Presented by Le Hoang Anh Supervised by Prof. Tsujimura 1 - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Assessment of Hydrological Environment of Surface Water and Groundwater in Ninh Thuan Region, Coastal Vietnam

Presented by Le Hoang Anh Supervised by Prof. Tsujimura

1

JDS International Seminar 2014 – Part II December 15th, 2014

2

Introduction

• Energy is a prerequisite to economic development (WEO, 2004);
• Nuclear energy plays a significant and growing role in our world’s (Anastasio, 2008);

3

Introduction

• Energy is a prerequisite to economic development (WEO, 2004);
• Nuclear energy plays a significant and growing role in our world’s (Anastasio, 2008);

50,000 150,000 250,000 350,000 450,000 550,000 650,000 750,000

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

High scenario Basic scenario Low scienario

Power demand in 2010 - 2030

4

Introduction Vietnam Power system structure

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 100,000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Power consumption (GWh) Electricity growth rate (%)

Power consumption (GWh) Electricity growth rate (%)

37.7% 11.0% 3.3% 2.7% 38.2% 2.9% 4.3% Hydropower Coal-fired power Oil - fired power Gas - fired power Gas turbin power Diesel and small HPPs From China 26% 19% 46% 5% 1% 3% 16% 13% 56% 4% 8% 3% 21% 18% 46% 5% 6% 4% Hydro power Oil & gas fired power Coal fired power Renewable power Nuclear power Imported power

2020 2025 2030

Forecasted power demand (GWh)

2010

Power system structure

(MOIT. 2011)

Radioactive waste

• Gaseous waste

 rays of noble gases Iodine

• Liquid waste

Radio materials Iodine

• Solid waste

Condensed liq waste Spent radio fuels Non – radio waste

• Air pollutants
• Waste water

Technical WW (~ 3800 m3/day) Cooling water (~ 1.5 mill m3/h)

• Solid waste

Technical waste Hazardous waste

5

Surface water Seawater Groundwater

Introduction Water resources in NPPs

Coastal and Semi-arid areas

• Surface water scarcity
• Groundwater becomes primary

sources (Scanlon et al. 2006)

• Decline of GW levels
• Salinization
• Degradation of GW quality (Lee et
• al. 1999)

Sustainable water use

• Detailed studies on water resources
• Regular monitoring
• Regulation management
• Water sources
• Fossil fuels
• Radio fuels

Input Output NPP

(EVN. 2013)

6

Objectives

• 1. To investigate the hydrochemical characteristics of surface

water and groundwater;

• 2. To clarify GW chemical evolution and flow system;
• 3. To provide a background information for environmental impact

assessment.

Objectives

Unsolved problems

• Few information on water resources (SW and GW) in both

quality and quantity;

• Interaction between GW and SW;
• GW evolution and flow system;
• Seawater intrusion in GW.

Data processing

Defining GW and SW characteristics Investigating the interaction between SW and GW Assessment of hydrological environment

Laboratory analysis

Stable isotopes (18O and 2H) by MASS spectrometer Inorganic solutes by IC and ICP (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, SO4

2-, NO3

• ) and HCO3
• Field survey

Investigation of water uses Sample taking In-site monitoring (pH, EC, ToC and GWL)

Data collection

Meteo-hydro conditions Geological conditions Water resources (volume and quality)

7

Methodology

Ninh Thuan 2 NPP

8

Study area Hydro – meteo conditions

• Climate: semi - arid;
• Temperature: 16 – 39 deg. C
• Precipitation: approx. 900 mm;

Dry season: Jan. – early Sep. Rainy season: Sept. – Dec. Rainfall in dry season: 30% of total annual ;

Nuoc Ngot Freshwater station

Thai An station

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 Dec-11 Jan-12 Feb-12 Mar-12 Apr-12 May-12 Jun-12 Jul-12 Aug-12 Sep-12 Oct-12 Nov-12 Nuoc Ngot WL Thai An WL Thai An preci.

Precipitation (mm) Water level (m) above sea level

9

• Average altitude of 20m, on the valley surrounded by high mountains;
• Coarse-grained biotite granite is distributed over the site area and

porphyritic biotite granite is laminated at altitude of 40m in the south.

• Poor floral carpet with grass and agricultural crops.

Study area Topo-geological conditions

Previous studies

• GWL increases from dry to rainy season, 1-2m in low land and 5 – 25m in high land area;
• GWL reaches the peak level after raining 1 – 20 hours.

10

September 2012 November 2012

11

Previous studies

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Nov-11 Dec-11 Jan-12 Feb-12 Mar-12 Apr-12 May-12 Jun-12 Jul-12 Aug-12 Sep-12 Oct-12 Nov-12 Dec-12 Jan-13 Feb-13

E-o-8 (83.46m) E-r-4 (48.03m) E-r-2 (22.55m) E-o-1 (12.92m) E-o-4 (39.47m)

Elevation (m) above sea level

Previous studies

• Groundwater flow from SW to NE, is suitable with river flow direction;
• Near the coastal line, GWL is approx. 1m;
• In rainy season, GWL reaches to the ground level.

12

(Data from private households’ wells)

January 2012 November 2011 June 2011

13

Results and analysis Field surveys

1st field survey 2nd field survey

• 70
• 60
• 50
• 40
• 30
• 20
• 10

10

• 10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1

Seawater Surfacewater Coastal GW Downstream GW Upstream GW

14

Results and analysis 1st field survey

Water sampling locations Analyzing results

δD (‰)

Time: February 2014 Scale: 30 km Sample: 13 surface water (river, stream, lake & reservoir) 23 groundwater (HH wells and monitoring wells) 8 seawater

FW6 FW7 FW1 FW4 GW12

δ18 O (‰)

GW19 GW17 GW16 FW7 GW1 GW2 GW3 FW12 FW11 FW1 GW12

15

Results and analysis 2nd field survey

Water monitoring locations

Upstream of Nuoc Ngot stream reservoir Ho Quat lake National monitoring station Household’s well Lo O stream

Time: August 2014 Scale: 7 km Sample:

• 7 surface water
• 20 groundwater
• 2 seawater

• 2

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200

Groundwater level (m) River bed level (m)

16

Results and analysis 2nd field survey

Water monitoring locations

Groundwater contour map Groundwater level vs. River bed level and distance from the sea

Elevation (m) above sea level Distance from the sea (m)

A’ A A A’

17

Results and analysis 2nd field survey

Analyzed results

• GW in Holocene aquifer near the foothill is

characterized by Ca-SO4 water type;

• GW in Holocene aquifer at low land area is

characterized by Ca-HCO3 water type;

• GW in Pleistocene aquifer is characterized by

Na-HCO3 water type;

• Streams and GW near the shoreline is

characterized by Na-Cl water type.

GW15 GW8 GW11 GW14 GW9 GW10 GW1 GW2 GW4 GW7 GW3 GW5 GW6 GW13 GW12 S3 S2 S1 L1 L2 S5 S4

GW8 GW1 GW2 GW3 L2 L1

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 S02 S01 S04 L1 S05 GW15 GW14 GW08 GW11 GW09 GW13 GW10 GW02

5 10 15 20 25 1 2 3 Holocence aquifer Pleistocene aquifer

18

Results and analysis 2nd field survey

Analyzed results

(Ca+Mg)/(Na+K) ratio

NO3 (meq/l) Well depth (m) Cl (meq/l)

5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15

Well depth (m)

Ca 2+ (meq/L)

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5

Ca Mg

2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 Holocene aquifer Pleistocene Lake & reservoir Stream

19

Results and analysis 2nd field survey

Analyzed results

Na+ (meq/l) Cl- (meq/l)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Cl- (meq/l) Ca2+ (meq/l)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

HCO3- (meq/l) Na+ (meq/l)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Ca2+ (meq/l)

Calcite: CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O = Ca2+ + 2HCO3

• Dolomite: CaMg(CO3)2 + CO2 + H2O = Ca2+ + Mg2+ 2HCO3
• Gypsum: CaSO4 + 2H2O = Ca2+ SO4

2- + 2H2O

HCO3- (meq/l) Mg 2+ (meq/L) SO4 (meq/l)

1. GW flows in the same direction with stream flows (SW – NE) but GWL in dry season 2014 is 2-3 m lower than in 2012; 2. GW in Holocene aquifer shows characteristics of Ca-SO4 and Ca-HCO3 water type; 3. GW in Pleistocene aquifer shows characteristics of Na-HCO3 water type; 4. GW in shallow aquifers is not affected by seawater intrusion; 5. Streams and GW near the shoreline shows characteristic of Na-Cl water type, similar to seawater. 6. Water constituent is caused by freshwater – saline water mixing and weathering process.

20

Results and analysis Concluding remarks Future works

• Analyze stable isotopes (18O and 2H);
• Study on EMMA method and apply for the research;
• Define groundwater recharge and discharge sources.

Thank you for your attention!

21

• Adams, S., Titus, R., Pietersen, K., Tredoux, G., Harris, C. (2001). Hydrochemical characteristics of aquifers near Sutherland in

the Western Karoo, South Africa. Journal of Hydrology, 241, 91-103.

• Bui, T.V. (2010). Chemical analysis of water samples in Binh Thuan region. 7th Conference of Division for Water Resources

Planning and Investigation for the South of Vietnam.

• DWRPIS. (2006). Report of Investigation and Assessment of groundwater quality and quantity in coastal communes, Ninh

Thuan province.

• EVN. (2009). Pre-feasibility report for Ninh Thuan 2 nuclear power plant project, Vietnam.
• Han, D., Kohfahl, C., Xiao, G., Yang, J. (2011). Geochemical and isotopic evidence for palaeo-seawater intrusion into the

south coast aquifer for Laizhou Bay, China. Applied Geochemistry, 26, 863 – 883.

• IAEA. (2008). Atlas of Isotope Hydrology, Asia and the Pacific. Vienna: IAEA.
• Lee, K.S., Wenner, D.B., Lee, I. (1999). Using H- and O-isotopic data for estimating the relative contributions of rainy and dry

season precipitation to groundwater: example from Cheji Island, Korea. Journal of Hydrology, 222, 65 - 74.

• Matter, M.J., Waber, H.N., Loew, S., Matter, A. (2005). Recharge areas and geochemical evolution of groundwater in an

alluvial aquifer system in the Sultanate of Oman.

• Ministry of Industry and Trade. (2011). Vietnam Power Development Plan 7 in period 2011 – 2020 and perspective to 2030
• Ninh Thuan DONRE. (2012). Report of Water Resources in Ninh Thuan province.
• Obiefuna, G.I., Oaulike, D.M. (2011). The hydrochemical characteristics and Evolution of groundwater in semiarid Yola Area,

Northeast, Nigeria. Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 3(4), 400 – 416.

• SWIRR. (2011). Report of Research on water balance and water supply methods in coastal area, Ninh Thuan province.
• Tsujimura, T. , Abe, Y., Tanaka, T., Shimada, J., Higuchi, S., Yamanaka, T., Davaa, G., Oyunbaatar, D. (2007). Stable isotopic and

geochemical characteristics in Kherlen River Basin, a semi-arid region in eastern Mogolia. Journal of Hydrology, 333, 47-57.

• Wang, Y., Jiao, J.J. (2012). Origin of groundwater salinity and hydrogeochemical process in the confined Quaterary aquifer of

the Pearl River Delta, China. Journal of Hydrology, 438-439, 112-124.

• Wetzelhuetter, C. (2013). Groundwater in the Coastal Zone of Asia – Pacific. Springer.
• Zhu, G.F., Li, Z.Z., Su, Y.H., Ma, J.Z., Zhang, Y.Y. (2007). Hydrogeochemical and isotope evidence of groundwater evolution and

recharge in Minquin Basin, Northwest China. Journal of Hydrology, 333, 239 – 251. 22

References