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  1. P❤r②❣✐❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❆r♠❡♥✐❛♥✿ ◆❡✇ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ❆♥♥❛ ❊❧✐s❛❜❡t❤ ❍❛❡♠♠✐❣ ✕ ✶✷✳ ▼❛② ✷✵✶✺ ❆ ♥♦t❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t st❛t❡ ♦❢ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ♦♥ P❤r②❣✐❛♥ ❈❤✳ ❞❡ ▲❛♠❜❡rt❡r✐❡✱ ●r❡❝✱ ♣❤r②❣✐❡♥✱ ❛r♠é♥✐❡♥✿ ❉❡s ❛♥❝✐❡♥s ❛✉① ♠♦❞❡r♥❡s ✭❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ❞❡s ❙❛✈❛♥ts ✶✴✷✵✶✸✿ ✸✕✻✾✮✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✿ ✏ ✳✳✳ ▲❡s ♥♦♠❜r❡✉s❡s ♦❜s❝✉r✐tés ❬q✉❡❪ r❡♥❢❡r♠❡♥t ❬❧❡s ✐♥s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥s ♣❤r②❣✐❡♥✲ ♥❡s❪ ♦♥t ❡✉ ♣ré❝✐sé♠❡♥t ♣♦✉r ❡✛❡t ❞❡ st✐♠✉❧❡r ❧✬✐♠❛❣✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❞✬❡s♣r✐ts q✉✐ s❡ s♦♥t ✐♥❣é♥✐és à ✐♥t❡r♣rét❡r ❞❡s ♠♦ts ❞❡ s❡♥s ✐♥❝♦♥♥✉ à ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❝♦♥❥❡❝t✉r❡s ét②♠♦❧♦❣✐q✉❡s ❤❛s❛r❞❡✉s❡s ❢♦♥❞é❡s s✉r ❞❡ ✈❛❣✉❡s r❡ss❡♠❜❧❛♥❝❡s ✿ ♠❛♥✐èr❡ ❞❡ ❢❛✐r❡ é✈✐❞❡♠♠❡♥t ❞és❛str❡✉s❡✱ ❡t q✉✐ ♥✬❡st q✉✬✉♥❡ ❝❛r✐❝❛t✉r❡ ❞❡ ❧✬❛♣♣r♦❝❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❡ ❡♥ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐q✉❡ ❤✐st♦r✐q✉❡✳ ▼ê♠❡ ❧❡ r❡❝✉❡✐❧ ❞✬❖tt♦ ❍❛❛s✱ q✉✐ s❡ s✐❣♥❛❧❡ ♣♦✉rt❛♥t ♣❛r ✉♥ ❡✛♦rt ❞✬✐♥t❡r♣rét❡r ❧❡s t❡①t❡s s❡❧♦♥ ✉♥❡ ♠ét❤✲ ♦❞❡ r✐❣♦✉r❡✉s❡ ✭♥♦t❛♠♠❡♥t à ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡s ♣❛r❛❧❧è❧❡s ❣r❡❝s ♣♦✉r ❧❡s ✐♥s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥s ♥é♦✲♣❤r②❣✐❡♥♥❡s✮ ❡t ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡ à ❝❡ t✐tr❡ ✉♥ ré❡❧ ♣r♦❣rès ♣❛r r❛♣♣♦rt à s❡s ❞❡✈❛♥❝✐❡rs✱ ♥✬é❝❤❛♣♣❡ ♣❛s t♦✉❥♦✉rs à ❝❡ tr❛✈❡rs ❀ ❞✬❛✉tr❡s t❡♥t❛t✐✈❡s ♣❧✉s ré❝❡♥t❡s✱ ❢r❛♥❝❤❡♠❡♥t ❛✈❡♥t✉r❡✉s❡s ❡t ❢♦✉r♠✐❧❧❛♥t ❞✬❤②♣♦t❤ès❡s t♦✉t❡s ♣❧✉s ❛r❜✐tr❛✐r❡s ❧❡s ✉♥❡s q✉❡ ❧❡s ❛✉tr❡s✱ r❡♣rés❡♥t❡♥t ✉♥❡ ✈ér✐t❛❜❧❡ ré❣r❡ss✐♦♥ s✉r ❧❡ ♣❧❛♥ s❝✐❡♥t✐✜q✉❡✳✑ ■ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❛❞❞ t❤❛t ✕ s❛❞❧② ✕ t❤❡ ✇♦r❦s ❜② ❖✳ ❍❛❛s ❛r❡ ♥♦t r❡❧✐❛❜❧❡ ❡✐t❤❡r✳ ❙♦✉r❝❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ P❤r②❣✐❛♥ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ • ❖❧❞ P❤r②❣✐❛♥ ✐♥s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥s ✭✽✳✲✺✳ ❝❡♥t✳ ❇❈✱ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ ❛ ✈❛st ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♥♦rt❤❡r♥ ❆♥❛t♦❧✐❛✮✿ ✕ ❆❜♦✉t ✸✺✵ ✐♥s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥s✱ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖❧❞ P❤r②❣✐❛♥ ❛❧♣❤❛❜❡t✳ ✕ ■♥s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ♦❢ ✈❛r✐♦✉s ❝♦♥t❡♥t✿ ❇✉✐❧❞✐♥❣ ✐♥s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥s ♦♥ r♦❝❦ ♠♦♥✉♠❡♥ts✱ ❞❡❞✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✱ ♦✇♥❡r✬s ♠❛r❦s ♦♥ ♣♦tt❡r② ✐t❡♠s✱ ❡t❝✳ ⇒ ■♥ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ◆❡♦✲P❤r②❣✐❛♥✱ ❛ ❣r❡❛t❡r ✈❛r✐❡t② ♦❢ ✇♦r❞s ❛♥❞ ❢♦r♠s ❛r❡ ❛tt❡st❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❧❡ss r❡♣❡t✐t✐♦♥✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛❦❡s ✐t ♠♦r❡ ❞✐✣❝✉❧t t♦ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣✳ ✕ ▼❛♥② ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ✈❡r② ❞❛♠❛❣❡❞ ♦r ✈❡r② s❤♦rt✳ ✶

  2. • ◆❡♦✲P❤r②❣✐❛♥ ✐♥s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥s ✭✶✳✲✸✳ ❝❡♥t✳ ❆❉✱ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ r✉✲ r❛❧ ❛r❡❛ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ♠♦❞❡r♥ ❊s❦✐➩❡❤✐r ✴ ❑üt❛❤②❛ ✴ ❯❧✉❜♦r❧✉ ✴ ❑♦♥②❛ ✴ ❚✉③ ●ö❧ü✮✿ ✕ ❆❜♦✉t ✶✷✵ t❡①ts✱ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ●r❡❡❦ ❛❧♣❤❛❜❡t✳ ✭■♥ s♦♠❡ ❝❛s❡s✱ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡rs ❛♣♣❛r❡♥t❧② ❞♦ ♥♦t ❞❡♥♦t❡ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ s♦✉♥❞s ❛s ✐♥ ❝♦♥✲ t❡♠♣♦r❛r② ❦♦✐♥é ●r❡❡❦✿ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢♦r ❛♥ ♦❧❞❡r P❤r②❣✐❛♥ s♣❡❧❧✐♥❣ tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ●r❡❡❦ ❧❡tt❡rs✳✮ ✕ ❆❧♠♦st ❛❧❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❝✉rs❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛s ♦♥ t♦♠❜ st♦♥❡s ❛❣❛✐♥st ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❞❡s❡❝r❛t♦rs✳ ⇒ ❇❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡✐r ❢♦r♠✉❧❛✐❝ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✱ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❛tt❡st❡❞ ❢♦r♠s ❛♥❞ ✇♦r❞s ✐s r❡❧❛t✐✈❡❧② s♠❛❧❧✳ ❇✉t t❤❡② ❛r❡ ♠✉❝❤ ❡❛s✐❡r t♦ str✉❝t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ t♦ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ t❤❛♥ ❖❧❞ P❤r②❣✐❛♥ t❡①ts✳ ✕ ❚❤❡ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❡♣✐t❛♣❤s ♦♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t♦♠❜ st♦♥❡s ❛r❡ ❛❧♠♦st ❛❧✇❛②s ✐♥ ●r❡❡❦ ❦♦✐♥é ✮✳ ❖♥❧② ❛ ❞♦③❡♥ P❤r②❣✐❛♥ ❡♣✐t❛♣❤s ❛r❡ ❦♥♦✇♥✳ ✕ ✾✵✪ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ♠♦♥✉♠❡♥ts ❛r❡ ❧♦st✳ • ●❧♦ss❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✇♦r❦s ♦❢ ●r❡❡❦ ❛✉t❤♦rs ✭❡✳ ❣✳ ❜❡❦♦s ✱ ❍❞t✳ ✷✱✷✮✳ • ❖t❤❡r ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ ♥♦♥✲P❤r②❣✐❛♥ s♦✉r❝❡s✿ ●❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ ♥❛♠❡s✱ ❜♦rr♦✇✐♥❣s ✇✐t❤✐♥ ●r❡❡❦ ✐♥s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥s✱ ❡t❝✳ ❚❤❡ st❡❧❡ ❢r♦♠ ❱❡③✐r❤❛♥ ❚❤❡ st❡❧❡ ✭❇✲✵✺ ✐♥ ❇r✐①❤❡ ✷✵✵✹❜✮ ❞❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❧❛t❡ ✺t❤ ❝❡♥t✉r② ❇❈✳ ■t ❝❛r✲ r✐❡s ❛ ●r❡❡❦ ❛♥❞ ❛ P❤r②❣✐❛♥ ✐♥s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s t❤❡ ❧♦♥❣❡st ❦♥♦✇♥ P❤r②❣✐❛♥ t❡①t✳ ❙♦♠❡ ❧❡tt❡rs ❞✐✛❡r ✐♥ s❤❛♣❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♦♥❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖❧❞ P❤r②❣✐❛♥ ❛❧♣❤❛✲ ❜❡t✳ ◆♦t❡ t❤❛t ❁ ♣ ❃ ❛♥❞ ❁ s ❃ ❛r❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ❤❛r❞ t♦ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐s❤✳ ❙♣❛❝❡s ❛r❡ ✉s❡❞ ❛s ✇♦r❞ s❡♣❛r❛t♦rs✳ P❤r②❣✐❛♥ ✐♥s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝✉rs❡ ✭♠② r❡❛❞✐♥❣✱ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❇r✐①❤❡ ✭✷✵✵✹❜✿✻✺✮✮✿ ✽ ✭✳✳✳✮ ②♦s ♥✐② ❛r t s✐♥ t✐✭❄✮ ✐♠❡♥❛♥ ❦❛❦❛ ♦s❦❛✈♦s ❦❛❦❡② ✾ ❦❛♥ ❞❡❞❛s✐t✐② t✉❜❡t✐✈ ♦② ♥ ❡✈♦s ❞❡r❛❧✐✈ ♠❡❦❛s ❦❡② ˙ ˙ ✶✵ ❦♦✈ ✐s ❛❜r❡t♦② ♥✉♥ ✐❜❡② ♥❡✈ ♦t❛♥ ♥✐♣t✐②❛♥ s✐r✉♥ ♠✐r❡②✉♥ ˙ ˙ ✶✶ ✐✈✐♠✉♥ ✐♥♠❡♥❡② ❛s❡♥❛♥ ❞❛❦❡t t♦r✈❡t✉♥ ↑ ✐r❛② ❛② ♥✐② ♦② ✶✷ t✉❜♥✉✈ ♥❡✈♦s ♠❡❞❡r✐t♦② ❦♦✈ ✐s ❦❡ ❛❜r❡t♦② ♥✉♥ ♦② ♥❡✈ ❁ ♦t❛♥ ❃ ˙ ✶✸ ②♦s ✐s❡❦♦s♦s ↑ ❡♠❡♥❡② ❞ ✉♣r❛t♦② ✈❡❜❛♥ ✐t✉✈ ˙ ✷

  3. ⇒ ◆♦t❡✱ ✐♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ t❤❛t✿ • ❦❡② s❡❡♠s t♦ ❜❡ ❛ ❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ✈❛r✐❛♥t ♦❢ ❦❡ ✏❛♥❞✱ ✲ q✉❡ ✑✳ • ❆ t ✲st❡♠ ♥❡✈♦t✲ ❛♥❞ ❛♥ ❛ ✲st❡♠ ♥✐♣t✐②❛✲ ❛r❡ ❛tt❡st❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s ✐♥s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ✐♥ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❢♦r♠s✱ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❝♦♥t❡①t t❤❛t ♠❛❦❡s ♠❡ ✭❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡rs✮ ❜❡❧✐❡✈❡ t❤❛t t❤❡② ❣♦ ❜❛❝❦ t♦ P■❊ ✯ ♥❡♣✭♦✮t✲ ✴ ♥❡♣t✐ h 2 ✲ ✳ ❚❤✉s✱ ✯ ♣ ❃ ✉ “ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✈♦✇❡❧s✳ ❇✉t ✲♣t✲ s✉r✈✐✈❡s ✐♥ ♥✐♣t✐②❛ ✳ ❚❤❡ ❆r❡②❛st✐s ✐♥s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❙❡❡ ❇r✐①❤❡✴▲❡❥❡✉♥❡ ✭✶✾✽✹✿✸✻sqq✳✮✳ ❚❤❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❦❡ ❛♥❞ ❦❡② ❛❧❧♦✇s ✉s t♦ ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r t❤❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥✬s ❲✲✵✶❜ ♣❛rt ✭❣✐✈❡♥ ❜❡❧♦✇✮✳ Pr♦t❛s✐s✿ ②♦s ❡s❛✐t ♠❛t❡r❡② ❡✈❡t❡❦s❡t✐② ❋✐rst ❛♣♦❞♦s✐s✿ ♦✈❡✈✐♥ ♦♥♦♠❛♥ ❞❛ ψ ❡t ❙❡❝♦♥❞ ❛♣♦❞♦s✐s✿ ❧❛❦❡❞♦ ❦❡② ✈❡♥❛✈t✉♥ ❛✈t❛② ♠❛t❡r❡② ✭ ❦❡② ❥♦✐♥s t❤❡ t✇♦ ❛♣♦❞♦s❡s t♦❣❡t❤❡r✳✮ ✸

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