Summary Ontological Requirements for Smart Navigation of 1. PhiloSurfical: learning through semantic navigation Philosophical Resources - aims and generic approach - tool description Michele Pasin, Enrico Motta, Zdenek Zdrahal 2. An ontology for the philosophical domain { m.pasin, e.motta, z.zdrahal} @ open.ac.uk - requirements - approach - examples of modeling patterns for navigation 3. Ontology evaluation - knowledge acquisition experiment 4. Conclusions and future work 1 2 PhiloSurfical: background and rationale part one... - PhiloSURFical (2005): learning through semantic navigation - prototyped with Wittgenstein ! s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1921) - Annotation of learning materials by means of a domain ontology - Reasoning on annotated resources PHILOSURFICAL - Dynamic reorganization according to different perspectives - Mechanisms for contextual navigation - Tools for providing not answers, but documents! - Other notable projects: - InPhilo Project (USA, 2007) Ontological backbone for the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities Digital Humanities Initiative - Discovery Project (Europe, 2006) Generic framework for collaborative annotation/navigation in the philo- SW Funded by the EU EcontentPlus Grant (2M) 3 4
What we’d like: a PhiloSurfical: pedagogical approach vision... - Pedagogical framework: constructivism - learning through active discovery of relevant resources - attempts to tackle the hard problem of “situating” the learning of abstract concepts (i.e. “descriptions of the world” in Laurillard terms, 1993) - support for analysis and interpretation skills development (Carusi, 2003) - The ontology acts as the " brain ! of the system - Defines all the possible " senses ! (=meanings) an entity can have in the context of the software application - Complex queries need a complex structure! 5 6 PhiloSURFical: main page PhiloSURFical: browsing the text 7 8
PhiloSURFical: annotation categories PhiloSURFical: clicking on annotations 9 10 PhiloSURFical: local annotations PhiloSURFical: inspecting annotations 11 12
PhiloSURFical: using the ‘pathways’ PhiloSURFical: using the ‘pathways’ 13 14 Pathway: influences among related views Pathway: generic and specific schools 15 16
Pathway: problem-centric map Pathway: PhD lineage 17 18 Pathway: graphical representation PhiloSURFical : system design e.g. Historical dysambiguation Interpretative contrast Theoretical analogy Textual causation ..etc. import/export data 19 20
Generic Approach part two... Adapted from Gruber, 2003 ONTOLOGY The Semantic Web is about sharing and accessibility: REUSE! 21 22 What do philosophers deal with? ...ideas.. but not only! 23 24
Requirements: Requirements: in more details Requirements: approach Requirements: in more details Varying Contrad. information granularity Uncertainty e.g. a philosophy is unique, Interpretation events C but still within a tradition e.g. the birth of Heraclitus I Varying granularity Viewpoints Historical Dolce DnS D Wordnet events e.g. theories, schools and O Viewpoints other philosophical ideas e.g. publication of a book, AKT ref ontology C meeting, work conception FRBR specs Contradictory Information Objects Dolce IOs information Information Mizoguchi Repr. ontology C e.g. concurring opinions on objects Historical events R the same subject Interpretation AKT ref ontology e.g. texts, paintings, events M musical works and their Allen’s specs implementation Uncertainty contents e.g. “the paragraph is (before/after/between etc..) about concept X” 25 26 CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model Onto Walkthrough: temporal entities 1996 ICOM initiative, 2006 ISO standard (version 4.2) Adapted from CIDOC specification, 2005 27 28
Onto Walkthrough: conceptual objects Onto Walkthrough: philosophical ideas - Constructivist approach: " pragmatic minimalism ! ...“stone” can be a concept, if there ! s a view defining it! - Goal : individuate the types of non-physical objs which play a role in the construction of viewpoints! 29 30 Example: a philosophical event Important: interpretations vs ideas 31 32
Modeling pattern I: how many rationalisms? Ex. I: how many senses of rationalism? “This theory is clearly a new and re-shaped rationalism ” “Descartes was one of the founders of modern rationalism ” “Throughout history, the attacks of rationalism against empiricism has diminished” - Problem: natural language often hides type-differences - Tip: taking advantage of natural language ambiguities, so to present resources which are potentially explicative - Advantage: it allows navigations of ontologically distant entities (belief-groups, views, events) 33 34 Ex. I: how many senses of rationalism? Ex. I: how many senses of rationalism? “This theory is clearly a new and re-shaped rationalism ” “This theory is clearly a new and re-shaped rationalism ” “Descartes was one of the founders of modern rationalism” “Descartes was one of the founders of modern rationalism ” “Throughout history, the attacks of rationalism against empiricism has “Throughout history, the attacks of rationalism against empiricism has diminished” diminished” 35 36
Pattern II : various granularities for theories Ex. I: how many senses of rationalism? “This theory is clearly a new and re-shaped rationalism ” “Descartes was one of the founders of modern rationalism ” - Concerns only the “philosophical idea” “Throughout history, the attacks of rationalism against empiricism has diminished” branch of the ontology -Taxonomies of viewpoints? - Dolce: not suited for philosophical ideas - Cyc: very convoluted, unusable - Wordnet: flat hierarchy - Allows navigations which give viewpoints a “theoretical” context - e.g. views an author had, within a problem area, consistent with a school of thought etc.. 37 38 Ex. II: not all views are theories! Ex II: not all views are theories! “Wittgenstein’s philosophy, differently from Frege’s one, deals also with problems typical of aesthetics” “ Wittgenstein’s philosophy , differently from Frege’s one , deals also with problems typical of aesthetics” “The 2nd Wittgenstein philosophy is much inspired from a kantianism, than from a logical positivism” “The 2nd Wittgenstein philosophy is much inspired from a kantianism , than from a logical positivism ” “Within the pictorial theory of language, Wittgenstein demonstrated that we can derive complex “Within the pictorial theory of language , Wittgenstein demonstrated that we can derive complex sentences from atomic ones” sentences from atomic ones ” 39 40
Ex. II: not all views are theories ! Ex. II: not all views are theories ! “ Wittgenstein’s philosophy , differently from Frege’s one , deals also with problems typical of aesthetics” “ Wittgenstein’s philosophy , differently from Frege’s one , deals also with problems typical of aesthetics” “The 2nd Wittgenstein philosophy is much inspired from a kantianism , than from a logical positivism ” “The 2nd Wittgenstein philosophy is much inspired from a kantianism , than from a logical positivism ” “Within the pictorial theory of language , Wittgenstein demonstrated that we can derive complex “Within the pictorial theory of language , Wittgenstein demonstrated that we can derive complex sentences from atomic ones ” sentences from atomic ones ” 41 42 Pattern III : “problematic” problem-areas.. Ex. II: not all views are theories “ Wittgenstein’s philosophy , differently from Frege’s one , deals also with problems typical of aesthetics” - Issue: we usually employ the notion of field-of-study to “The 2nd Wittgenstein philosophy is much inspired from a kantianism , than from a logical positivism ” “Within the pictorial theory of language , Wittgenstein demonstrated that we can derive complex organize disciplines, but how is this defined? sentences from atomic ones ” - field-of-study vs problem-area - Often scholars redefine their discipline: - how to maintain interoperability, even when two instances of “logic” mean totally different things? - how does a field-of-study relate to the view which defines it? - Advantage: allows navigations among problem-areas that border with each other, and the theories they ‘include’.. - e.g. pathway focusing on the employment of a theory across disciplines 43 44
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