PREFACE i x 1. MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF AXONAL GROWTH 1 Caine - - PDF document

Axon Growth and Guidance

Dominique Bagnard

Advances in experimental medicine and biology ; v. 621 ;

PREFACE

ix

• 1. MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF AXONAL GROWTH

1

Caine Bouquet and Fatiha Nothias Introduction

1

The Neuronal Growth Cone and its Cytoskeletal Organization

1

Mechanisms of Axonal Elongation 6 Regulation of the Cytoskeleton by Extracellular Cues , Role of Rho-GTPases

» 7

Growth Cone of Regenerating Axons

10

• 2. NETRINS AND THEIR RECEPTORS

17

Simon W. Moore, Marc Tessier-Lavigne and Timothy E . Kennedy Introduction

17

Netrin Structure

19

Functional Roles for Netrins during Nervous System Development

21

Netrin Signal Transduction 22 Netrin in the Adult Nervous System 25 Conclusion and Perspectives 26

• 3. EPH RECEPTORS AND EPHRIN LIGANDS
• IN AXON GUIDANCE

32 Michael Reber, Robert Hindges and Greg Lemke Introduction 32 Molecular Structure 32 Mechanisms of Signal Transduction » 34 Functional Implications during Nervous System Development

»

39 Conclusion and Perspectives 44

• 4. ROLE OF SEMAPHORINS DURING AXON GROWT H

AND GUIDANCE 50 Eric Koncina, Lise Roth, Bertand Gonthier and Dominique Bagnard

Introduction 50 Functional Roles of Semaphorins during Axon Guidance 50 Receptors of Secreted-Semaphorins: The Neuropilins 52 Receptors of Transmembrane-Semaphorins: The Plexin Family 53 Other Receptors Associated with Semaphorin Signaling 54 Intracellular Signal Transduction 56 Conclusion 59

• 5. SLITS AND THEIR RECEPTORS

65

Alain Chedotal Introduction

65 Robo Partners

67 Molecular Control of Slit and Robo Expression

71 Multiple Functions for Slit/Robo in the Nervous System 72 A Role for Slit and Robo in Neurological Disorders? 75

Perspectives

76

• 6. NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS: ARE THEY AXON GUIDANCE

MOLECULES?

81

Sarah Guthrie Introduction

81 Evaluation of Neurotrophic Factors as Axon Guidance Molecules 81

The Discovery of the Neurotrophins

81 The Extended Family of Neurotrophic Factors 82 Neurotrophic Factors Can Promote Axon Growth and Orient Axons in Vitro „ 83 Neurotrophic Factors and Axon Guidance Molecules Use Commo n Signalling Pathways » 83 The Role of Signalling Pathways in Axonal Chemoattractio n by Neurotrophins and Netrin-1 85 Role of cAMP and Calcium Concentrations in Chemoattraction 86

In Vivo Tests of Neurotrophic Factors in Axon Guidance

87 Role of Neurotrophic Factors in Branching ....» » 88 Conclusions »..„..» 90

• 7. THE ROLE OF CELL ADHESION MOLECULES IN AXON

GROWTH AND GUIDANCE

95

Hiroyuki Kamiguchi Introduction

95 Molecular Structure 96 Biophysical and Signaling Mechanisms 96 Functional Implication 100 Conclusion 100

• 8. NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND THE DEVELOPMEN T

OF NEURONAL CIRCUITS

104 Tina Ruediger and Juergen Bolz Introduction 104 Effects of Neurotransmitters on Growth Cone Steering 106 Glutamate : An Excitatory Transmitter and a Versatile Developmental Signal

107

Acetylcholine Acts as a Neuronal Guidance Signal during Brain Development

109

There Is More to GABA Than Synaptic Inhibition

110

Conclusions

112

• 9. THE HEDGEHOG, TGF-ß/BMPAND WNT FAMILIES

OF MORPHOGENS IN AXON GUIDANCE

116

Frederic Charron and Marc Tessier-Lavigne

Introduction

116

Morphogens, Cell Fate Specification and Tissue Patterning

117

Morphogens in Axon Guidance 120 Interpreting Positional Information: Signaling Components in Axon Guidance and Cell Fate Specification 130 Conclusions and Perspectives 13 1

• 10. THE ROLE OF CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE S

IN AXON GUIDANCE

134 Michael Piper, Francis van Horck and Christine Hol t Introduction

134

Molecular Structure of Cyclic Nucleotides

135

Mechanisms of Signal Transduction

136

Functional Implications during Nervous System Development 137 Cyclic Nucleotides and Axon Regeneration

14 2

Conclusion and Perspectives » 14 2

• 11. MEMBRANE LIPID RAFTS AND THEIR ROL E

IN AXON GUIDANCE 144

Carmine Guirland and James Q. Zheng Introduction

144 Approaches to Study Lipid Rafts and Their Functions 145 Functions of Lipid Rafts in the Nervous System 146 Membrane Domains and Growth Cone Motility 148 Lipid Rafts in Axon Guidance: The Signaling Platforms? 149 Signal Localization through Lipid Rafts 151 Future Directions and Concluding Remarks 153

• 12. THE ROLE OF GLIAL CELLS IN AXON GUIDANCE ,

FASCICULATION AND TARGETING 156 Anabel R. Learte and Alicia Hidalg o Introduction

156 Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Neuron-Glia Interaction s during Axon Guidance » 157 Functional Implications 160 Conclusions and Perspectives 164

INDEX 167