Pa ar rt t I I: : C Ca ar ri ib bb be ea an n C Co on nt to ou ur rs s P Se es ss si io on ns s 1 1 & & 2 2 S Ca ar ri ib bb be ea an n I In nt tr ro od du uc ct ti io on ns s: : H Hi is st to or ry y, , G Ge eo og gr ra ap ph hy y, , E Ec co ol lo og gy y C � De ef fi in ni in ng g t th he e C Ca ar ri ib bb be ea an n: : P Po ol li it ti ic ca al l M Ma ap pp pi in ng g � D Wh he en n D Di id d I It t B Be ec co om me e t th he e C Ca ar ri ib bb be ea an n? ? � � W Tr ra an ns sp pl la an nt ta at ti io on n: : T Th he e “ “A Ar rt ti if fi ic ci ia al l S So oc ci ie et ty y” ” T Th he es si is s � T � � Pr ro os sp pe ec ct ts s f fo or r S Se el lf f- -R Re el li ia an nc ce e? ? � P 1
Defining the Caribbean: Political Mapping CARICOM http://www.caricom.org/jsp/community/member_states.jsp?menu=community ACS http://www.acs-aec.org/index.php?q=about/members-and-associate-members http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Caribbean_States Insular Caribbean—Caribbean archipelago Greater Caribbean—Caribbean Basin Initiative Our Maps 1) http://thecaribbeansite.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/caribbean_2006.jpg 2) http://goo.gl/maps/DTXfs 3) Indigenous Caribbean: http://thecaribbeansite.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/cacscopeg.gif 2
� From the Bahamas to Trinidad, and the mainland territories of Belize, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana � Defining the extent of the Caribbean has long been a contentious subject. � “the Caribbean” is not just a place, it is a sociohistorical category � a cultural zone � many Caribbeans � “West Indies” or “Caribbean”? 1940s-1960s � West Indies Federation, West Indies Cricket Team, University of the West Indies, British West Indian Airways, etc. � US expansion, redefinition � Anglo-American Caribbean Commission in 1942 � US President Ronald Reagan’s Caribbean Basin Initiative � Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA) in the 1960s, and CARICOM, and the Caribbean Development Bank in the 1970s. � there is no one “correct” definition: content depends on context 3
� Spanish-speaking “Caribbean”: Hispanic or African? � Edgardo Rodríguez Julio (1987): “For us Puerto Ricans the term Antillean has clear significance, but not the terms Caribbean or Caribbeanness. The former makes us part of the historical and cultural experience of the Greater Antilles, the latter ... imposes on us a suprahistorical category, an invented object of a sociological, anthropological and ethnological character that is Anglophone in origin, and that functions against the colonized person.” � French-speaking Caribbean: Antillean http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antillia � The Dutch islands: “Antilles” � Fragmented and heterogeneous region. 4
� 37 million people � 28 distinct political entities � 16 independent states � 22 countries have populations of under one million � Although the majority of Caribbean entities are English speaking, the majority of the population is Spanish speaking, with French being second in importance. � Independent states: Antigua, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Cuba, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Saint Lucia, Saint Kitts-Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago. � French “departments”: French Guiana, Guadeloupe, and Martinique � Netherlands: Saba, Saint Martin (shared with the French), Saint Eustatius, Curaçao, Bonaire, and Aruba 5
� USA: Puerto Rico is associated with the United States; U.S. Virgin Islands � UK colonies: The British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, Montserrat, and the Turks and Caicos islands 6
When Did It Become the Caribbean? � The Caribs � Caribe, Cariba, Canibal, and Caribal � Caribbee, Charibbee, Galibi, Calinago, Carifuna, and Garifuna � Resistance � demonization � enslavement � anthropophagy � cannibalism, derived from Carib/Caniba/Canibal 7
Evolution of the political naming of the region: 1507, “Western Ocean”, Latin: http://www.caribmap.org/index.php?id=wies&link=1507-wi-waldseemuller&src=&sub= 1513, “Western Ocean”, Latin: http://www.caribmap.org/index.php?id=wies&link=1513-wi-waldseemuller&src=&sub= 1579, “Carib Gulf”, Italian map in Latin: http://www.caribmap.org/index.php?id=wies&link=1579-wi-ortelius&src=&sub= 1635, “American Islands in the Northern Ocean”, Dutch map in Latin: http://www.caribmap.org/index.php?id=wies&link=1635-wi-blaeu&src=&sub= 1656, “The Antillean Islands, between the Lucayans and Caribs”, French: http://www.caribmap.org/index.php?id=wies&link=1635-wi-blaeu&src=&sub= 1659, “West Indies”, Dutch: http://www.caribmap.org/index.php?id=wies&link=1659-westindies-doncker&src=&sub= 1659, “Carib Islands”, Dutch: http://www.caribmap.org/index.php?id=wies&link=1659-wi-doncker&src=&sub= 1680, “Caribe Islands”, English: http://www.caribmap.org/index.php?id=wies&link=1680-westindies-thornton&src=&sub= 1680, “Islands in America, of the Spanish, French, English, Dutch, and of the natives of the country”, Italian: http://www.caribmap.org/index.php?id=wies&link=1680-wi-freschot&src=&sub= 8
1703, “Antilles Islands” (with Caribs and Lucayans), French: http://www.caribmap.org/index.php?id=wies&link=1680-wi-freschot&src=&sub= 1703, “West Indies”, English: http://www.caribmap.org/index.php?id=wies&link=1703-westindies-seller&src=&sub= 1710, “Mexican Archipelago, Antilles, Carib Islands”, Dutch map in Latin: http://www.caribmap.org/index.php?id=wies&link=1710-westindies-schenck&src=&sub= 1715, “A map of the West-Indies or the islands of America in the North Sea”, English: http://www.caribmap.org/index.php?id=wies&link=1715-westindies-moll&src=&sub= 1717, “Antilles Islands in the Archipelago of Mexico”, French: http://www.caribmap.org/index.php?id=wies&link=1717-westindies-anonymous&src=&sub= 1723, “Terra Firma (Caribana) and the Caribbé Islands”, English: http://www.caribmap.org/index.php?id=wies&link=1723-westindies-moll&src=&sub= 1740, “West Indies” (Leeward, Windward, Caribbe Islands), English: http://www.caribmap.org/index.php?id=wies&link=1740-westindies-seale&src=&sub= 1750, “North Sea”: http://www.caribmap.org/index.php?id=wies&link=1750-westindies-bowen&src=&sub= 1762, “Caribbean Sea,” “Caribbee Islands”, English: http://cartweb.geography.ua.edu:9001/StyleServer/calcrgn?cat=Middle%20America&item=Caribbean/Mex _Carib1762b.sid&wid=500&hei=400&props=item(Name,Description),cat(Name,Description)&style=simple/vi ew-dhtml.xsl 9
1767, “North Sea, Caribbee Islands, West Indies”, English: http://www.caribmap.org/index.php?id=wies&link=1767-westindies-salmon&src=&sub= 1778, “Caribbean Sea”, English: http://www.caribmap.org/index.php?id=wies&link=1778-westindies-jefferys&src=&sub= to be found again in 1783: http://www.caribmap.org/index.php?id=wies&link=1783- westindies-cary&src=&sub= 1782, “Antilles, Northern Sea” (and notes on Indigenous inhabitants), French: http://www.caribmap.org/index.php?id=wies&link=1782-westindies-delatour&src=&sub= 1784, “A Chart of the Antilles, or Charibbee, or Caribs Islands” (noting islands with a Carib Indian presence), English: http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/carviews/a/022ktop00000123u06800000.html 1804, “Mer des Caribes” and “Indes Occidentales”, English mapmaker, French publisher: http://www.caribmap.org/index.php?id=wies&link=1804-westindies-pinkerton&src=&sub= 1857, “Caribbean Sea”, USA: http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~200105~3000083:A-New-Map-Of-The-Union,-With-The- Ad?sort=Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No&qvq=w4s:/where/Caribbean;sort:Pub_List_No_InitialSort %2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No;lc:RUMSEY~8~1&mi=0&trs=45 Part 1: photographic prints, photocopies and facsimiles: http://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/handle/10315/13674 10
Transplantation: The “Artificial Society” Thesis � CL.R. James, Michael Lieber, “Westernization” � “a vacuum of indigenousness” � “history of imported peoples” � David Lowenthal’s West Indian Societies : “artificial societies” � Edouard Glissant: fallacy of the primitive paradise, the mirage of Africa, and the illusion of a metropolitan identity. � Stuart Hall: ruptures and discontinuities � centrifugal tendencies � Decline of the Indigenous? 11
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