2009 com completing leting the the technical echnical req requirements irements for wast aste charact characterization rization laid laid do down wn by Directiv Directive 2006/2 006/21/EC 1/EC of
the Eur European pean Parliament Parliament and and of the he Council Council on the he management management
ste from extractiv xtractive industries. ndustries.
Drainage
Drainage that that accumulat accumulates in the he pit pit and nd drains drains the the mineral ineral tailings tailings deposit deposit may be be contaminat contaminated ed as as a result esult of chemical hemical reactions w s with the rocks e s exposed t d to m
g operations. This contamination contamination - kno known as Acid cid Rocks
Drainage (D (DAR) AR) - usually usually involv
he oxidation idation of metallic etallic sulphides ulphides under under acidic acidic conditions. conditions.
SLIDE 20 Soils, found i d in m n mining a g area s a suffer f r from a r m a range o e of physical, physical, chemical, hemical, and and biological biological limitations. limitations. These These include nclude :
soil toxicity, toxicity,
too high high or
too low low pH, H,
lack of
sufficient organic
atter,
reduced water-holding ater-holding capacity, capacity,
reduced microbial icrobial communities,
and compaction. compaction.
SLIDE 21 Remo
moving ving land land fr from
the natural atural or
economic cir circuit uit for
landfills is is a process cess that that can can be considered
- nsidered temporar
- rary, but
but which, hich, in terms rms of the he concept concept of 'sustainable sustainable development', elopment', extends nds
er at at least least two generations generations if if the the periods eriods of
arrangement, exploitation, ploitation, ecological ecological reco recovery and and post-monit
are re summing. summing.
In
In terms rms of biodiv iodiversity rsity, a landf andfill ill means eans remo removing ving 30-300 30-300 species/ha species/ha fr from
the area rea affect ected by this his use se without without considering considering the he micr microbiological
population of
the soil.
Although
Although the the effects ects on
flora and nd fauna una are re theore theoretically tically limit imited ed
er time, time, during uring the he exploitation ploitation of
the deposit, eposit, the he ecological ecological reconstruction reconstruction made made af after the he release release of the he technological chnological zone zone will will no not be able ble to rest estore re the the initial initial biological biological balance, balance, the the evolution
the biosyst iosystem em being being irre irreversibly rsibly modified. modified.
SLIDE 22 Remediation mediation of the he tailings tailings dum dumps is done
itu. It It is is theref therefore
ecessary to under undertak ake the he follo llowing wing st steps, eps, af after the he clearance clearance of the he tailings tailings dum dumps: s:
repr
reprof
iling the he tailings tailings dum dumps, s,
fe
fences coast,
la
laying ying of
the cover er la layer of vegetal egetal soil, soil, sowing ing (er (erosion sion contr control), l),
af
afforestation. restation.
SLIDE 23 CONCLUSION
There There is a need need for cost-ef
ctive, e, lo low energy nergy technologies echnologies that that can can be applied pplied at these hese sit sites. s. Appr Appropriat
soil
amendments mendments may be be
(e.g., e.g., com composts).
Soil Soil amendments amendments also also can can rest estore re appr appropriat
- priate soil
- il conditions
- nditions for
- r plant
plant growth wth by :
balancing
balancing pH, H,
adding
adding organic
atter,
rest
restoring
microbial bial activity activity,
increasing
increasing moisture moisture ret retention, ntion,
reducing
reducing com compaction action
pr
protecting ecting against against offsit site mo movement ment of
contaminants by wind wind and and wat ater er.
SLIDE 24 CONCLUSION
The
The objectiv bjective of
in situ situ treatment treatment of
contaminated ed lands lands using sing soil soil amendments amendments is is to establish establish a self- self- sustaining sustaining syst system em that that does does no not rely ely on artif ificial icial in inputs puts and, and, ideally ideally, is is similar similar to and nd pr provides ides nearly nearly eq equal ual ecological cological value alue as as the the undisturbed ndisturbed adjacent adjacent landscape. landscape.
Revegetation
getation should should be ensured nsured by so sowing wing grass grass to obtain
an immediat immediate protection ction against against erosion, sion, and and lat ater er woody
egetation can can be plant lanted ed to stabilize stabilize the he dum dump.
SLIDE 25 CONCLUSION
The
The reestablishment eestablishment of nativ ative species pecies and and plant lant communities communities should hould be emphasized hasized where here appr appropriat
and nd if if commensurat commensurate with with post- post- re revitalization vitalization land land use.
Native plant plant communities
are are best est in providing viding the the ecological cological div iver ersity sity and and long-t long-term erm sustainability ustainability of the he landscape. landscape.
This
This appr approach
is in in the the line ine with ith EU Biodiv iodiver ersity sity Strat Strategy gy that that aims aims to halt halt the the loss
iodiver ersity sity and and ecosyst ecosystem ser ervices vices in in the the EU and nd help help st stop
global global biodiv biodiversity ersity loss loss by 2020. 2020.
SLIDE 26
Calimani National Calimani National Par Park Calimani National Calimani National Par Park
Former mining e rmer mining exploitation ploitation Thank y Thank you f u for att r attention! ntion!
nona.ardeleanu@apmbc.anpm.ro
