Phytoremediation of Salt (& PHC) Phytoremediation of Salt (& - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Phytoremediation of Salt (& PHC) Phytoremediation of Salt (& - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Phytoremediation of Salt (& PHC) Phytoremediation of Salt (& PHC) Impacted Soils Using Biochar Impacted Soils Using Biochar Augmentation; Implications of Salt Augmentation; Implications of Salt Tolerance Mechanisms Tolerance Mechanisms

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Phytoremediation of Salt (& PHC) Phytoremediation of Salt (& PHC) Impacted Soils Using Biochar Impacted Soils Using Biochar Augmentation; Implications of Salt Augmentation; Implications of Salt Tolerance Mechanisms Tolerance Mechanisms

  • Dr. Barbara A. Zeeb

Canada Research Chair – Biotechnologies & Environment

  • Dept. Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

Royal Military College of Canada Kingston, ON CANADA

RPIC Federal Contaminated Sites National Workshop Stream C - Remediation 26 April, 2016; 10:30-11 am

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SLIDE 2

Salinization

Causes︎

  • Natural processes︎
  • Landfilling of high salt

content wastes︎

Consequences︎

  • Land degradation
  • Reduction in plant

growth & yield

  • Reduction water

quality

  • Toxic to aquatic,

microbial, veg communities

︎

Weathering Agricultural Practices

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Landfilling Waste

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http://blogs.oregonstate.edu

Currently estimated that Canada has >7.2 million ha of salinized soils

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SLIDE 3

Phytotechnologies

the application of plants to engineering and science problems

  • remediating environmental contaminants

(phytoremediation)

  • ecorestoration & habitat creation
  • carbon sequestration
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SLIDE 4

Mechanisms of Phytoremediation

1. Accumulate 2. Excrete

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SLIDE 5

Biochar

carbon rich by-product of pyrolysis

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SLIDE 6

Phytotechnologies

6

Phytoextraction

Use vegetation to mobilize salts into above ground tissues Biochar︎

Improve soil structure ︎ Improve seed germination︎ Improve plant growth︎

︎

Uptake ︎

Accumulation︎

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SLIDE 7

Halophytes

  • 2. Accumulation
  • 1. Exclusion
  • 3. Excretion

Na+ ¡ ¡ Cl ¡-­‑ ¡

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SLIDE 8

Adapted from Yensen & Biel 2006

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SLIDE 9

Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) Landfill

Operating Cement Plant in Bath, ON

30 min west of Kingston

CKD landfilled from 1973 – 2009

Saline sodic material, slightly alkaline, low TOC

Project Objectives: i) improve aesthetics & ii) reduce [salt]︎

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SLIDE 10

CKD Site Characterization

Electrical Conductivity (dS/m) Sodium Absorption Ratio Chloride (µg/g) MOE Guideline <0.7 5

  • Soil

Characterization Saline: >4 Sodic: >13 Average: ~100 CKD Site 11-20 15.4 5800-13500

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SLIDE 11

Objectives

  • 1. Compare the phytoextraction efficiency of 3

halophytes

– P. australis – P. nuttalliana – S. pectinata

  • 2. Investigate different salt tolerance

mechanisms & their ability to remove salt from soil

  • 3. Role of biochar augmentation
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SLIDE 12

12

Phytoextract Phytoextraction of Chloride wit ion of Chloride with h Phragmites austral Phragmites australis is

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Phytoextraction Phragmites australis = accumulator species︎

  • large, perennial grass︎
  • growth prolifically︎
  • effectively extracts Cl- from soils︎

July 2013 July 2013︎ Oct 2013 Oct 2013︎ July 2014 July 2014︎

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SLIDE 14

Temporal Study Temporal Study

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3 - 9 years

3 - 9 years︎

  • Total chloride in top 10 cm of soil:︎
  • 464 ± 193 kg︎
  • Based on yearly extractions of 72-82 kg︎

Remediation Timeframe Remediation Timeframe

McSorley, K., Rutter, A. Cumming, R., and Zeeb, B.A. 2015. Phytoextraction of chloride from a cement kiln dust (CKD) contaminated landfill with Phragmites australis. J. Waste Management (accepted Oct 2015).

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SLIDE 16
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Addition of 60 lbs of biochar (5% w/w) Addition of 60 lbs of biochar (5% w/w)︎ Planted 36 seedlings per plot Planted 36 seedlings per plot︎

Field Trial Field Trial

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S.

  • S. pectinata

pectinata︎ A.

  • A. elongatum

elongatum︎ P.

  • P. nuttalliana

nuttalliana ︎ A.

  • A. elongatum

elongatum & & ︎ P.

  • P. nuttalliana

nuttalliana seeds seeds︎

5% Biochar︎ Buffer Zone︎ Control︎

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SLIDE 19

5% Biochar 5% Biochar︎ Control Control︎

Biochar Biochar Effects Effects

︎

  • Significant ↓ in uptake of Na+ in P. nuttalliana &

K+ and Cl- in S. pectinata︎

  • No ↓uptake of divalent cations︎
  • Improved germination of P. nuttalliana by 67%︎
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SLIDE 20

Accumulation

20

  • Conventional phytoextraction calculation ︎

i.e. [shoot ion] x biomass at harvest︎

  • P. australis has highest

phytoextraction potential︎

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SLIDE 21
  • S. pectinata growing

in RMC lab

Implications of Salt Tolerance Implications of Salt Tolerance Mechanisms on Extraction Efficiency Mechanisms on Extraction Efficiency

82X mag 2200X mag excreted salts salt glands

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SLIDE 22

EDS for identification of salts excreted on stem & leaf surfaces of S. pectinata

Cl- and K+ main ions excreted

Mean weekly excretion

Cl- 8500 ± 1200 µg/g K+ 5800 ± 940 µg/g

Characterization of Excreted Salts

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SLIDE 23

When considering excretion in lieu of accumulation:

  • Cl- removal increased 160%
  • K+ removal increased 30%

Salt Excretion

S.

  • S. pectinata

pectinata ︎

  • highest salt phytoextraction potential︎
  • native to Ontario︎

McSorley, K., Rutter, A. Cumming, R., and Zeeb, B.A. Chloride Accumulation vs Excretion: Variations in phytoextraction potential of three halophytic grass species growing in a salinized landfill. J. Waste Management (submitted April 2016).

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SLIDE 24

Potential for wind dispersion and dilution

haloconduction theory micro (Cl-) and macro (K+) nutrients released by

  • S. pectinata & wind dispersed

potential beneficial effects

Further research needed to determine extent

  • f redistribution

Fate of Salts

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SLIDE 25

Summary

  • P. australis can extract 65 ± 4 kg/km2 Cl-/season

remediate site in 3-9 years

  • Biochar can be used for assisted re-vegetation at the

CKD landfill

– ↑ germination of P. nuttalliana by 67%

  • Salt tolerance mechanisms affect phytoextraction

efficiency

– Salt excretion with S. pectinata most efficient

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SLIDE 26

Acknowledgements

Co-Authors:

  • Dr. Allison Rutter, Queen’s

University

  • Kaitlin McSorley, Pinchin Envt.
  • Rob Cumming, Lafarge, Canada