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Brazilian semi-arid
Source: ANA/MI.
Reducing excreta-borne diseases in rural communities in semi- arid - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Reducing excreta-borne diseases in rural communities in semi- arid - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Reducing excreta-borne diseases in rural communities in semi- arid climates: Evidence to support the formulation of household WASH safety plans Mario Peres Environmental and Public Health Research Group (EPRHeG) - UoB Introduction
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100 200 300 400 500 600 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Number of acute diarrhoeal cases Year
Progression of diarrhoeal diseases in the past 11 years
Nova Palmeira Picuí
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Tiered approach
Methodology
- QMRA
- Microbiological analysis
- Culture
- Real-time PCR
- 99 households
- Physico-chemical analysis
- 312 samples of water
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Household and Sanitary Survey
- Sanitary inspection
- 87% - two or three water sources
- 79% - at least two water storage systems
- Buckets (89%) vs. hand pumps (14%)
- HRW, TW and DW for drinking
- POU treatment (50%)
- 89% - pour-flush toilet - soakaways
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Water Supply System in Rural Communities
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Microbial Transmission Routes at the Household Level
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None Ceramic filter Chlorine 4 3 2 1
Drinking water treatment
- E. coli (Log10 CFU/100 mL)
None Ceramic filter Chlorine 4 3 2 1
Drinking water treatment IE (Log10 CFU/100 mL)
Monitoring Outcomes
- Reported chlorine use vs. level of free chlorine
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Monitoring Outcomes
- Low detection of somatic coliphages (19% - SS and 20% - DWSC)
Intestinal enterococci
- E. coli
WS DWSC WS DWSC
3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0
Log10 (CFU/100 mL)
Desalinated water
- Increase level of
FIO in the SS?
- E. coli vs. IE
Intestinal enterococci
- E. coli
WS SS DWSC WS SS DWSC
4 3 2 1
Log10 (CFU/100 mL)
Tankered water (Army operation)
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Development of QMRA
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Takeaway Points
- Alternative water sources vs. water quality
- ’Safe’ water supply vs. consumption of ‘safe’ water
Water safety plan ‘WASH safety plan’
- Lack of adequate health and safety training
+ Hygiene + Sanitation
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