psychological construct of Religiosity as applied to a Filipino - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Puzzles in the Construction of

a

Religiosity Measure

THEORETICAL and METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES

Josefina Andrea R. Cantiller

University of the Philippines, Diliman Department of Psychology

Discuss theoretical & methodological issues related to the construction

• f a scale to measure the

psychological construct of Religiosity as applied to a Filipino setting.

Four Puzzles

• A. Is religiosity the same as spirituality?
• B. What is the appropriate method for

examining an abstract concept such as religiosity?

• C. What dimensions make up Filipino religiosity?
• D. Is religiosity as a psychological construct

better understood as being uni-dimensional

• r multi-dimensional?

Religiosity or Spirituality?

Multidimensional or Unidimensional?

THEORETICAL ISSUES

What is

RELIGIOSITY?

» Has specific behavioural. social, doctrinal, & denominational characteristics because it involves a system of worship & doctrine that is shared with a group (Mokua, Hishinuma, &

Nishimura, 2001)

Religiosity/Religiousness

Spirituality (Mokua, Hishinuma, &Nishimura, 2001)

» Concerned with the transcendent, addressing ultimate questions about life’s meaning » Can exist within & outside the context of religious doctrine & institutions

» Encompasses such realms as the cognitive

• r philosophic, the experiential and

emotional, and the behavioral (Anandarajah

and Hight, 2001)

Zwingmann, Klein, & Bussing, 2011

Spirituality

Religiosity secular humanism

Spiritual but not religious

System of beliefs & practices

transcendence experience existential (meaning/purpose)

How do we measure

RELIGIOSITY?

METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES

REPRESENTATIVE VIEWS (Chen & Chen, 2012)

Scientific Empiricism Post-modern standpoint Problem-oriented

Scientific Empiricism

Objectivism vs. Subjectivism (Wulff , 1991, 1997)

Experimental Method (Barrett ,2004, 2008)

Post-modern Standpoint

Methodological pluralism (Slife and Gantt,1999 and Slife and Melling, 2012)

Value of qualitative vs. quantitative research (Nelson 2009, 2010)

Chen, et al (2005)

Diversification Integration

Relevant philosophical foundation + specific research issue

Problem-Oriented

Procedure for developing scale

» Dimensions were conceptually derived » Qualitative (interviews, pakikipagkwentuhan) » Quantitative (survey, scales) » Item pool to Scale construction » Data Analysis

» Qualitative:Thematic Analysis

» Quantitative: Validity & Reliability studies

Panukat ng Pagkarelihiyoso

* Items written in Filipino * 111 items (1990); 95 items (2008) * 5-point Likert Scale * Item mean: 3.62 * Range of item means: 2.4 to 4.5 * Inter-item correlation mean: 0.23 * Range of Significant correlation coefficients:

• .27 to .76

* Most items are “moderately to highly intercorrelated”

Internal Consistency Reliability

(Cronbach’s alpha values)

Dimensions 1990 sample 2008 sample KAPWA .72 .74 RITWAL .86 .90 PANINIWALA .85 .85 SIMBAHAN .87 .79 DIYOS .89 .92 BUNGA .79 .81 Pagkarelihiyoso .964 .97

7 Dimensions of Pagkarelihiyoso

*Kaugnayan sa Kapwa- mananampalataya *Pananalig sa mga Paniniwala *Paglahok sa mga Ritwal *Pagpapahalaga ng Simbahan *Kaugnayan sa Diyos *Bunga ng Relihiyon *Kaalaman tungkol sa doktrina

Pagkarelihiyoso (Cantiller, 1990, 2008)

A comprehensive term used to refer to the numerous aspects of religious activity, dedication, & belief.

“Ito ay may kinalaman sa antas ng pagtanggap ng tao sa mga doktrina, ang kanyang paglahok sa mga ritwal sa loob ng isang institusyon/kilusan at pagpapamalas ng mga paniniwalang ito kaugnay ng kanyang kapwa at ng isang Supernatural na nilalang.”

Ang Pilipinong Kristiyano na relihiyoso ay may pagpapahalaga sa KAUGNAYAN SA DIYOS Siya ay … * Lumalahok sa mga ritwal * Sumusunod sa utos ng simbahan * Ginagampanan ang mga relihiyosong obligasyon

Is Religiosity a Multidimensional or Unidimensional construct?

Religiosity Scales

Lenski’s four dimensions (Lenski 1961) Glock’s five dimensional typology (Fukuyama, 1961; Glock and Stark, 1965; Faulkner and DeJong 1966) Allport’s intrinsic-extrinsic typology (Wilson, 1960; Feagin ,1964; Allport and Ross, 1967). Mataragnon (1984) Cantiller (1990, 2008)

» PAGKARELIHIYOSO

KAPWA RITWAL

SIMBAHAN

PANINIWALA

DIYOS

BUNGA

DOKTRINA

?

3 General Components

» Dimensions are theoretically derived by 3 general components: » religious belief » commitment » behavior

But… Panukat ng Pagkareliyoso was constructed using a bottom-up approach!

DIMENSIONS

Belief Commitment Behaviour & Participatio n

Kaugnayan sa Kapwa- mananampalataya

X

Pananalig sa mga Paniniwala

X

Paglahok sa mga Ritwal

X

Pagpapahalaga ng Simbahan

X

Kaugnayan sa Diyos

X

Bunga ng Relihiyon

X

Kaalaman tungkol sa doktrina

X

* different approaches to defining & measuring relevant dimensions * different analytical methods * different populations examined

BUT … Variation in the content and number of reported dimensions appears to be the product

• f:

Religiosity is Multidimensional

The Peripheral Dimensions of Religiosity (Duke, 1998)

(1) communal involvement or congregational friendships (2) the intellectual or knowledge dimension (3) the experiential or religious experience dimension

(4) the consequential dimension.

These dimensions have been excluded because they can be conceptualized as either an antecedent or a consequence of religiosity, but are not indicators of religiosity per se (Cornwall 1985).

» PAGKARELIHIYOSO

KAPWA RITWAL

SIMBAHAN

PANINIWALA

DIYOS

BUNGA

DOKTRINA

?

X

X X

Is it Unidimensional?

Exploratory Factor Analysis results show similar loadings of 86 items in

• ne factor

Certain items are highly loaded in other factors but numbers are smaller Exploratory Factor Analysis results show similar loadings of 86 items in

• ne factor

Certain items are highly loaded in other factors but numbers are smaller

Is it Unidimensional?

* “Loyalty to church and Dependence on God” - 4 items. * “Manifestations of Faith” - 10 items. * “Importance of Institutional church” - 5 items. * The rest of the factors - 2 or 1 item/s with high loadings. » Abangan ang susunod na kabanata…

» Quantitative & qualitative methods are necessary tools to understand religiosity » Culture is a factor in determining the meanings of religiosity » Application to all religions is limited » Different beliefs » Different terms for practices

REALIZATIONS

M