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Problems with early language systems: Complicated Combinations of - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Problems with early language systems: Complicated Combinations of - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Problems with early language systems: Complicated Combinations of Pictographs, Rebus and Ideographs Enormous number of symbols Small percentage of population could understand or master the system A detail from a diagram
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Problems with early language systems: — Complicated — Combinations of Pictographs, Rebus and Ideographs — Enormous number of symbols — Small percentage of population could understand or master the system
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A detail from a diagram displaying several evolutionary steps of Western alphabets.
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Alphabet:
A set of visual symbols or characters used to represent the elementary sounds of a spoken language. They can be connected and combined to signify sounds, syllables and words.
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The Phaistos Disk, undated. The 241 signs include a man in a plumed headdress, a hatchet, an eagle, a carpenter’s square, an animal skin and a vase.
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Aramaic alphabet evolved into Hebrew and Arabic alphabets
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The graphic forms of the Hebrew alphabet are squared, bold letters whose horizontal strokes are thicker than their vertical strokes.
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The two principle forms
- f written Arabic
are Kufic and Naskhi
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Kufic characters are bold, elongated and angular.
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(close-up) Arabic characters
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Q’uran manuscript, written in the cursive Naskhi style of Arabic calligraphy
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Indian Sanskrit
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The Greek Alphabet The Greeks applied geometric structure to the uneven Phonecian characters, converting them into beautifully balanced forms.
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DO THIS! GO THERE! Follow me now! NOT THERE!
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Papyrus manuscript, fourth century, BCE This example of the Greek alphabet shows the symmetrical form and even visual rhythm.
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An example of the quality of carved Greek inscription,
- c. fifth century
BCE
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Boustrephedon
(meaning “to plow the field with an ox”) The Phonecian (and early Greek) method of reading and writing every other line back and forth — right to left, then left to right.
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As early as the Second Century CE, the Greeks developed a more rounded writing style called Uncials
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Greek wooden tablet with uncials, CE 326. The rounded uncials allowed an A to be made with two strokes instead of three, and an E to be made with three strokes instead of four.
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Greek juror’s ballots, fourth century, BCE. A juror voted “not guilty” with a ballot having a solid hub. A hollow-hubbed ballot was used to cast a “guilty” vote. Greek signature seals, fifth century BCE
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Latin (Roman) Alphabet
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Greco-Roman Innovations The two most important contributions to graphic design history were the complete, easy to use alphabet and the codex form of the book
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The Greek letters Y and Z were eventually added as the Romans began to appropriate Greek words into their own culture. 3 additional letters ( J, U and W) were added during the Middle Ages to arrive at our current number of 26.
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Carved inscription from the base of Trajan’s column,
- c. CE 114.
Located in Trajan’s forum in Rome, this is an excellent example of Capitalis Monumentalis
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A detail from an inscription on a tomb along the Appian Way, Rome
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Capitalis Quadrata (square capitals)
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Capitalis Rustica (rustic capitals)
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VELLUM, the finest parchment is made from the smooth skins
- f newborn calves
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2-SpLPFaRd0
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The CODEX was the first book format. Sheets of parchment were gathered, folded and stitched like the pages of a book
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Christians used the CODEX format as a way
- f distinguishing
themselves from the pagans and their scrolls
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Hangul
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