December 11–13, 2013 KMI International Symposium 2013
- n “Quest for the Origin of Particles and the Universe”
Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
Quest for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma-ray Observations Hiroyasu - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Quest for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma-ray Observations Hiroyasu Tajima Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory Nagoya University December 1113, 2013 KMI International Symposium 2013 on Quest for the Origin of Particles and the
December 11–13, 2013 KMI International Symposium 2013
Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
Quest for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma-ray Observations KMI2013, DEC 11–13, 2013, Nagoya
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✤ Introduction ✤ Cosmic gamma-ray experiments
❖ Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope ❖ Imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs)
✤ WIMP searches with Fermi ✤ WIMP search with IACT ✤ Future prospects
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✤ What we know
❖ Dark matter exists
❖ Non-relativistic (“cold dark matter”) ❖ ~6 x ordinary matter
✤ What we don’t know
❖ What is dark matter?
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Coma
X-ray image
Galaxy cluster (optical)
Credit: NASA/CXC/M.Weiss)
Quest for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma-ray Observations KMI2013, DEC 11–13, 2013, Nagoya
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✤ What we know
❖ Dark matter exists
❖ Non-relativistic (“cold dark matter”) ❖ ~6 x ordinary matter
✤ What we don’t know
❖ What is dark matter?
3
Coma
X-ray image
Mass distribution by gravitational lensing
Credit: NASA/CXC/M.Weiss)
Quest for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma-ray Observations KMI2013, DEC 11–13, 2013, Nagoya
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✤ What we know
❖ Dark matter exists
❖ Non-relativistic (“cold dark matter”) ❖ ~6 x ordinary matter
✤ What we don’t know
❖ What is dark matter?
3
Coma
X-ray image
Hot gas distribution (imaged by X-ray)
Credit: NASA/CXC/M.Weiss)
Quest for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma-ray Observations KMI2013, DEC 11–13, 2013, Nagoya
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✤ What we know
❖ Dark matter exists
❖ Non-relativistic (“cold dark matter”) ❖ ~6 x ordinary matter
✤ What we don’t know
❖ What is dark matter?
3
Coma
X-ray image
Credit: NASA/CXC/M.Weiss)
Quest for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma-ray Observations KMI2013, DEC 11–13, 2013, Nagoya
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✤ What we know
❖ Dark matter exists
❖ Non-relativistic (“cold dark matter”) ❖ ~6 x ordinary matter
✤ What we don’t know
❖ What is dark matter?
3
Coma
X-ray image
Credit: NASA/CXC/M.Weiss)
Quest for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma-ray Observations KMI2013, DEC 11–13, 2013, Nagoya
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✤ Accelerator production
❖ Precise measurements of “DM” properties: mass, cross section ❖ UED (KK) vs SUSY
✤ Direct detection of WIMP scattering
❖ Measurement of local WIMP density
✤ Indirect detection of WIMP annihilation
❖ “Direct” constraints on annihilation cross section ❖ Distribution of WIMP in the Universe
✤ Those approaches are complimentary
❖ Different model dependences and sensitivity phase space
dΦγ dE γ (E γ , φ, θ) = 1 4π < σann v > 2m2
W I M P f
dN f
γ
dE γ B f ×
∆Ω ( φ,θ)
dΩ
los
ρ2(r (l, φ )) dl(r, φ )
4
WIMP WIMP SM particle SM particle Annihilation Production Scattering
Quest for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma-ray Observations KMI2013, DEC 11–13, 2013, Nagoya
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✤ WIMP is in equilibrium between pair creation and annihilation in
❖ Pair creation stops when thermal energy is not sufficient ❖ Annihilation continues and WIMP density become too low
❖ Current dark matter density (ΩDM)
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Y T (GeV) ΩX t (ns)
10–4
mX = 100 GeV
10–6 10–8 10–10 10–12 10–14 10–16 100 101 102 103 108 106 104 102 100 10–2 10–4 101 100 JONATHAN L. FENG
WIMP density/Entropy density
✤ Multi-pronged approaches
❖ Galactic center, Milky Way halo, Satellites ❖ Line emission, Continuum ❖ CR electrons, Diffuse gamma-ray
Quest for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma-ray Observations KMI2013, DEC 11–13, 2013, Nagoya
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Galactic center: Good Statistics but source confusion/diffuse background Satellites: Low background and good source id, but low statistics, astrophysical background Good Statistics but source confusion/diffuse background Milky Way halo: Large statistics but diffuse background 6
✤ Multi-pronged approaches
❖ Galactic center, Milky Way halo, Satellites ❖ Line emission, Continuum ❖ CR electrons, Diffuse gamma-ray
Quest for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma-ray Observations KMI2013, DEC 11–13, 2013, Nagoya
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Galactic center: Good Statistics but source confusion/diffuse background Satellites: Low background and good source id, but low statistics, astrophysical background Good Statistics but source confusion/diffuse background Milky Way halo: Large statistics but diffuse background 6
✤ Pair-conversion telescope
❖ Good background rejection due to “clear” gamma-ray signature
✤ Tracker (TKR): pair conversion, tracking
❖ Angular resolution is dominated by scattering below ~GeV
✤ Calorimeter: energy measurement
❖ 8.4 radiation length ❖ Use shower development
✤ Anti-coincidence detector:
❖ Efficiency > 99.97%
Quest for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma-ray Observations KMI2013, DEC 11–13, 2013, Nagoya
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Gamma-ray Burst Monitor Large Area Telescope (LAT)
Energy band: 20 MeV to >300 GeV Effective area: > 8000 cm2 (~6xEGRET) Field of view: > 2.4 sr (~5xEGRET) Angular resolution: 0.04 – 10° Energy resolution: 5 – 10%
Quest for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma-ray Observations KMI2013, DEC 11–13, 2013, Nagoya
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Stanford University & SLAC NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Naval Research Laboratory University of California at Santa Cruz Sonoma State University University of Washington Purdue Univeristy-Calumet Ohio State University University of Denver Commissariat a l’Energie Atomique, Saclay CNRS/IN2P3 (CENBG-Bordeaux, LLR-Ecole polytechnique, LPTA-Montpellier) Hiroshima University Nagoya University Institute of Space and Astronautical Science Tokyo Institute of Technology RIKEN Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm Stockholms Universitet
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~400 Scientific Members (including 96 Affiliated Scientists, plus 68 Postdocs and 105 Students)
Energy (eV)
8
10
9
10
10
10
11
10
12
10
)
s
dN/dE (erg cm
2
E
10
10
10
Best-fit broken power law Fermi-LAT VERITAS (Acciari et al. 2009) MAGIC (Albert et al. 2008) AGILE (Tavani et al. 2010)
Bremsstrahlung with Break
IC 443
Quest for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma-ray Observations KMI2013, DEC 11–13, 2013, Nagoya
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GBM NaIs 0.63 0.73 Energy (MeV) 10
2
10
3
10
4
10 (a) (b) 0.53
Test of Lorentz Invariance Violation
Energy 10 100
Quest for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma-ray Observations KMI2013, DEC 11–13, 2013, Nagoya
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10
Energy range 50GeV ~ 10TeV Angular resolution ~0.1 degrees Energy resolution ~20% Detection area ~105m2 Field of view ~4° (~10-2 sr)
Quest for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma-ray Observations KMI2013, DEC 11–13, 2013, Nagoya
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Quest for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma-ray Observations KMI2013, DEC 11–13, 2013, Nagoya
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✤ Many dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSph) around our Galaxy
❖ dSphs are known to have large dark matter fraction (~100%) ❖ Negligible gamma-ray backgrounds from ordinary matter (few stars)
Quest for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma-ray Observations KMI2013, DEC 11–13, 2013, Nagoya
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Quest for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma-ray Observations KMI2013, DEC 11–13, 2013, Nagoya
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✤ 15 most promising dSph (dwarf spheroidal) based on distance,
❖ New DM-dominated dSph is being discovered recently
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UMi Leo IV Her Sex Seg 1 UMa I Dra Com Leo I CMa Wil 1 For Sgr Scl CVn II Seg 2 Car Boo II Leo II Psc II Boo III CVn I UMa II Leo V Boo I
arXiv:1310.0828v1
Quest for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma-ray Observations KMI2013, DEC 11–13, 2013, Nagoya
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✤ 15 most promising dSph (dwarf spheroidal) based on distance,
❖ New DM-dominated dSph is being discovered recently
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UMi Leo IV Her Sex Seg 1 UMa I Dra Com Leo I CMa Wil 1 For Sgr Scl CVn II Seg 2 Car Boo II Leo II Psc II Boo III CVn I UMa II Leo V Boo I
Energy (MeV) Energy Flux (MeV cm−2 s−1)
10−7 10−6 10−5
Bootes I Bootes II Bootes III Canes Venatici I Canes Venatici II
10−7 10−6 10−5
Canis Major Carina Coma Berenices Draco Fornax
10−7 10−6 10−5
Hercules Leo I Leo II Leo IV Leo V
10−7 10−6 10−5
Pisces II Sagittarius Sculptor Segue 1 Segue 2
103 104 105 10−7 10−6 10−5
Sextans
103 104 105
Ursa Major I
103 104 105
Ursa Major II
103 104 105
Ursa Minor
103 104 105
Willman 1
arXiv:1310.0828v1
Quest for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma-ray Observations KMI2013, DEC 11–13, 2013, Nagoya
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✤ 15 most promising dSph (dwarf spheroidal) based on distance,
❖ New DM-dominated dSph is being discovered recently
14
UMi Leo IV Her Sex Seg 1 UMa I Dra Com Leo I CMa Wil 1 For Sgr Scl CVn II Seg 2 Car Boo II Leo II Psc II Boo III CVn I UMa II Leo V Boo I
Energy (MeV) Energy Flux (MeV cm−2 s−1)
10−7 10−6 10−5
Bootes I Bootes II Bootes III Canes Venatici I Canes Venatici II
10−7 10−6 10−5
Canis Major Carina Coma Berenices Draco Fornax
10−7 10−6 10−5
Hercules Leo I Leo II Leo IV Leo V
10−7 10−6 10−5
Pisces II Sagittarius Sculptor Segue 1 Segue 2
103 104 105 10−7 10−6 10−5
Sextans
103 104 105
Ursa Major I
103 104 105
Ursa Major II
103 104 105
Ursa Minor
103 104 105
Willman 1
10−22 10−23 10−24 10−25 10−26 hσvi (cm3 s−1)
e+e−
Observed Limit Median Expected 68% Containment 95% Containment
10−22 10−23 10−24 10−25 10−26 hσvi (cm3 s−1)
µ+µ−
101 102 103 Mass (GeV/c2) 10−22 10−23 10−24 10−25 10−26 hσvi (cm3 s−1)
τ +τ − u¯ u b¯ b
101 102 103 Mass (GeV/c2)
W +W −
arXiv:1310.0828v1
Quest for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma-ray Observations KMI2013, DEC 11–13, 2013, Nagoya
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✤ Galactic halo region except Galactic disk
❖ Avoid very large Galactic diffuse background in the disk region
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APJ 761 (2012) 91
Quest for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma-ray Observations KMI2013, DEC 11–13, 2013, Nagoya
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✤ Galactic halo region except Galactic disk
❖ Avoid very large Galactic diffuse background in the disk region
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APJ 761 (2012) 91
Quest for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma-ray Observations KMI2013, DEC 11–13, 2013, Nagoya
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✤ Galactic halo region except Galactic disk
❖ Avoid very large Galactic diffuse background in the disk region
15
0.1 0.5 1.0 5.0 10.0 50.0 100.0 5¥10-5 1¥10-4 5¥10-4 0.001 0.005 E @GeVD E2F @MeV cm-2 s-1 sr-1D »b» < 15°, »b» > 5°, »l» < 80° cc ô bb mc = 250 GeV <sv> = 4 10-25cm3s-1 p0 IC DM APJ 761 (2012) 91
Quest for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma-ray Observations KMI2013, DEC 11–13, 2013, Nagoya
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✤ Galactic halo region except Galactic disk
❖ Avoid very large Galactic diffuse background in the disk region
15
0.1 0.5 1.0 5.0 10.0 50.0 100.0 5¥10-5 1¥10-4 5¥10-4 0.001 0.005 E @GeVD E2F @MeV cm-2 s-1 sr-1D »b» < 15°, »b» > 5°, »l» < 80° cc ô bb mc = 250 GeV <sv> = 4 10-25cm3s-1 p0 IC DM
10 102 103 104 10-26 10-25 10-24 10-23 10-22 10-21 m @GeVD <sv> @cm3s-1D cc ô bb, NFW 3s, wêo background modeling, r0=0.2-0.7 GeV cm-3 wêo background modeling constrained free source fits 3s, r0=0.43 GeV cm-3 5s, r0=0.43 GeV cm-3 sWIMP freeze-out
APJ 761 (2012) 91
Quest for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma-ray Observations KMI2013, DEC 11–13, 2013, Nagoya
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✤ Galactic halo region except Galactic disk
❖ Avoid very large Galactic diffuse background in the disk region
15
0.1 0.5 1.0 5.0 10.0 50.0 100.0 5¥10-5 1¥10-4 5¥10-4 0.001 0.005 E @GeVD E2F @MeV cm-2 s-1 sr-1D »b» < 15°, »b» > 5°, »l» < 80° cc ô bb mc = 250 GeV <sv> = 4 10-25cm3s-1 p0 IC DM
10 102 103 104 10-26 10-25 10-24 10-23 10-22 10-21 m @GeVD <sv> @cm3s-1D cc ô bb, NFW 3s, wêo background modeling, r0=0.2-0.7 GeV cm-3 wêo background modeling constrained free source fits 3s, r0=0.43 GeV cm-3 5s, r0=0.43 GeV cm-3 sWIMP freeze-out 10 102 103 104 10-26 10-25 10-24 10-23 10-22 10-21 m @GeVD <sv> @cm3s-1D cc ô t+t-, NFW IC+FSR, wêo background modeling FSR, wêo background modeling IC+FSR, constrained free source fits 3s 5s sWIMP freeze-out
APJ 761 (2012) 91
✤ Galactic center is expected to have enormous amount of WIMPs
❖ BG in TeV band is relatively low compared with GeV band due to
❖ BG is dominated by cosmic-ray electrons
Quest for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma-ray Observations KMI2013, DEC 11–13, 2013, Nagoya
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Galactic Longitude (deg) Galactic Latitude (deg)
1
2
1 2 3 Search Region Excluded Region Background Region
r [kpc]
10
10
10 1 10
3
[GeV/cm ] ρ
10 1 10
2
10
3
10
4
10 Einasto NFW Isothermal Source region Background region
Phys.Rev.Lett.106:161301,2011
✤ Galactic center is expected to have enormous amount of WIMPs
❖ BG in TeV band is relatively low compared with GeV band due to
❖ BG is dominated by cosmic-ray electrons
Quest for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma-ray Observations KMI2013, DEC 11–13, 2013, Nagoya
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16
Galactic Longitude (deg) Galactic Latitude (deg)
1
2
1 2 3 Search Region Excluded Region Background Region
log (E[TeV])
0.5 1 1.5
Bg
,F
Src
*F
2.7
E
10 × 5
10 × 6
10 × 7
10 × 8
10 × 9
10
10 × 2
Source region Background region
log (E[TeV])
0.5 1 1.5
res
F
res
F
1 2 3 4
Phys.Rev.Lett.106:161301,2011
✤ Galactic center is expected to have enormous amount of WIMPs
❖ BG in TeV band is relatively low compared with GeV band due to
❖ BG is dominated by cosmic-ray electrons
Quest for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma-ray Observations KMI2013, DEC 11–13, 2013, Nagoya
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16
Galactic Longitude (deg) Galactic Latitude (deg)
1
2
1 2 3 Search Region Excluded Region Background Region
log (E[TeV])
0.5 1 1.5
Bg
,F
Src
*F
2.7
E
10 × 5
10 × 6
10 × 7
10 × 8
10 × 9
10
10 × 2
Source region Background region
log (E[TeV])
0.5 1 1.5
res
F
res
F
1 2 3 4
Phys.Rev.Lett.106:161301,2011 [TeV]
10 1 10 ]
s
3
v > [cm
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Einasto (this work) NFW (this work) Sgr Dwarf Willman 1 Ursa Minor Draco
Fermi Draco HESS Galactic Center DarkSUSY HESS Sagittarius VERITAS Ursa Minor, Willman 1 Thermal relic WIMP
✤ Fermi/LAT limit on WIMP annihilation cross section now cuts
✤ Cherenkov telescope is not currently very competitive
Quest for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma-ray Observations KMI2013, DEC 11–13, 2013, Nagoya
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1 0.1 10 102 103
mDM (TeV)
0.1 1 10 104
Cherenkov individual dSph
Annihilation cross section (10–26 cm3s–1)
Cherenkov Galactic Center Fermi 10 dSphs (4 years) Fermi Galactic Halo (2 years) Cross section expected from thermal relic WIMP
Quest for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma-ray Observations KMI2013, DEC 11–13, 2013, Nagoya
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✤ Observations of gamma rays in 20 GeV – 100 TeV band
❖ Cherenkov light from electromagnetic shower produced by interaction of
✤ Large collection area by placing many telescopes ❖ x10 better sensitivity ✤ Wide energy band coverage by three different size of telescopes
❖ Large-size telescope (LST): Φ = 23 m, 20 GeV – 1 TeV, 4 telescopes ❖ Medium-size telescope (MST): Φ = 10 – 12 m, 0.1 – 10 TeV, ~20 telescopes ❖ Small-size telescope (SST): Φ = 4 – 7 m, 1 – 100 TeV, 30 – 70 telescopes 18
LST 23 m MST 10 – 12 m SST 4 – 7 m
✤ ~ an order of magnitude improvements expected
❖ Fermi: increased statistics and more dwarf spheroids
❖ Cherenkov telescope: better sensitivities with CTA
Quest for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma-ray Observations KMI2013, DEC 11–13, 2013, Nagoya
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1 0.1 10 102 103
mDM (TeV)
0.1 1 10 104
CTA Galactic Center Cherenkov individual dSph
Annihilation cross section (10–26 cm3s–1)
Cherenkov Galactic Center Fermi 10 dSphs (4 years) Fermi 10 years Fermi Galactic Halo (2 years) Cross section expected from thermal relic WIMP
calculation by “effective” theory arXiv: 1310.8621v1
Quest for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma-ray Observations KMI2013, DEC 11–13, 2013, Nagoya
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✤ Collider, direct and indirect WIMP searches are complimentary
❖ Collider: best for gluon and quark (mDM < 200 GeV) interactions ❖ Direct: best for lepton (mDM < 200 GeV) and gluon interactions ❖ Indirect: best for lepton and quark interactions (mDM > 200 GeV)
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calculation by “effective” theory arXiv: 1310.8621v1
Quest for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma-ray Observations KMI2013, DEC 11–13, 2013, Nagoya
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✤ Collider, direct and indirect WIMP searches are complimentary
❖ Collider: best for gluon and quark (mDM < 200 GeV) interactions ❖ Direct: best for lepton (mDM < 200 GeV) and gluon interactions ❖ Indirect: best for lepton and quark interactions (mDM > 200 GeV)
20
102 103 m(˜ χ0
1) (GeV)
10−17 10−15 10−13 10−11 10−9 10−7 10−5 R · σSI (pb)
XENON1T Survives DD, ID, and LHC Excluded by LHC but not DD or ID Excluded by DD and ID Excluded by ID but not DD Excluded by DD but not ID
calculation by “effective” theory arXiv: 1310.8621v1
Quest for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma-ray Observations KMI2013, DEC 11–13, 2013, Nagoya
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✤ Collider, direct and indirect WIMP searches are complimentary
❖ Collider: best for gluon and quark (mDM < 200 GeV) interactions ❖ Direct: best for lepton (mDM < 200 GeV) and gluon interactions ❖ Indirect: best for lepton and quark interactions (mDM > 200 GeV)
20
102 103 m(˜ χ0
1) (GeV)
10−17 10−15 10−13 10−11 10−9 10−7 10−5 R · σSI (pb)
XENON1T Survives DD, ID, and LHC Excluded by LHC but not DD or ID Excluded by DD and ID Excluded by ID but not DD Excluded by DD but not ID
calculation by “effective” theory arXiv: 1310.8621v1
Quest for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma-ray Observations KMI2013, DEC 11–13, 2013, Nagoya
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✤ Collider, direct and indirect WIMP searches are complimentary
❖ Collider: best for gluon and quark (mDM < 200 GeV) interactions ❖ Direct: best for lepton (mDM < 200 GeV) and gluon interactions ❖ Indirect: best for lepton and quark interactions (mDM > 200 GeV)
20
102 103 m(˜ χ0
1) (GeV)
10−17 10−15 10−13 10−11 10−9 10−7 10−5 R · σSI (pb)
XENON1T Survives DD, ID, and LHC Excluded by LHC but not DD or ID Excluded by DD and ID Excluded by ID but not DD Excluded by DD but not ID
calculation by “effective” theory arXiv: 1310.8621v1
Quest for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma-ray Observations KMI2013, DEC 11–13, 2013, Nagoya
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✤ Collider, direct and indirect WIMP searches are complimentary
❖ Collider: best for gluon and quark (mDM < 200 GeV) interactions ❖ Direct: best for lepton (mDM < 200 GeV) and gluon interactions ❖ Indirect: best for lepton and quark interactions (mDM > 200 GeV)
20
102 103 m(˜ χ0
1) (GeV)
10−17 10−15 10−13 10−11 10−9 10−7 10−5 R · σSI (pb)
XENON1T Survives DD, ID, and LHC Excluded by LHC but not DD or ID Excluded by DD and ID Excluded by ID but not DD Excluded by DD but not ID
Quest for Dark Matter with Cosmic Gamma-ray Observations KMI2013, DEC 11–13, 2013, Nagoya
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✤ Weakly Interacting Massive Particle is a extremely promising
✤ Indirect search is one of complimentary approaches in WIMP dark
✤ Fermi/LAT limit on WIMP annihilation cross section is now cutting
❖ Excluded mass range would extend to multi-100 GeV/c2 in the future
✤ CTA is a promising project to search for WIMP in TeV energy band
❖ Excluded mass range would overlap with Fermi at lower energies ❖ Excluded mass range would extend to multi-TeV/c2
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