SLIDE 1
Recent Progress on GRBs with Swift
Neil Gehrels NASA-GSFC April 19, 2010 Kyoto GRB Conference
Cnts/s Time (s)
Recent Progress on GRBs with Swift Neil Gehrels NASA-GSFC April - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Recent Progress on GRBs with Swift Neil Gehrels NASA-GSFC April - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Cnts/s Time (s) Recent Progress on GRBs with Swift Neil Gehrels NASA-GSFC April 19, 2010 Kyoto GRB Conference 500 GRBs 158 Redshifts redshift look-back time Swift NG, Ramirez-Ruiz & Fox 2009 Pre-Swift comoving volume Progress:
SLIDE 2
SLIDE 3
comoving volume Swift Pre-Swift
500 GRBs 158 Redshifts
redshift look-back time
NG, Ramirez-Ruiz & Fox 2009
SLIDE 4
Progress: Early Universe GRBs
SLIDE 5
Tanvir et al. 2009
z = 8.2 GRB 090423 z = 6.7 GRB 080913 z = 6.29 GRB 050904
Kawai et al. 2006 Greiner et al. 2009
High Redshift GRBs
6 GRBs out of 500 at z>5
SLIDE 6
Bright Across the E-M Spectrum
z GRB Optical Brightness 8.2 090423 K = 20 @ 20 min 6.7 080813 K = 19 @ 10 min 6.29 050904 J = 18 @ 3 hrs 5.6 060927 I = 16 @ 2 min 5.3 050814 K = 18 @ 23 hrs 5.11 060522 R = 21 @ 1.5 hrs
Crab nebula
Magnitude
GRB 090423
Salvaterra et al. 2009
K ~ 32 for Milkyway @ z = 8
SLIDE 7
D'Elia et al. 2007
GRB 050730 z = 3.97 UVES / VLT
GRB Spectroscopy
Savaglio et al.
sims all galaxies sims GRB hosts
Metallicity
Redshift
SLIDE 8
High-z Prospects
Butler, Bloom & Poznanski (2010)
GRB 100205A had colors consistent with z ~ 11, but insufficient observations to confirm) Expect 1 GRB @ z = 10 per ~5 years
see also: Bromm & Loeb 2007 model predictions Mészáros & Rees 2010 Pop III GRBs
Swift Observations & Prediction
Redshift, z0 z > z0 G R B / y e a r
SLIDE 9
New IR instruments / telescopes * X-Shooter on VLT * FIRE on Magellan * MMIRS on Magellan & MMT * SASIR telescope at San Pedro Mártir * JWST Swift GI program IR instrumentation
Future Capabilities
JWST sensitivity
Bromm & Loeb (2007)
z=15 z=5
IR Afterglow
Time (hours) F l u x ( J y )
SLIDE 10
VLT / X-Shooter GRB 090313 300 - 2500 nm R = 4000 - 14000
De Ugarte Postigo et al. 2009
SLIDE 11
Progress: Short GRBs
SLIDE 12
Name Redshift Afteglow Host Flence (γ-ray) Duration Spectral+ Extended Comment (10-8 erg/cm2) (s) Lag (ms) Emission
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
050509B 0.225 X elliptical@ 0.95±0.25 0.03 4.7±3.2 N low SF, HST 050724 0.258 X, O, R elliptical 39.±10. 3.0
- 4.2±8.2
Y low SF, HST 050813 ? ? 0.7, 1.8 X ? galaxies, cluster 12.4±4.6 0.60
- 9.7±14.0
N
- 051210
0.114? X ? cluster@ 8.3±1.4 1.4
- 1.0±16.0
N HST 051221A 0.547 X, O, R SF galaxy 116.±4. 1.4 0.0±0.4 N HST 051227
- X, O
faint galaxy 0.23±0.03 0.9 (16) 2±10 Y
- 060313
- X, O
? cluster@ 113.±5. 0.7 0.8±0.6 N HST 060502B 0.287? X elliptical @ 50kpc 4.0±0.5 0.09
- 4.0±3.
N 73kpc offset 060801 1.131? X ? galaxies 8.1±1.0 0.5 8±8 N
- 061006
0.4377 X, O galaxy 143.±14. 0.5 (130) 9.2±7.1 Y HST 061201 0.111? X, O galaxy @34kpc@ 33.±3. 0.8 2.7±3.3 N HST 061210 0.41? X ? galaxies 110.±20. 0.19 (85) 1.0±0.5 Y
- 061217
0.827? X ? galaxies 4.6±0.8 0.3
- N
- 070429B
0.904 X, O galaxy 6.3±1.0 0.5 7±5 N 4kpc, spec z 070714B 0.923 X, O galaxy 72.±9. 2.9 (64) 14±7 Y R~25.5 spec z 070724 0.457 X galaxy 3.0±0.7 0.4 22±35 N SF host @ 2" 070729
- X
- 10.±2.
0.9
- 113±63
- 070809
- X, O
- 10.±1.
1.3 11±38
- not very hard
071227 0.383 X, O galaxy 22.±3. 0.18 4=14 Y 080123
- X
- 57.±17.
- 0.41 (115)
- N
EE not real 080503
- X, O
- 200±10
~0.5 (170)
- 8±12
Y rising LC opt 080702A
- X
- 3.6±1.0
0.5
- 15±20
N 080905A
- X, O
nearby galaxy 14±2 1.0
- 5±5
N 080919
- X
- 7.2±1.1
0.6 97±23 N 081024
- X
- 12±2
1.8
- N
081211B 0.216? X cluster field 61. 2.9
- Y
BATSS, Konus 081226A
- X
- 9.9±1.8
0.4
- N
090307
- X, O
- 0.7±0.1
0.4
- N
090417A 0.088? X 2MASS galaxy 1.9±0.5 0.072
- N
probably not SGR 090426 2.6 X, O
- 18.
1.2 1.7±12.5 N long or short?? 090510 0.903 X, O
- 34.±4.
0.3 0.8±1.0 N LAT 090515
- X
- 2.1±0.4
0.038 2.8±1.2 N 090531B
- X
- 71±9
1.3 11±5 Y 090607
- X
- 11±2
2.3
- N
subthreshold 090621B
- X
- 7±1
0.14
- N
single spike 090916
- X
- 95.±18.
0.32 (65)
- Y
moon constrained 090927 1.37 X, O
- 22±3
2.2
- N
short? 091109B
- X, O
- 19±2
0.3
- 100117A
- X
- 9.3±1.3-
0.3
- single spike
100106A
- X
- 14±2
0.12
- 100213A
- X
- 17±3
2.4 15±15 Y?
SLIDE 13
Short GRB Statistics with Swift * 52 detected by BAT * 41 X-ray, 17 optical * 11 firm redshifts * Plus 3 HETE, 1 INTEGRAL Properties compared to long GRBs * Smaller redshift range * Weaker afterglow * Smaller E_iso * Found in all type galaxies
Nysewander, Fruchter & Pe'er 2009 XRT Chandra
GRB 090724
Berger 2009 Redshift Number X-ray Flux @ 11 hours
Eγ iso
SLIDE 14
SGR Giant Flares NS-NS Mergers
At Least 2 Models / Types
If 27-Dec-04 was @ 15 kpc, 15% of short bursts could be SGRs If 27-Dec-04 was @ 8 kpc, 2% could be SGRs
assuming once per 100 years giant flare as luminous as 27-Dec-04
SLIDE 15
Short GRB Prospects
- Coincident observations with LIGO/VIRGO
* ~20 yr-1 merger detections with ALIGO * ~0.7 yr-1 with sGRB detection
- Galaxies in BAT trigger
* 2000 nearby galaxies in trigger * reduces threshold from 7σ to ~5σ * search for SGR sub-population (& other transients or GRBs)
- HST observations of offsets
& sites of origin
NS-NS Merger GW Chip HST Fong, Berger & Fox 2009
ALIGO to 200 Mpc
SLIDE 16
Progress: Supernova Connection
SLIDE 17
GRB 100316D / SN 2010bh z = 0.059
HST Image
Starling et al. 2010 Chornock et al. 2010
SNe with X or γ Transients
GRB 060218 / SN 2006aj z = 0.033
Flux Time (s)
Campana et al. 2006
XRO 080109 / SN 2008D
Time (s)
Soderberg et al. 2008
X-ray Flux Time (rest frame days) Velocity Si II line (1000 km/s)
z = 0.007
SLIDE 18
Nearby GRBs Without SNe
Two nearby "long" GRBs with no supernova GRB 060505 z = 0.089
(Fynbo et al.)
GRB 060614 z = 0.125
(Gal-Yam et al., Fynbo et al., Della Valle et al., Gehrels et al.)
GRB 060614 HST images
(Gal-Yam et al. 2006)
SLIDE 19
SN - GRB Prospects
- Waiting game:
* 5 GRBs with z < 0.2 in 5 years * 3 GRBs with z < 0.1 in 5 years
- UVOT/XRT follow-up of SN I b/c's
- SNe GRBs can have long duration
* New "fluence trigger" for BAT
- XRO 080109, only 3x too faint for BAT
* Search for BAT SN shock outbursts * BAT "galaxies in trigger" may help
v b v
uv Days Past Explosion Magnitude
SLIDE 20
* Short GRB 050925 near galactic plane with soft spectrum and T90=0.07s. Galactic source or SGR? (Markwardt et al. 2005) * Long GRB 070125 @ z<1.5 with no absorption features and no host detected. Cluster far from a galaxy? (Cenko et al. 2008) * "GRB" 070610 from a galactic transient. Possibly a new class of BH binary fast X-ray nova. (Kasliwal et al. 2008) * GRB 070612 odd rising optical lightcurve. Radio for >1 year * AXP 1E1547.0-5408 with γ-ray flares. What is the dividing line between AXPs and SGRs? * GRB 090426 (merger or collapsar?). T90=1.3s, z=2.6, very soft spectrum, bright afterglow, interacting host (Leveque et al. 2009)
Oddball Events
SLIDE 21
* Short GRB 050925 near galactic plane with soft spectrum and T90=0.07s. Galactic source or SGR? (Markwardt et al. 2005) * Long GRB 070125 @ z<1.5 with no absorption features and no host detected. Cluster far from a galaxy? (Cenko et al. 2008) * "GRB" 070610 from a galactic transient. Possibly a new class of BH binary fast X-ray nova. (Kasliwal et al. 2008) * GRB 070612 odd rising optical lightcurve. Radio for >1 year * AXP 1E1547.0-5408 with γ-ray flares. What is the dividing line between AXPs and SGRs? * GRB 090426 (merger or collapsar?). T90=1.3s, z=2.6, very soft spectrum, bright afterglow, interacting host (Leveque et al. 2009)
Oddball Events
SLIDE 22
* Short GRB 050925 near galactic plane with soft spectrum and T90=0.07s. Galactic source or SGR? (Markwardt et al. 2005) * Long GRB 070125 @ z<1.5 with no absorption features and no host detected. Cluster far from a galaxy? (Cenko et al. 2008) * "GRB" 070610 from a galactic transient. Possibly a new class of BH binary fast X-ray nova. (Kasliwal et al. 2008) * GRB 070612 odd rising optical lightcurve. Radio for >1 year * AXP 1E1547.0-5408 with γ-ray flares. What is the dividing line between AXPs and SGRs? * GRB 090426 (merger or collapsar?). T90=1.3s, z=2.6, very soft spectrum, bright afterglow, interacting host (Leveque et al. 2009)
Oddball Events
SLIDE 23
Swift Orbital Decay
splash mean +2σ
- 2σ