See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280082592 Presentation of Pest & Disease incidences & agronomic Practices in Cinnamon Data · July 2015 CITATIONS READS 0 157 1 author: Jayasinghe G G National Cinnamon Research & Training Center 19 PUBLICATIONS 23 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Development of crop health based Integrated Pest management (IPM) package for managing major pests of cinnamon. View project All content following this page was uploaded by Jayasinghe G G on 16 July 2015. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.
G. G. Jayasinghe 1 *, K. H. M. P. K. Ketakumbura 1 , K. G. G. Wijesinghe 1 , K. S. Hemachandra 2 and S. Weligamage 3 1 Nationnal Cinnamon Research & Training Center, Dept. of Export Agriculture, Sri Lanka 2 Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka 3 Dept. of Agriculture, Sri Lanka ggjaya2005@yahoo.co.in
The True Cinnamon also call Ceylon Cinnamon is indigenous to Sri Lanka. It is the bark of the Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume , belongs to the family lauraceae. Cinnamon 49% Pepper 16% Clove 20% Nutmeg & Mace 5% Cinnamon still the top foreign Betel 4% Other EAC 6% exchange earner among the Export Agricultural Crops. Export Earning by Export Agricultural Crops 2009 It was about 50%
Cinnamon seems to have originated in the central hills of Sri Lanka where several wild species of cinnamon still occur sporadically in there. Cinnamon cultivation is currently concentrated along the coastal belt along from Negambo to Matara. Large extent of cinnamon lands are concentrated in 5 districts due to the suitable environmental conditions in there.
Research yield-2000kg/ha Need improved varieties Attainable yield-1500kg/ha Need successful crop heath based pest management programme Economic yield-1000kg/ha Need good management practices National average yield-450kg/ha
To evaluate the major pest and disease incidences in cinnamon cultivation in major cinnamon growing districts. To find out the relationship between pest and disease occurrences and management practices and their contribution to yield losses. To assess the awareness of famers on pest and diseases in cinnamon cultivation. To suggest for upgrading the cinnamon crop management package with proper agronomic practices.
Detailed survey 5 districts : Galle, Matara, Ratnapura, Kalutara Hambantota Information collection A questionnaire: Farmer Interview pre tested Field observations EOs - Dept. of Export Agriculture Colour picture plates were provided to enumerators to identify P & D at the field
Extent of Cinnamon by Districts-2002 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 Hec. 2000 0
Land Districts No. selected extent land for (ha) of survey cinnamon Galle 11075 125 Matara 8320 75 Ratnapura 3914 20 Kalutara 3287 20 Hambantota 3015 20
Most of data collected from the survey were nominal and ranked variables. The interpretations were made by bar charts, dot charts and radar charts etc. Only some relationships were subjected to regression and correlation analysis.
Results & Discussion Major pests & diseases in Occasional pests & diseases in Vertebrate pests in Minor pests & diseases in cinnamon cinnamon cinnamon cinnamon Wood boring moth Leaf miner Barking deer Sorolopha archimedias Ichineumenoptera ( Acrocercops spp.) cinnamomumi Rough bark disease Thrips Rat Cinnamon butterfly Phomopsis spp. (Chilasa clitie) Leaf (Mite) galls Peacock Attacus atlas ( Eriophyes boisi) Upper leaf galls Squirrel Zeuzera coffeae ( Trioza cinnamomi ) Root grub Hare Xylebores arquatus Wood boring weevil Phyllodesma spp. ( Alcipes clauses ) Leaf blight (Colletotrichum black sooty mold gloesporioid) ( Stenella sp.) White Root Disease Algal leaf spot Regidophorus lignosus ( Cephaleuros virescens) Brown root rot Fruit swollen disease ( Phellinus noxius) ( Exobasidum cinnamomi) Stem canker
Pests Pest Yield Damage point Symptoms Status Loss (%) Wood boring moth Very Up to Base of stem at severe in 60 – 70 collar region Ichineumenoptera cinnamomumi old where the place plantations new shoots initiated Nutrient Rough bark disease Up to Semi hard wood imbalance Phomopsis spp. 50 stem
Pest abundance and severity also recorded. Abundance of pests Severity of pests 60 30 50 25 40 20 30 15 20 10 10 5 0 0 Severity: # of bushes infected of infested by the disease or pest * 100 Total # of bush
Relationship between WBM & LB percentage and cinnamon yield 450 450 Average Yield/Ac/Yr average yield/Ac/Yr 400 400 Expon. (Average Poly. (average 350 Yield/Ac/Yr) yield/Ac/Yr) 350 y = 241.8e -0.043x 300 R² = 0.6066 y = 0.0428x 2 - 6.2574x + 260.02 Average yield/Ac/Yr 300 Average yield/Ac/Yr R² = 0.4552 250 250 200 200 150 150 100 100 50 50 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 Pink Stem Borer % 0 10 20 30 40 50 Rough Bark Disease %
Pests Pest Status Yield Damage point Symptom Loss (%) Leaf miner Severe in Young shoots Mining of young leaves ( Acrocercops spp.) nursery plants Thrips Nursery and 10 – 30 Young shoots Shedding of leaves & making rosette mature plants like structure Leaf (Mite) galls Nursery and Young shoots Making galls in lower surface of the ( Eriophyes boisi) mature plants leaves Upper leaf galls Nursery and Young shoots Making galls in upper surface of the ( Trioza cinnamomi ) mature plants leaves Root grub Organic matter Young roots Dying of seedling rich soil under poor mgt.
Pests Pest Status Yield Loss (%) Damage point Symptom Leaf blight Severe in 90 % seedling Young shoots Grayish lesions in young leaves (Colletotrichum nursery death & shedding of leaves gloesporioid) conditions White Root Disease Severe in young 10 – 30 Young & mature Yellowing of plants and die back Regidophorus lignosus & mature plants roots Brown root rot Severe in poor 10 – 20 Young & mature Yellowing of plants and die back ( Phellinus noxius) drainage roots Stem canker Over maturing of 5 - 10 Mature stems Development of cankers in plant under poor stems mgt. High elevation, 30 – 50 Young shoots Shedding of leaves & making Wood boring weevil cool climate rosette like structure (Alcipes clauses)
Pests Pest Status Yield Loss (%) Damage point Symptom Barking deer All are made Up to 30 Young shoots severe damage at Peacock young shoots initiated after harvesting Hare Squirrel Rat
Pests Pest Status Yield Loss (%) Damage point Sorolopha archimedias They reach Up to 5 % Young leaves pest status Cinnamon butterfly (Chilasa clitie) Young leaves seldom under certain Attacus atlas Young leaves climatic conditions, Zeuzera coffeae Mature stems crop stages Xylebores arquatus and poor Young stems management Phyllodesma spp. Young leaves black sooty mold ( Stenella sp .) Mature leaves Algal leaf spot ( Cephaleuros virescens ) Mature leaves Fruit swollen disease ( Exobasidum Young fruits cinnamomi)
Different productivity levels of cinnamon lands in major cinnamon growing districts (numbers on the top of bars denoted percentage of land in each category).
Relationship between Numbers of management practices and Number of pest and diseases during the study period 14 Pest & Disease 12 Power (Pest & There were significant Disease) 10 negative relationship (R 2 No: of pest & diseases =0.599) between numbers of 8 y = 6.6978x -0.655 management practice (good R² = 0.5986 6 agricultural practices) done by the famers in their lands and 4 number of pest and diseases 2 observed in those lands. 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 No: of management practises
State of employment Fertilizer usage 90.0 H' Tota 80.0 80 70 70.0 60 50 60.0 40 30 Galle R' Pura 50.0 20 10 PT 40.0 0 FT 30.0 20.0 10.0 Matara Kalutara 0.0 H' Tota R' Pura Kalutara Matara Galle Urea Ammonia Straight fer. Dolomite Organic fer. Cin Leaves Other Leaves Most of farmers grown cinnamon were part time farmers in every district. They used urea fertilizer mostly.
Different cinnamon products Farmers' Attitute on Cinnamon Cultivation 100 90 Galle 90 80 80 70 Percentage of farmers 60 70 50 40 60 30 H' Tota Matara 20 50 10 0 40 30 20 Ratnepura Kalutara 10 0 H' Tota R' Pura Kalutara Matara Galle Negative Neutral General Positive V Positive Quills (L) Quills(H) Featherings Chips Leaves Oil Wood Product diversification was very low and they produce conventional product such as cinnamon quills. Majority of farmers were in positive mind on cinnamon cultivation.
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