PA Management Effectiveness Assessments PAME New Questions to Consider Elements Context & How are climate-related threats impacting, or likely to impact, biodiversity and ecosystem services within the protected area? Threats How suitable is the PA design for climate resilience? Planning Do landscape/seascape linkages account for climate change? Inputs Are there adequate data systems for monitoring climate impacts? How well do PA staff understand climate-related issues, and how Processes well are these issues incorporated into management plans? Are research and monitoring priorities aimed at climate resilience? Are restoration efforts aimed at climate resilience? Outputs Outcomes Is the protected area resilient to climate change? Does it enable adaptation of human and natural communities
Management effectiveness Discussion questions: • What are some practical steps that you could take to assess and improve management effectiveness for climate resilience and adaptation?
PA Research and Monitoring • Traditional monitoring focuses on current status and trends in biodiversity health • Research priorities are largely driven by researcher interests and funding
PA Research and Monitoring EMERGING PRIORITIES • Determine the potential magnitude and rate of climate change impacts on protected areas Predict ecosystem structures and functioning • and services under different climate scenarios • Conduct cross-sectoral research on the impacts of climate change on human wellbeing, and on relationships between climate and poverty
PA Research and Monitoring EMERGING PRIORITIES • Determine resilience thresholds for a variety of ecosystems Estimate the cascading effects and negative • synergies of multiple threats • Assess the impact of climate change on large- scale migration patterns
Research and Monitoring Discussion questions: • What are the most urgent climate-related research and monitoring needs in your protected areas?
Developing a PA climate resilience plan Capacity needs assessments Participation and Management benefits planning Threat Management assessments effectiveness Restoration Research and plans monitoring PA climate resilience and adaptation plan
Exercise Identify key climate research Review existing literature; consult with key researchers needs and climate experts; develop draft list of research needs Assess climate capacity needs Conduct climate needs assessment as part of overall capacity assessment; develop training program Incorporate climate into Identify 5-7 most important climate issues; seek input management plans from park managers; hold workshop; develop guide Integrate climate into Identify key restoration needs for climate resilience; restoration plans develop draft priorities; consult; develop restoration plan
Protected areas and climate change: Resilience through spatial and sectoral integration Jamison Ervin, UNDP Senior Advisor
WHY INTEGRATE PROTECTED AREAS? Protected areas alone will not be enough to conserve biodiversity into the future…
WHY INTEGRATE PROTECTED AREAS? …especially under climate scenarios….
WHY INTEGRATE PROTECTED AREAS? ….we need to look at broader landscapes, seascapes and sectors to create climate-resilient landscapes
BUT WHAT DOES PROTECTED AREA INTEGRATION MEAN? 1. Spatial integration 2. Sectoral integration
WHAT DOES PROTECTED AREA INTEGRATION MEAN? 1. Spatial integration 2. Sectoral integration
SPATIAL INTEGRATION Ensuring that ecological processes, such as migration, can occur at landscape-level scales Major North-South corridor
Resilience through PA spatial integration Ridge to Reef Approach Transboundary areas Regional networks Improved gap assessments
Strengthening climate adaptation by taking a “Ridge to Reef” approach: Ridge to Reef Example of a Ridge to Reef Approach
Ridge to Reef Approach in Japan
Elements of a Ridge to Reef Approach • Considers the entire island, coast, near shore and ocean as one entity • Focuses on the overall resilience of the entire set of ecosystems • Examines upstream impacts on downstream and coastal processes
Elements of a Ridge to Reef Approach • Identifies ecological, social and economic priorities throughout the area, including terrestrial, coastal, marine • Includes a wide varieties of sectors (e.g., forestry, agriculture, hotel development) and looks at a wide variety of threats
Socotra Islands, Yemen
Discussion Questions • Is your country adopting a “Reef to Ridges” approach? Explain • What aspects of a “Reef to Ridges” approach might be especially helpful in strengthening climate resilience?
Resilience through PA spatial integration Ridge to Reef Transboundary areas Regional networks Improved gap assessments
Transboundary PAs and MPAs
Transboundary PAs and transboundary resource management Transboundary protected area: Area of land or sea that borders two states where both parties are dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity through legal or other effective means Transboundary resource management: Any collaboration across boundaries that increases the effectiveness of achieving conservation goals
The role of transboundary protected areas in strengthening resilience • Allows species to shift their distribution ranges • Allows for natural processes to occur at large scales Increases resilience to extreme events and disturbance • • Increases species population viability • Reduces synergistic threats • Increases reproductive success • Increases the likelihood of protecting areas of climate refugia • Expands the diversity of the population gene pool
Transboundary protected area
Transboundary MPAs: Eastern Tropical Pacific Seascape
Transboundary MPAs: Eastern Tropical Pacific Seascape Countries : Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador Area : Complex geography, valuable fisheries, high diversity and endemism Important coastal habitat : mangroves, estuaries, rocky cliffs, sea grass beds, sandy beaches; major migration corridor Protection : 4 world heritage sites, numerous MPAs
Transboundary MPAs: Eastern Tropical Pacific Seascape Rationale: Ecological connectivity; shared uses for fishing, transport, tourism; shared vulnerability to climate events Objectives : Establish a regional framework • • Promote multilateral cooperation • Secure funding • Promote multi-stakeholder participation
Strategies that improved climate resilience • Conducted region-wide climate vulnerability assessments • Documented and shared data on species migration, range and habitat shifts • Identified pockets of resistance and climate refugia (e.g., to coral bleaching) and large intact areas at a transboundary scale • Developed plans to address transboundary- scale threats • Restored habitat that was regionally critical • Developed transboundary agreements on fisheries
Discussion Questions • What opportunities are there for you to increase transboundary collaboration and transboundary protected areas? • How important are these areas in your context for strengthening climate resilience and promoting climate adaptation?
Resilience through PA spatial integration Ridge to Reef Transboundary areas Regional networks Improved gap assessments
Regional MPA Networks “A collection of individual MPAs or reserves operating co-operatively and synergistically, at various spatial scales and with a range of protection levels that are designed to meet objectives that a single reserve cannot achieve.” WCPA/IUCN, 2008
Examples of Regional MPA Networks • Meso-American Barrier Reef • B2B –Baja California to Bering Sea • Scotian Shelf/Gulf of Maine • Eastern African Marine Ecoregion (EAME) • Western Africa Regional Network • Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion • CMAR –Corredor Marino
Examples of Regional PA Networks • Key biodiversity areas and critical corridors across the Mediterranean
Incorporating resilience principles into MPA network design: • Plan regional MPA networks at large landscape/seascape, national and regional scales • Focus on protecting large, intact functioning ecosystems that will serve as biodiversity sources • Include pockets of marine resilience (e.g., from bleaching events) • Pay attention to spacing, larval distribution, habitat patchiness • Focus on connectivity patterns
Incorporating connectivity principles into MPA network design
Incorporating connectivity principles into MPA network design
Migratory paths: from Khram Island
Migratory paths: from Huyong Island
Incorporating resilience principles into MPA network design: Marine EBSAs • Uniqueness or rarity • Special importance for life- history stages • Importance for threatened species • Vulnerability, fragility, sensitivity Biological productivity • • Biological diversity • Naturalness
Incorporating social resilience principles into MPA network design: Design the MPA network to: • Buffer human communities from natural disasters • Protect areas important for food security • Protect water resources • Sustain livelihoods
Incorporating resilience principles into MPA network design: California Minimum size of MPA is 25 km 2 ; • optimal is 45 – 100 km 2 Minimum shoreline of 5-10 km; • optimal is 10-20 km Extend boundary of MPA from intertidal • zone to deep waters offshore (to protect nursery, spawning and feeding areas) • Space MPAs no greater than 50 – 100 km from each other to facilitate dispersal
Improving connectivity to promote climate resilience: Jamaica • The planning process explicitly included the connectivity needs for a range of species under various climate scenarios
Designing for marine resilience, Kimbe Bay, PNG
Designing for marine resilience, Kimbe Bay, PNG Representation and risk spreading: • 20% of each habitat type protected, and distributed these across seascape Critical areas and key habitats : • Areas resistant to coral bleaching • Areas with variety of habitats in close proximity Turtle nesting areas • • Key fish aggregation areas Connectivity • Used entire ecological units (e.g., whole offshore reefs, seamounts) and large buffers
Discussion Questions • How well is your protected area network designed for climate resilience? • How well does your protected area network buffer human communities from the impacts of climate change?
Resilience through PA spatial integration Ridge to Reef Transboundary areas Regional networks Improved gap assessments
Incorporating resilience principles into gap assessments: GAP ASSESSMENT: A comparison between the status of biodiversity and the status of protection within a country
Incorporating resilience principles into gap assessments: • Focus on underlying features (e.g., intertidal systems, coral reefs, upwellings, sea mounts) • Include species and ecosystems most vulnerable to climate change • Include species and ecosystems most resistant to climate change • Include goals to diversify the distribution of protection
Incorporating resilience principles into gap assessments: Include connectivity under climate • scenarios in gap assessment Incorporate threats that drive • climate-related regime shifts , as well as climate-related thresholds and tipping points Incorporate predicti ve climate • modeling into gap assessment
Climate Change in Pacific Islands AR4 WGI Ch. 11.
Climate-Ready Ecological Gap Assessment in Papua New Guinea Existing protected areas
Climate-Ready Ecological Gap Assessment in Papua New Guinea Land systems
Climate-Ready Ecological Gap Assessment in Papua New Guinea Climate impacts
Climate-Ready Ecological Gap Assessment in Papua New Guinea Resulting analysis of climate-ready gap assessment
Marine Gap Assessment for Climate Resilience
Marine Gap Assessment for Climate Resilience • Distributed ecological units to spread climate risk • Considered impacts from El Niño and included threats exacerbated by climate change • Included systems important for buffering humans (mangrove forests, key fisheries,) • Included species and systems vulnerable to climate impacts
Discussion Questions • How well does your country’s gap assessment incorporate issues related to climate resilience and adaptation? • What practical steps could you take to incorporate climate resilience and adaptation into your terrestrial and marine gap assessments?
WHAT DOES PROTECTED AREA INTEGRATION MEAN? 1. Spatial integration 2. Sectoral integration
SECTORAL INTEGRATION Ensuring that related sectors minimize impacts on biodiversity within protected areas….
…involving many key sectors…. Land use planning Agriculture Waste management Transportation Grazing Invasive species policies Energy Forestry Legal environment Tourism Agroforestry Water management Wildlife policies Fisheries National security
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