■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦❢ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s ♦❢ ◆❆❙ ♦❢ ❯❦r❛✐♥❡ ❚❡r❡s❤❝❤❡♥❦✐✈s❦❛ ✸✱ ❑②✐✈✱ ❯❦r❛✐♥❡ ❊q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥❝❡ ❣r♦✉♣♦✐❞s✱ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦♣❡rt② ❛♥❞ ❣r♦✉♣ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❢♦r ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s ❖❧❡♥❛ ❱❛♥❡❡✈❛ ✈❛♥❡❡✈❛❅✐♠❛t❤✳❦✐❡✈✳✉❛ ❳ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ P❤②s✐❝s ▼❡❡t✐♥❣✿ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❙❝❤♦♦❧ ♦♥ ▼♦❞❡r♥ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ P❤②s✐❝s ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✶✸✱ ✷✵✶✾
✶ ■t ✐s ✇✐❞❡❧② ❦♥♦✇♥ t❤❛t t❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ t❤❡♦r② ❢♦r ✐♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♥♦♥❧✐♥❡❛r ♣❛rt✐❛❧ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛❧ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s ✭P❉❊s✮✳ ◆❡✈❡rt❤❡❧❡ss✱ ♠❛♥② s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❝❛s❡s ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ♦r ✜♥❞✐♥❣ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ❛♣♣r♦♣r✐❛t❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ♦❢ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✳ ◆♦♥❞❡❣❡♥❡r❛t❡ ♣♦✐♥t tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥s t❤❛t ❧❡❛✈❡ ❛ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛❧ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥✈❛r✐❛♥t ❛♥❞ ❢♦r♠ ❛ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ ▲✐❡ ❣r♦✉♣ ❛r❡ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ▲✐❡ s②♠♠❡tr✐❡s ♦❢ t❤✐s ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤✐s ❦✐♥❞ ❛r❡ ♦♥❡s ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡ ♠♦st❧② ✉s❡❞✳ ❚❤✐s ♣❧❛❝❡s t❤❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ♠♦st ♣♦✇❡r❢✉❧ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝ t♦♦❧s ❝✉rr❡♥t❧② ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ st✉❞② ♦❢ ♥♦♥❧✐♥❡❛r P❉❊s✳ ❱❛♥❡❡✈❛ ❖✳ ⑤ ❊q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥❝❡ ❣r♦✉♣♦✐❞s ♦❢ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s
✷ ❚❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♥♦♥tr✐✈✐❛❧ s②♠♠❡tr② ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ✐s ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐st✐♥❝t✐✈❡ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ✇❤✐❝❤ ❞✐✛❡r ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s ❞❡s❝r✐❜✐♥❣ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥❛ ❢r♦♠ ♦t❤❡r ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ♦♥❡s ❆❧❧ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐❝ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ ♣❤②s✐❝s✱ ✐✳❡✳ t❤❡ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ◆❡✇t♦♥✱ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡✱ ❞✬❆❧❡♠❜❡rt✱ ❊✉❧❡r✲▲❛❣r❛♥❣❡✱ ▲❛♠❡✱ ❍❛♠✐❧t♦♥✲❏❛❝♦❜✐✱ ▼❛①✇❡❧❧✱ ❙❝❤r☎ ♦❞✐♥❣❡r ❡t❝✳✱ ❤❛✈❡ ♥♦♥tr✐✈✐❛❧ s②♠♠❡tr② ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s✳ ■t ♠❡❛♥s t❤❛t ♠❛♥✐❢♦❧❞s ♦❢ t❤❡✐r s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ✐♥✈❛r✐❛♥t ✇✐t❤ r❡s♣❡❝t t♦ ♠✉❧t✐✲♣❛r❛♠❡t❡r ❣r♦✉♣ ♦❢ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥s ✭▲✐❡ ❣r♦✉♣ ♦❢ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥s✮ ✇✐t❤ ❧❛r❣❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs✳ ❱❛♥❡❡✈❛ ❖✳ ⑤ ❊q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥❝❡ ❣r♦✉♣♦✐❞s ♦❢ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s
✸ ❚❤❡ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ ✐♥✈❛r✐❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛♥ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✉♥❞❡r ❛ ❣r♦✉♣ ❡♥❛❜❧❡s ✉s ✐♥ s♦♠❡ ❝❛s❡s t♦ s❡❧❡❝t t❤✐s ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ ❛ ✇✐❞❡ s❡t ♦❢ ♦t❤❡r ❛❞♠✐ss✐❜❧❡ ♦♥❡s✳ ❋♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ t❤❡r❡ ✐s t❤❡ ♦♥❧② ♦♥❡ s②st❡♠ ♦❢ P♦✐♥❝❛r✁ ❡✲✐♥✈❛r✐❛♥t ✜rst✲♦r❞❡r ♣❛rt✐❛❧ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛❧ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❢♦r t✇♦ r❡❛❧ ✈❡❝t♦rs E ❛♥❞ H ✱ ❛♥❞ t❤✐s ✐s t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ♦❢ ▼❛①✇❡❧❧ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s✳ ●r♦✉♣ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ♦❢ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛❧ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s ❝♦♥s✐sts ✐♥ t❤❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♥♦♥✲❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t ❝❛s❡s ♦❢ s✉❝❤ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣♦ss❡ss t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥s ♦❢ ▲✐❡ s②♠♠❡tr✐❡s✳ ❱❛♥❡❡✈❛ ❖✳ ⑤ ❊q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥❝❡ ❣r♦✉♣♦✐❞s ♦❢ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s
✹ ❚❤❡ s②st❡♠❛t✐❝ st✉❞② ♦❢ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ♦❢ ❝❧❛ss❡s ♦❢ ♥♦♥❧✐♥❡❛r P❉❊s ✇❛s ✐♥✐t✐❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ✶✾✾✶ ❜② ❑✐♥❣st♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❙♦♣❤♦❝❧❡♦✉s✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❛✉t❤♦rs ❧❛t❡r ♥❛♠❡❞ t❤❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥s r❡❧❛t❡❞ t✇♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❛ ❝❧❛ss ♦❢ P❉❊s ❢♦r♠✲♣r❡s❡r✈✐♥❣ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ s✉❝❤ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥s ♣r❡s❡r✈❡ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❛ ❝❧❛ss ❛♥❞ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♦♥❧② ✐ts ❛r❜✐tr❛r② ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts✳ ❖♥❧② ❛ ②❡❛r ❧❛t❡r ✐♥ ✶✾✾✷ ●❛③❡❛✉ ❛♥❞ ❲✐♥t❡r♥✐t③ st❛rt❡❞ t♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡ s✉❝❤ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❝❧❛ss❡s ♦❢ P❉❊s ❝❛❧❧✐♥❣ t❤❡♠ ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❱❛♥❡❡✈❛ ❖✳ ⑤ ❊q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥❝❡ ❣r♦✉♣♦✐❞s ♦❢ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s
✺ ❘✐❣♦r♦✉s ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ t❤❡♦r② ♦♥ t❤❡ s✉❜❥❡❝t ✇❛s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❧❛t❡r ❜② P♦♣♦✈②❝❤✳ ❆s ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♥♦t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❢♦r♠✲♣r❡s❡r✈✐♥❣ ✭❛❧❧♦✇❡❞✮ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥s ❤❡ s✉❣❣❡st❡❞ t❤❡ t❡r♠ ❛❞♠✐ss✐❜❧❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳ ■♥ ❜r✐❡❢✱ ❛♥ ❛❞♠✐ss✐❜❧❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❛ tr✐♣❧❡ ❝♦♥s✐st✐♥❣ ♦❢ t✇♦ ✜①❡❞ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s ❢r♦♠ ❛ ❝❧❛ss ❛♥❞ ❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ t❤❛t ❧✐♥❦s t❤❡s❡ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ ❛❞♠✐ss✐❜❧❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥s ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ t❤❡ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥❝❡ ❣r♦✉♣♦✐❞✳ ❱❛♥❡❡✈❛ ❖✳ ⑤ ❊q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥❝❡ ❣r♦✉♣♦✐❞s ♦❢ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s
❊q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥❝❡ ❣r♦✉♣ ✻ ❚❤❡r❡ ❡①✐st s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❦✐♥❞s ♦❢ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥❝❡ ❣r♦✉♣s ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ r❡str✐❝t✐♦♥s t❤❛t ❛r❡ ✐♠♣♦s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡ ✉s✉❛❧ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥❝❡ ❣r♦✉♣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❧❛ss L| S ❝♦♥s✐sts ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥♦♥❞❡❣❡♥❡r❛t❡ ♣♦✐♥t tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ s♣❛❝❡ ♦❢ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❛♥❞ ❛r❜✐tr❛r② ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣r❡s❡r✈❡ t❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ ❝❧❛ss L| S ❛♥❞ ❛r❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝t❛❜❧❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ s♣❛❝❡✱ ✐✳❡✳✱ t❤❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ t♦ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❞♦ ♥♦t ❞❡♣❡♥❞ ♦♥ ❛r❜✐tr❛r② ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts✳ ❱❛♥❡❡✈❛ ❖✳ ⑤ ❊q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥❝❡ ❣r♦✉♣♦✐❞s ♦❢ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s
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