Protected areas and climate change: Resilience through site-level - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Jamison Ervin, UNDP Senior Advisor

Protected areas and climate change:

Resilience through site-level planning

NBSAPs

PA resilience Biodiversity resilience PA valuation studies Biodiversity valuation studies PoWPA reporting 5th National Report PoWPA Action Plans Climate resilience and adaptation plans Incentives Valuation studies

CLIMATE CHANGE IS BECOMING PERSONAL…

www.regimeshifts.org

• Regime shift
• Tipping point
• Resilience
• Adaptation
• Mitigation

Key Concepts

“…large, persistent changes in the structure and function of ecological systems”

www.regimeshifts.org

• Regime shift
• Tipping point
• Resilience
• Adaptation
• Mitigation

Key Concepts

Key Concepts

• Regime shift
• Tipping point
• Resilience
• Adaptation
• Mitigation

Definition: The point at which a driver causes a significant regime shift that is considered unalterable,

• r recoverable on only very long

timescales Drivers: Overfishing, disease, invasive species, climate-related event

Key Concepts

• Regime shift
• Tipping point
• Resilience
• Adaptation
• Mitigation

www.reefresilience.org

Definition

“….the ability of an ecosystem to maintain key functions and processes in the face of stresses, or pressures, by either resisting or adapting to change”

Key Concepts

• Regime shift
• Tipping point
• Resilience
• Adaptation
• Mitigation

www.reefresilience.org

Key Concepts

• Regime shift
• Tipping point
• Resilience
• Adaptation
• Mitigation

www.reefresilience.org

Principles of reef resilience:

• Representation, replication,

redundancy and risk spreading

• Critical habitats for replenishment

and recovery

• Connectivity among reefs
• Effective management by

reducing threats

Healthier reefs showed more resilience (faster recovery) from 1997-98 bleaching event

Key Concepts

• Regime shift
• Tipping point
• Resilience
• Adaptation
• Mitigation
• Nature’s ability to adapt to

climate impacts (often through human intervention); and….

Key Concepts

• Regime shift
• Tipping point
• Resilience
• Adaptation
• Mitigation
• Human’s ability to adapt

to climate impacts (often through nature’s buffering and provisioning services)

Key Concepts

• Regime shift
• Tipping point
• Resilience
• Adaptation
• Mitigation

...reducing the scope and magnitude of climate change and its impacts…

Strengthening resilience by incorporating climate into site-level PA management:

Management planning Threat assessments Restoration plans Capacity needs assessments Management effectiveness Research and monitoring Participation and benefits

Management Planning

Management Planning

• About 90,000 (>2/3) of the world’s protected areas

do not have management plans

• Of those plans that do exist, only a miniscule fraction

incorporate climate change issues

Management Planning – typical elements

• Specific goals and objectives
• Important areas and species
• Identification and prioritization
• f key threats
• Identification and prioritization
• f critical actions
• Identification of protected area

zones and regulations

• Develop indicators for

measuring biodiversity

Management Planning for resilience

• Develop specific goals and objectives for

improving climate resilience

• Identify areas and species of particular

importance to climate adaptation, mitigation and resilience

• Identify and prioritize threats that

exacerbate climate impacts

• Identify and prioritize critical actions for

strengthening resilience

• Identify areas important for climate

change adaptation and mitigation into protected area zones and regulations

• Develop indicators of climate resilience

Management Planning

Discussion questions:

• How well do the management plans in your

country incorporate climate resilience and adaptation?

• What is the single most important thing you

could do to incorporate climate resilience and adaptation into management plans in your country?

Threats Assessment

• Threat assessment: An assessment of the degree

to which human activities impact the integrity of biodiversity

Threats Assessment

• Typical protected area threat assessments are a
• ne-page (or a one-paragraph) summary of

existing threats within the protected area

√ √ √ √ √

Threat assessments – incorporating climate

• Identify species and systems that

enable resilience and adaptation

• Incorporate resilience

thresholds and principles into threat assessments

• Assess the synergies between a

variety of threats

• Conduct species and ecosystem

climate vulnerability assessments

• Develop threat scenarios

Assessing threats with climate in mind

Discussion questions:

• What are the threats to your protected areas

that will likely be exacerbated by climate change?

• Which threats are most likely to lead to a

regime shift?

Protected Area Restoration

• Most restoration efforts

focus on the past, not the future

• Few restoration plans or

actions consider climate resilience or adaptation

Setting traditional restoration targets and priorities

• Focus on historical ranges of

variation

• Focus on areas of high threat
• Areas important for species habitat
• Restore large and potentially intact

habitat patches

• Focus on vulnerable species

Incorporating climate into restoration priorities

Focus on:

• Resilience thresholds as well as historical ranges of

variability

• Those areas most likely to have negative synergistic

threats and impacts

• Areas important for species adaptation, including

ecotones, altitudinal, latitudinal and longitudinal gradients, and riparian and connectivity corridors

• Refugia and areas important for climate resilience,

including large and intact habitat patches, particularly areas with a history of resilience and resistance to stressors

• Those species most vulnerable to the impacts of

climate change

Restoration

Discussion questions:

• How well do your restoration plans and

priorities include climate resilience and adaptation issues?

• What’s the single most important restoration

priority in your country for strengthening climate resilience and promoting climate adaptation?

Protected Area Capacity

• Inadequate capacity is one of

the most limiting factors of effective management

• Lack of capacity to effectively

address climate change impacts will further limit the effectiveness of protected areas in the future

Traditional Capacity Areas: Protected area policy Management planning Threat assessment Communication Participation Site design Resource management Monitoring and research

Protected Area Capacity

Capacity Areas: New skills needed:

Protected area policy

Designing new policies and working with new sectors to address climate change

Management planning Incorporating climate issues into management plans; assessing

species vulnerability to climate change

Threat assessment

Incorporating climate into threat assessments; understanding climate impacts and predictions

Communication

Communicating the value of protected areas in climate change resilience and adaptation

Participation

Identifying new constituencies

Site design

Adapting site design for improved resilience

Resource management

Understanding tipping points and thresholds, and managing natural resources for climate resilience

Monitoring and research

Identifying climate-related indicators for vulnerable species and ecosystems, and for affected human communities

Capacity

Discussion questions:

• What are your most important capacity

weaknesses relative to climate change resilience and adaptation?

PA Participation and Benefits

• Focus on consultation
• Focus on finding

representative and diverse community members

• Emphasis on rights and

benefits for resource use Traditional focus on participation and benefits

PA Participation and Benefits

Emerging focus on participation:

• Providing an early detection and

warning system for climate-related threats

• Identifying localized impacts of

climate change

• Sharing traditional resource

management knowledge to promote resilience

• Participating in resource management

trials for climate resilience, adaptation

Participation and benefits

Discussion questions:

• Who has the ecological and agricultural

knowledge needed to contribute to climate change resilience?

• Who is best placed to detect climate change

impacts on the ground, monitor impacts and provide early detection services?

PA Management Effectiveness Assessments

• Traditional focus on

degree to which management achieves PA objectives (biodiversity conservation)

PA Management Effectiveness Assessments

Management Effectiveness Elements Threats Planning and design Inputs (staff, funding) Processes (management planning, participation, resource management) Outputs (resource management, restoration) Outcomes (ecological integrity)

PA Management Effectiveness Assessments

PAME Elements New Questions to Consider Context & Threats

How are climate-related threats impacting, or likely to impact, biodiversity and ecosystem services within the protected area?

Planning

How suitable is the PA design for climate resilience? Do landscape/seascape linkages account for climate change?

Inputs

Are there adequate data systems for monitoring climate impacts?

Processes

How well do PA staff understand climate-related issues, and how well are these issues incorporated into management plans? Are research and monitoring priorities aimed at climate resilience?

Outputs

Are restoration efforts aimed at climate resilience?

Outcomes Is the protected area resilient to climate change? Does it enable

adaptation of human and natural communities

Management effectiveness

Discussion questions:

• What are some practical steps that you could

take to assess and improve management effectiveness for climate resilience and adaptation?

PA Research and Monitoring

• Traditional monitoring

focuses on current status and trends in biodiversity health

• Research priorities are

largely driven by researcher interests and funding

PA Research and Monitoring

EMERGING PRIORITIES

• Determine the potential magnitude and rate
• f climate change impacts on protected areas
• Predict ecosystem structures and functioning

and services under different climate scenarios

• Conduct cross-sectoral research on the impacts
• f climate change on human wellbeing, and on

relationships between climate and poverty

PA Research and Monitoring

EMERGING PRIORITIES

• Determine resilience thresholds for a variety of

ecosystems

• Estimate the cascading effects and negative

synergies of multiple threats

• Assess the impact of climate change on large-

scale migration patterns

Research and Monitoring

Discussion questions:

• What are the most urgent climate-related

research and monitoring needs in your protected areas?

Developing a PA climate resilience plan

Management planning Threat assessments Restoration plans Capacity needs assessments Management effectiveness Research and monitoring Participation and benefits PA climate resilience and adaptation plan

Exercise

Identify key climate research needs Review existing literature; consult with key researchers and climate experts; develop draft list of research needs Assess climate capacity needs Conduct climate needs assessment as part of overall capacity assessment; develop training program Incorporate climate into management plans Identify 5-7 most important climate issues; seek input from park managers; hold workshop; develop guide Integrate climate into restoration plans Identify key restoration needs for climate resilience; develop draft priorities; consult; develop restoration plan

Jamison Ervin, UNDP Senior Advisor

Protected areas and climate change:

Resilience through spatial and sectoral integration

WHY INTEGRATE PROTECTED AREAS?

Protected areas alone will not be enough to conserve biodiversity into the future…

WHY INTEGRATE PROTECTED AREAS?

…especially under climate scenarios….

WHY INTEGRATE PROTECTED AREAS?

….we need to look at broader landscapes, seascapes and sectors to create climate-resilient landscapes

BUT WHAT DOES PROTECTED AREA INTEGRATION MEAN?

1. Spatial integration 2. Sectoral integration

WHAT DOES PROTECTED AREA INTEGRATION MEAN?

1. Spatial integration 2. Sectoral integration

SPATIAL INTEGRATION

Ensuring that ecological processes, such as migration, can occur at landscape-level scales

Major North-South corridor

Resilience through PA spatial integration

Ridge to Reef Approach Transboundary areas Regional networks Improved gap assessments

Strengthening climate adaptation by taking a “Ridge to Reef” approach:

Ridge to Reef Example of a Ridge to Reef Approach

Ridge to Reef Approach in Japan

Elements of a Ridge to Reef Approach

• Considers the entire island,

coast, near shore and ocean as one entity

• Focuses on the overall

resilience of the entire set of ecosystems

• Examines upstream impacts
• n downstream and coastal

processes

Elements of a Ridge to Reef Approach

• Identifies ecological, social

and economic priorities throughout the area, including terrestrial, coastal, marine

• Includes a wide varieties of

sectors (e.g., forestry, agriculture, hotel development) and looks at a wide variety of threats

Socotra Islands, Yemen

Discussion Questions

• Is your country adopting a “Reef to Ridges”

approach? Explain

• What aspects of a “Reef to Ridges” approach

might be especially helpful in strengthening climate resilience?

Resilience through PA spatial integration

Ridge to Reef Transboundary areas Regional networks Improved gap assessments

Transboundary PAs and MPAs

Transboundary PAs and transboundary resource management

Transboundary protected area: Area of land or sea that borders two states where both parties are dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity through legal or other effective means Transboundary resource management: Any collaboration across boundaries that increases the effectiveness of achieving conservation goals

The role of transboundary protected areas in strengthening resilience

• Allows species to shift their distribution ranges
• Allows for natural processes to occur at large scales
• Increases resilience to extreme events and disturbance
• Increases species population viability
• Reduces synergistic threats
• Increases reproductive success
• Increases the likelihood of protecting areas of climate

refugia

• Expands the diversity of the population gene pool

Transboundary protected area

Transboundary MPAs: Eastern Tropical Pacific Seascape

Transboundary MPAs: Eastern Tropical Pacific Seascape

Countries: Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador Area: Complex geography, valuable fisheries, high diversity and endemism Important coastal habitat: mangroves, estuaries, rocky cliffs, sea grass beds, sandy beaches; major migration corridor Protection: 4 world heritage sites, numerous MPAs

Transboundary MPAs: Eastern Tropical Pacific Seascape

Rationale: Ecological connectivity; shared uses for fishing, transport, tourism; shared vulnerability to climate events Objectives:

• Establish a regional framework
• Promote multilateral cooperation
• Secure funding
• Promote multi-stakeholder

participation

Strategies that improved climate resilience

• Conducted region-wide climate

vulnerability assessments

• Documented and shared data on species

migration, range and habitat shifts

• Identified pockets of resistance and climate

refugia (e.g., to coral bleaching) and large intact areas at a transboundary scale

• Developed plans to address transboundary-

scale threats

• Restored habitat that was regionally critical
• Developed transboundary agreements on

fisheries

Discussion Questions

• What opportunities are there for you to

increase transboundary collaboration and transboundary protected areas?

• How important are these areas in your context

for strengthening climate resilience and promoting climate adaptation?

Resilience through PA spatial integration

Ridge to Reef Transboundary areas Regional networks Improved gap assessments

Regional MPA Networks

“A collection of individual MPAs or reserves

• perating co-operatively

and synergistically, at various spatial scales and with a range of protection levels that are designed to meet objectives that a single reserve cannot achieve.” WCPA/IUCN, 2008

Examples of Regional MPA Networks

• Meso-American Barrier

Reef

• B2B –Baja California to

Bering Sea

• Scotian Shelf/Gulf of Maine
• Eastern African Marine

Ecoregion (EAME)

• Western Africa Regional

Network

• Sulu-Sulawesi Marine

Ecoregion

• CMAR –Corredor Marino

Examples of Regional PA Networks

• Key biodiversity areas and critical corridors across

the Mediterranean

Incorporating resilience principles into MPA network design:

• Plan regional MPA networks at large

landscape/seascape, national and regional scales

• Focus on protecting large, intact

functioning ecosystems that will serve as biodiversity sources

• Include pockets of marine resilience

(e.g., from bleaching events)

• Pay attention to spacing, larval

distribution, habitat patchiness

• Focus on connectivity patterns

Incorporating connectivity principles into MPA network design

Incorporating connectivity principles into MPA network design

Migratory paths: from Khram Island

Migratory paths: from Huyong Island

• Uniqueness or rarity
• Special importance for life-

history stages

• Importance for threatened

species

• Vulnerability, fragility, sensitivity
• Biological productivity
• Biological diversity
• Naturalness

Incorporating resilience principles into MPA network design: Marine EBSAs

Design the MPA network to:

• Buffer human communities

from natural disasters

• Protect areas important for

food security

• Protect water resources
• Sustain livelihoods

Incorporating social resilience principles into MPA network design:

• Minimum size of MPA is 25 km2;
• ptimal is 45 – 100 km2
• Minimum shoreline of 5-10 km;
• ptimal is 10-20 km
• Extend boundary of MPA from intertidal

zone to deep waters offshore (to protect nursery, spawning and feeding areas)

• Space MPAs no greater than 50 – 100

km from each other to facilitate dispersal

Incorporating resilience principles into MPA network design: California

• The planning process explicitly included the

connectivity needs for a range of species under various climate scenarios

Improving connectivity to promote climate resilience: Jamaica

Designing for marine resilience, Kimbe Bay, PNG

Representation and risk spreading:

• 20% of each habitat type protected, and distributed these

across seascape Critical areas and key habitats:

• Areas resistant to coral bleaching
• Areas with variety of habitats in close proximity
• Turtle nesting areas
• Key fish aggregation areas

Connectivity

• Used entire ecological units (e.g., whole offshore reefs,

seamounts) and large buffers

Designing for marine resilience, Kimbe Bay, PNG

Discussion Questions

• How well is your protected area network

designed for climate resilience?

• How well does your protected area network

buffer human communities from the impacts

• f climate change?

Resilience through PA spatial integration

Ridge to Reef Transboundary areas Regional networks Improved gap assessments

Incorporating resilience principles into gap assessments:

GAP ASSESSMENT: A comparison between the status of biodiversity and the status of protection within a country

• Focus on underlying features (e.g.,

intertidal systems, coral reefs, upwellings, sea mounts)

• Include species and ecosystems

most vulnerable to climate change

• Include species and ecosystems

most resistant to climate change

• Include goals to diversify the

distribution of protection

Incorporating resilience principles into gap assessments:

Incorporating resilience principles into gap assessments:

• Include connectivity under climate

scenarios in gap assessment

• Incorporate threats that drive

climate-related regime shifts, as well as climate-related thresholds and tipping points

• Incorporate predictive climate

modeling into gap assessment

AR4 WGI Ch. 11.

Climate Change in Pacific Islands

Climate-Ready Ecological Gap Assessment in Papua New Guinea

Existing protected areas

Land systems

Climate-Ready Ecological Gap Assessment in Papua New Guinea

Climate impacts

Climate-Ready Ecological Gap Assessment in Papua New Guinea

Resulting analysis of climate-ready gap assessment

Climate-Ready Ecological Gap Assessment in Papua New Guinea

Marine Gap Assessment for Climate Resilience

Marine Gap Assessment for Climate Resilience

• Distributed ecological units to

spread climate risk

• Considered impacts from El

Niño and included threats exacerbated by climate change

• Included systems important for

buffering humans (mangrove forests, key fisheries,)

• Included species and systems

vulnerable to climate impacts

Discussion Questions

• How well does your country’s gap assessment

incorporate issues related to climate resilience and adaptation?

• What practical steps could you take to

incorporate climate resilience and adaptation into your terrestrial and marine gap assessments?

WHAT DOES PROTECTED AREA INTEGRATION MEAN?

1. Spatial integration 2. Sectoral integration

Ensuring that related sectors minimize impacts on biodiversity within protected areas….

SECTORAL INTEGRATION

…involving many key sectors….

Land use planning Transportation Energy Tourism Wildlife policies Agriculture Grazing Forestry Agroforestry Fisheries Waste management Invasive species policies Legal environment Water management National security

Revise sectoral policies Revise PA valuation studies Integrate into NAPAs Include in threats assessment

Climate Change Adaptation through PA Sectoral Integration and Mainstreaming

• 1. Revise sectoral policies

Climate Change Adaptation through PA Sectoral Integration and Mainstreaming

• Develop payment for

ecosystem services for water to incorporate PA values into economy

• Develop biodiversity
• ffset policies for the

energy sector

• Develop land use policies

that protect coastal areas important for fisheries and storm buffers

Multiple Opportunities for Mainstreaming

• 2. Incorporate

climate-related issues in PA VALUATION STUDIES

Climate Change Adaptation through PA Sectoral Integration and Mainstreaming

• Incorporate food security
• Incorporate water security
• Incorporate carbon

storage

• Incorporate human health
• Incorporate national

security issues

Integrating climate into PA valuation studies

EXAMPLE OF ETHIOPIA Assessed the value of protected areas for:

• Carbon sequestration and

carbon stocks

• Food security and wild food

protection

• Water supplies in drought

conditions

• Erosion control

• Carbon Storage in Forests

Water Yield

Carbon Storage in PAs up to 155 T/ Ha as opposed to 80 tons for unprotected land

Integrating climate into PA valuation studies

Climate Change Adaptation through PA Sectoral Integration and Mainstreaming

RANGE OF ADAPTATION ACTIONS:

• Health
• Early warnings
• Food security
• Infrastructure
• Insurance
• Tourism
• Energy
• Ecosystem-based management
• 3. Incorporate

into PAs into NAPAs

Types of ecosystem-based NAPA actions:

Integrate protected areas into NAPAs

• Establish new forest reserves
• Create buffer zones and

corridors

• Restore and protect critical

fisheries habitat

• Eradicate invasive species likely

to exacerbate climate impacts

• Expand existing protected

areas

• Percentage of all 434

actions that are ecosystem-based: <25%

• Percentage of strategies

that reference protected areas: <8%

• Percentage of total

budget for protected area actions: <4%

Types of ecosystem-based NAPA actions:

Integrate protected areas into NAPAs

• Establish new forest reserves
• Create buffer zones and

corridors

• Restore and protect critical

fisheries habitat

• Eradicate invasive species likely

to exacerbate climate impacts

• Expand existing protected

areas

Yemen: Develop coastal watershed management (3.2mm) Sudan: biodiversity restoration in northern Kordofan State (2.4 mm)

• 4. Incorporate

climate into PA and biodiversity threat assessments

Climate Change Adaptation through PA Sectoral Integration and Mainstreaming

• Include an assessment of threat

synergies with climate change (e.g., fire, invasives, logging)

• Include an assessment of

ecosystem services vulnerable to climate impacts

• Incorporate climate into

environmental impact assessments (EIAs) and strategic environmental assessments (SEAs)

Incorporate climate into regional PA and biodiversity threat assessments

A regional threat assessment in the Himalayas incorporated climate issues:

• Water supplies, floods, drought
• Impacts on livelihoods
• Changes in invasive species

distribution

• Changes in ecosystem health
• Protected area implications

Questions for Reflection

• 1. What are some opportunities for

strengthening climate resilience through sectoral integration in your country?

Climate resilience through PA spatial integration Ridge to Reef Transboundary areas Regional networks Improved gap assessments

Revise sectoral policies Include in valuation studies Integrate into NAPAs Include in threats assessment Climate resilience through PA sectoral integration

Exercise

Increase connectivity between Konashen and Kaieteur parks Identify options for connectivity corridors; consult with key stakeholders; develop incentives for land conservation Develop a ridge to reef plan Assess opportunities Create new transboundary protected area in northeast Identify potential boundaries; consult with bordering countries; create legal document

Exercise

Include climate in threats assessment Develop climate threats assessment instrument; pilot test; roll out with protected area managers Revise sectoral policies for water management Develop climate thresholds for water management; develop draft guidelines Include PAs in NAPA Consult with NAPA coordinator; develop a range of possible actions; incorporate into NAPA

Jamison Ervin, UNDP Senior Advisor

Protected Area Integration

An overview

We know that integration is important…

Mainstreaming Protected Areas– J. Ervin, UNDP

• “By 2020…biodiversity values have been integrated into

national and local development and poverty reduction strategies and planning processes...

Aichi Target #2

• “Integrate, as far as possible and as appropriate, the

conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity into relevant sectoral or cross-sectoral plans, programs and policies.”

Article 6b:

Mainstreaming Protected Areas– J. Ervin, UNDP

…and we know that we should do it…

PoWPA Goal 1.2

• “Integrate protected areas into landscapes, seascapes and

sectoral plans and strategies.”

But what does protected area integration really mean?

Definition of Protected Area Integration

“Integrating protected areas into sectoral plans and policies using a variety of methods and approaches”

Mainstreaming Protected Areas– J. Ervin, UNDP

Definition of Protected Area Integration

“Integrating protected areas into sectoral plans and policies using a variety of methods and approaches”

Mainstreaming Protected Areas– J. Ervin, UNDP

“Integrating protected areas into sectoral plans and policies using a variety of methods and approaches”

Mainstreaming Protected Areas– J. Ervin, UNDP

Definition of Protected Area Integration

“Integrating protected areas into sectoral plans and policies using a variety of methods and approaches”

Mainstreaming Protected Areas– J. Ervin, UNDP

Definition of Protected Area Integration

Defining biodiversity mainstreaming

Integrating protected areas… …into sectoral plans and policies… …using a variety

• f methods

Integrating the components of biodiversity in order to achieve specific biodiversity goals…. …into the plans, policies and practices of natural resource sectors, and economic/social development sectors at all levels… …through approaches that rely on changes in policies and plans, on economic instruments and on education, among other methods.

Mainstreaming Protected Areas– J. Ervin, UNDP

Identifying specific components of biodiversity….

• Genetic diversity
• Species and their habitats
• Populations
• Ecological processes,

functions

• Landscapes, ecosystems
• Ecosystem goods and

services

Mainstreaming Protected Areas– J. Ervin, UNDP

• Minimize or mitigate threats
• Restore, improve or maintain

ecological integrity

• Improve protection status
• Ensure ecological resilience

and adaptation

• Maintain ecosystem services

…and identifying specific goals of biodiversity use and conservation…

Mainstreaming Protected Areas– J. Ervin, UNDP

• Agriculture
• Forestry
• Fisheries, marine
• Freshwater, rivers
• Grazing, grassland
• Wildlife management

…and integrate these into natural resource sectors

Mainstreaming Protected Areas– J. Ervin, UNDP

• Transportation
• Poverty alleviation
• Health
• Tourism, recreation
• Energy
• Climate adaptation
• Private businesses
• Food and water security

…and into economic and social development sectors

Mainstreaming Protected Areas– J. Ervin, UNDP

• Reform or create policies, plans,

laws

• Create new protected areas,

buffer zones, corridors

• Modify management plans and

practices

• Incorporate into strategic

environmental assessments (SEAs)

• Incorporate into spatial and land-

use planning

…using a variety of approaches, such as by creating or modifying policies and plans…

Mainstreaming Protected Areas– J. Ervin, UNDP

• Public-private partnerships
• Market-based certification
• Voluntary best practices
• Economic valuation
• Payments for ecosystem services
• Communication, education
• Biodiversity offsets

…and/or by using economic instruments, education, incentives, partnerships

Mainstreaming Protected Areas– J. Ervin, UNDP

• 1. Mainstreaming biodiversity into private

game reserve management in South Africa

Biodiversity aspect: Improve habitat connectivity for wide-ranging species

MAJOR CHALLENGE: Landscape

linkages between formal

protected areas MAJOR OPPORTUNITY:

Landscape linkages between

formal protected areas and

private game ranches

Game reserves provide potential landscape connectivity in KZN Province

Approach to biodiversity mainstreaming: public-private partnership

• KZN Wildlife helped develop a game ranchers’ association
• KZN Wildlife helped create a legal framework to support

private ownership of land and wildlife

• KZN Wildlife provided technical support and financial

incentives to private game reserve owners

• KZN helped to remove physical barriers between reserves
• Game reserve owners used income from tourism to help

fund protected areas

• 2. Mainstreaming biodiversity into shipping

policies and practices

Steps in Mainstreaming

• Form partnerships between biodiversity and

sectoral stakeholders

• Explicitly identify stakeholders’ interests
• Identify mutually beneficial outcomes
• Identify conflicts and tradeoffs, and work

toward mutually acceptable solutions

• Identify win-win strategies and embed into

policies, agreements, programs

Biodiversity within an MPA is highly threatened by various sectors

Including by transportation and shipping

Mainstream by reforming policies

Transportation: a) created new regulations on ballast water exchange; b) developed Coast Guard guidance

• n MPA avoidance, mammals, discharges; c)

developed monitoring protocol

• 3. Mainstreaming biodiversity into sport

fishing and recreation policies

Biodiversity issue: Protect the health and genetic diversity of native fish populations Sector: Recreational fisheries were stocking streams with invasive alien species, causing disease, displacement and genetic erosion

Approach: Legal and Policy Reform

Laws and policies to:

• Monitor all released fish

for disease

• Conduct annual health

exams of brood stock

• Require licensing of

hatcheries

• Restrict timing and

placement of fish stock

• 4. Mainstreaming biodiversity into oil and

gas drilling

Biodiversity issue: Protecting habitat for key species, including sage grouse

Sector: Oil and gas (Jonah Field gas exploration, BP)

Approach: Biodiversity Offsets

• An environmental NGO shared information with

BP on areas of high biodiversity value

• BP developed a voluntary biodiversity offset

program and paired with the NGO to measure and mitigate impacts on biodiversity

• BP incorporated connectivity and biodiversity

issues into environmental assessments and standard operating procedures

• BP contributed $25 million in mitigation funding,

protecting 80,000 new acres of habitat

Improving habitat connectivity by creating public-private partnerships with game reserve owners

Improving habitat connectivity by creating public-private partnerships with game reserve owners

Improving habitat connectivity by creating public-private partnerships with game reserve owners

Improving habitat connectivity by creating public-private partnerships with game reserve owners

Safeguarding key marine habitat by reforming policies for ballast discharge of cargo container ships

Safeguarding key marine habitat by reforming policies for ballast discharge of cargo container ships

Safeguarding key marine habitat by reforming policies for ballast discharge of cargo container ships

Safeguarding key marine habitat by reforming policies for ballast discharge of cargo container ships

Protecting native fish species from invasive alien rainbow trout by reforming policies on fish stocking for recreational fisheries

Protecting native fish species from invasive alien rainbow trout by reforming policies on fish stocking for recreational fisheries

Protecting native fish species from invasive alien rainbow trout by reforming policies on fish stocking for recreational fisheries

Protecting native fish species from invasive alien rainbow trout by reforming policies on fish stocking for recreational fisheries

Mitigating the impacts

• n sage grouse habitat

by working with gas companies to create biodiversity offsets in

• rder to establish new

protected areas

Mitigating the impacts

• n sage grouse habitat

by working with gas companies to create biodiversity offsets in

• rder to establish new

protected areas

Mitigating the impacts

• n sage grouse habitat

by working with gas companies to create biodiversity offsets in

• rder to establish new

protected areas

Mitigating the impacts

• n sage grouse habitat

by working with gas companies to create biodiversity offsets in

• rder to establish new

protected areas

Jamison Ervin, UNDP Senior Advisor

Protected Area Integration

Developing strategies and actions

• Cases where biodiversity is

particularly threatened

• Cases where ecological

restoration is most critical

• Cases where climate resilience

and adaptation are most important

• 1. Most important aspects of biodiversity

to be mainstreamed

Mainstreaming Protected Areas– J. Ervin, UNDP

• Sectors causing the most

damage to biodiversity

• Sectors with the most

potential to conserve biodiversity in the future

• Sectors with the strongest

linkages to national agendas

• 2. Most important sectors in which

protected areas should be integrated

Mainstreaming Protected Areas– J. Ervin, UNDP

• 2. Most important sectors in which

protected areas should be integrated

• Approaches with a track

record of success in the country or region

• Approaches that are feasible

given the political context

• Approaches that are

consistent with the national context

• 3. Most important approaches to

integrating protected areas

Mainstreaming Protected Areas– J. Ervin, UNDP

• Approaches with a track

record of success in the country or region

• Approaches that are feasible

given the political context

• Approaches that are

consistent with the national context

• 3. Most important approaches to

integrating protected areas

Airport departure tax in Belize funds protected area system

Mainstreaming Protected Areas– J. Ervin, UNDP

STRATEGY: Safeguard the integrity of mangrove forests and critical fish nursery habitats by working with shrimp farmers and land use planners to develop an integrated coastal zone plan and new PAs SECTOR: Shrimp farming industry BIODIVERSITY: Mangrove forests APPROACH: Coastal zone planning, protected areas

• 4. Developing strategies and action plans

Mainstreaming Protected Areas– J. Ervin, UNDP

STRATEGY: Minimize threats to marine habitats by working with the transportation agency to develop policies related to ballast discharge SECTOR: Marine transportation and shipping because they are causing the most damage to marine habitats BIODIVERSITY: Marine habitats important for fisheries (because they are threatened by ship ballast) APPROACH: Policy reform (because there is an

• pportunity to revise transportation policies and good

marine governance)

• 4. Developing strategies and action plans

Mainstreaming Protected Areas– J. Ervin, UNDP

EXERCISE 1

EXERCISE 1

• Fill in the template, including rationale

EXERCISE 1

Protect mangroves They are among the most threatened ecosystem, and are critical for maintaining fisheries, an important food source. They are threatened by conversion to shrimp farms Shrimp farming Shrimp farming has already converted most of the coastal mangroves, and threatens to convert remaining mangroves within the next 10 years Policies – create coastal zone management plan, new coastal reserves The country has a public commitment to increase marine protected areas, and there is a strong history of integrated terrestrial management

EXERCISE 1

• Develop at least one strategy for mainstreaming biodiversity,

based on the previous exercise

• Identify at least 2-3 specific action plans

Developing specific strategies and action plans for integration

STRATEGY ACTION PLANS

Minimize threats to marine habitats by working with the transportation agency to develop policies related to ballast discharge

Mainstreaming Protected Areas– J. Ervin, UNDP

Developing specific strategies and action plans for integration

STRATEGY ACTION PLANS

Minimize threats to marine habitats by working with the transportation agency to develop policies related to ballast discharge

Mainstreaming Protected Areas– J. Ervin, UNDP

Developing specific strategies and action plans for integration

STRATEGY ACTION PLANS

Minimize threats to marine habitats by working with the transportation agency to develop policies related to ballast discharge

• Revise shipping ballast policies to prohibit

ballast discharge near or within marine protected areas

• Educate key shipping stakeholders about new

policy

• Revise monitoring protocol to include

monitoring of ballast discharge

Mainstreaming Protected Areas– J. Ervin, UNDP

Developing specific strategies and action plans for integration

STRATEGY ACTION PLANS

Minimize threats to marine habitats by working with the transportation agency to develop policies related to ballast discharge

• Revise shipping ballast policies to prohibit

ballast discharge near or within marine protected areas

• Educate key shipping stakeholders about new

policy

• Revise monitoring protocol to include

monitoring of ballast discharge Protect the genetic diversity

• f wild crop relatives into

food security plans through land use planning, protected areas and buffer zones

Mainstreaming Protected Areas– J. Ervin, UNDP

Developing specific strategies and action plans for integration

STRATEGY ACTION PLANS

Minimize threats to marine habitats by working with the transportation agency to develop policies related to ballast discharge

• Revise shipping ballast policies to prohibit

ballast discharge near or within marine protected areas

• Educate key shipping stakeholders about new

policy

• Revise monitoring protocol to include

monitoring of ballast discharge Protect the genetic diversity of wild crop relatives into food security plans through land use planning, protected areas and buffer zones

Mainstreaming Protected Areas– J. Ervin, UNDP

Developing specific strategies and action plans for integration

STRATEGY ACTION PLANS

Minimize threats to marine habitats by working with the transportation agency to develop policies related to ballast discharge

• Revise shipping ballast policies to prohibit

ballast discharge near or within marine protected areas

• Educate key shipping stakeholders about new

policy

• Revise monitoring protocol to include

monitoring of ballast discharge Protect the genetic diversity

• f wild crop relatives into

food security plans through land use planning, protected areas and buffer zones

• Identify areas important for wild crop relatives
• Include areas within core protection zones
• Work with local communities to incorporate

these areas into buffer zones and corridors

• Develop ‘wild tourism’ program to help pay for

protection

Mainstreaming Protected Areas– J. Ervin, UNDP

Protected area integration doesn’t just happen in a vacuum…

…there are many factors that can either facilitate or inhibit protected area integration

• Political will, leadership
• Lobbying by interest

groups

• Public media, perception
• Good governance
• Inter-sectoral

coordination

• Public participation
• Information about values
• Utilization of GEF funding

Enabling factors

CHALLENGE

• A government lacks political will

to mainstream biodiversity; does not place biodiversity high

• n agenda

OPPORTUNITY

• A new government is elected
• A politician commits to

ambitious goals at a high-level meeting

Mainstreaming Protected Areas– J. Ervin, UNDP

• Political will, leadership
• Lobbying by interest

groups

• Public media, perception
• Good governance
• Inter-sectoral

coordination

• Public participation
• Information about values
• Utilization of GEF funding

Enabling factors

CHALLENGE

• Powerful interests (e.g., mining)

do not acknowledge the value

• f biodiversity, and lobby

against it OPPORTUNITY

• Powerful interests (e.g.,

tourism) recognize and promote the value of biodiversity to their industry

Mainstreaming Protected Areas– J. Ervin, UNDP

• Political will, leadership
• Lobbying by interest

groups

• Public media, perception
• Good governance
• Inter-sectoral

coordination

• Public participation
• Information about values
• Utilization of GEF funding

Enabling factors

CHALLENGE

• The public is unaware of

biodiversity issues, and biodiversity is not covered by local media OPPORTUNITY

• The public understands key

biodiversity issues, and is supportive of biodiversity conservation

Mainstreaming Protected Areas– J. Ervin, UNDP

• Political will, leadership
• Lobbying by interest

groups

• Public media, perception
• Good governance
• Inter-sectoral

coordination

• Public participation
• Information about values
• Utilization of GEF funding

Enabling factors

CHALLENGE

• Corruption within government

agencies and law enforcement prevents effective decisions about biodiversity OPPORTUNITY

• The government routinely

upholds biodiversity-related laws and policies , and is transparent about the costs and tradeoffs of decisions

Mainstreaming Protected Areas– J. Ervin, UNDP

• Political will, leadership
• Lobbying by interest

groups

• Public media, perception
• Good governance
• Inter-sectoral

coordination

• Public participation
• Information about values
• Utilization of GEF funding

Enabling factors

CHALLENGE

• There is competition between

sectors (e.g., mining vs. forestry

• vs. biodiversity), and little or no

coordination OPPORTUNITY

• There is an effective multi-

sectoral working group in place, and sectors coordinate information well

Mainstreaming Protected Areas– J. Ervin, UNDP

• Political will, leadership
• Lobbying by interest

groups

• Public media, perception
• Good governance
• Inter-sectoral

coordination

• Public participation
• Information about values
• Utilization of GEF funding

Enabling factors

CHALLENGE

• There are no effective means of

engaging the public in key biodiversity decisions OPPORTUNITY

• Public decision-making

procedures and mechanisms are developed and fully used

Mainstreaming Protected Areas– J. Ervin, UNDP

• Political will, leadership
• Lobbying by interest

groups

• Public media, perception
• Good governance
• Inter-sectoral

coordination

• Public participation
• Information about values
• Utilization of GEF funding

Enabling factors

CHALLENGE

• The government and public are

unaware of the true value of biodiversity to their societal goals and agenda OPPORTUNITY

• There is clear and compelling

information about the value of biodiversity, and the government is aware of these values

Mainstreaming Protected Areas– J. Ervin, UNDP

• Political will, leadership
• Lobbying by interest

groups

• Public media, perception
• Good governance
• Inter-sectoral

coordination

• Public participation
• Information about values
• Utilization of GEF funding

Enabling factors

CHALLENGE

• The government does not

strategically and fully take advantage of GEF and other funding OPPORTUNITY

• All funding proposals to GEF

and other sources are fully aligned with national priorities for biodiversity and mainstreaming

Mainstreaming Protected Areas– J. Ervin, UNDP

EXERCISE 2 – Challenge and opportunities

EXERCISE 2 – Challenge and opportunities

• Identify whether each factor is a challenge or opportunity in your

country (or both)

EXERCISE 2 – Challenge and opportunities

• Then, identify the most critical challenges for protected area

integration, and some strategies to overcome these challenges

• Identify the most critical opportunities for protected area

integration, and some strategies to take advantage of these

• pportunities

CHALLENGE --

• A government does not appreciate the value of biodiversity,

and places biodiversity low on the government agenda STRATEGY --

• Conduct a biodiversity valuation study, focusing on the

issues most important to the government’s agenda (e.g. job creation, food security)

Developing strategies to address challenges and take advantage of opportunities

Mainstreaming Protected Areas– J. Ervin, UNDP

Developing strategies to address challenges and take advantage of opportunities

OPPORTUNITY --

• There is effective inter-sectoral coordination, and a multi-

sectoral advisory committee STRATEGY --

• Involve key sectoral leaders in the process of developing

protected area integration strategies

Mainstreaming Protected Areas– J. Ervin, UNDP