■◆❚❊◆❙❊ ❆❯❚❖▼❖❘P❍■❙▼❙ ❖❋ ●❘❖❯P❙ ▼✐♠❛ ❙t❛♥♦❥❦♦✈s❦✐ ❋❘❆❯❊◆ ■◆ ❉❊❘ ▼❆❚❍❊▼❆❚■❑ ❑♦♥st❛♥③✱ ✷✹ ❏❛♥✉❛r② ✷✵✶✼
❏♦✐♥t ✇♦r❦ ✇✐t❤
❍❡♥❞r✐❦ ▲❡♥str❛ ✭❯▲✮
❆♥❞r❡❛ ▲✉❝❝❤✐♥✐ ✭❯♥✐P❉✮
❏♦♥ ●♦♥③á❧❡③ ❙á♥❝❤❡③ ✭❊❍❯✮
●r♦✉♣s ❛♥❞ s②♠♠❡tr✐❡s
▲❡t ❳ ❜❡ ❛♥ ♦❜❥❡❝t ❛♥❞ ❧❡t ❙②♠ ❳ ❜❡ t❤❡ ❣r♦✉♣ ♦❢ ✐ts s②♠♠❡tr✐❡s✳ ❙ ♥ ❉ ✷ ♥ ●▲ ❱ ●❛❧ ❦ ❆✉t ● ❙②♠♠❡tr✐❡s ♦❢ ♦❜❥❡❝ts
❉ ✷ ♥ ●▲ ❱ ●❛❧ ❦ ❆✉t ● ❙②♠♠❡tr✐❡s ♦❢ ♦❜❥❡❝ts ▲❡t ❳ ❜❡ ❛♥ ♦❜❥❡❝t ❛♥❞ ❧❡t ❙②♠ ( ❳ ) ❜❡ t❤❡ ❣r♦✉♣ ♦❢ ✐ts s②♠♠❡tr✐❡s✳ • ❙ ♥
●▲ ❱ ●❛❧ ❦ ❆✉t ● ❙②♠♠❡tr✐❡s ♦❢ ♦❜❥❡❝ts ▲❡t ❳ ❜❡ ❛♥ ♦❜❥❡❝t ❛♥❞ ❧❡t ❙②♠ ( ❳ ) ❜❡ t❤❡ ❣r♦✉♣ ♦❢ ✐ts s②♠♠❡tr✐❡s✳ • ❙ ♥ • ❉ ✷ ♥
●❛❧ ❦ ❆✉t ● ❙②♠♠❡tr✐❡s ♦❢ ♦❜❥❡❝ts ▲❡t ❳ ❜❡ ❛♥ ♦❜❥❡❝t ❛♥❞ ❧❡t ❙②♠ ( ❳ ) ❜❡ t❤❡ ❣r♦✉♣ ♦❢ ✐ts s②♠♠❡tr✐❡s✳ • ❙ ♥ • ❉ ✷ ♥ • ●▲ ( ❱ )
❆✉t ● ❙②♠♠❡tr✐❡s ♦❢ ♦❜❥❡❝ts ▲❡t ❳ ❜❡ ❛♥ ♦❜❥❡❝t ❛♥❞ ❧❡t ❙②♠ ( ❳ ) ❜❡ t❤❡ ❣r♦✉♣ ♦❢ ✐ts s②♠♠❡tr✐❡s✳ • ❙ ♥ • ❉ ✷ ♥ • ●▲ ( ❱ ) • ●❛❧ ( ℓ/ ❦ )
❙②♠♠❡tr✐❡s ♦❢ ♦❜❥❡❝ts ▲❡t ❳ ❜❡ ❛♥ ♦❜❥❡❝t ❛♥❞ ❧❡t ❙②♠ ( ❳ ) ❜❡ t❤❡ ❣r♦✉♣ ♦❢ ✐ts s②♠♠❡tr✐❡s✳ • ❙ ♥ • ❉ ✷ ♥ • ●▲ ( ❱ ) • ●❛❧ ( ℓ/ ❦ ) • ❆✉t ( ● )
P❡r♠✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣♦✐♥ts
P❡r♠✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣♦✐♥ts
P❡r♠✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣♦✐♥ts
P❡r♠✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣♦✐♥ts
P❡r♠✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣♦✐♥ts
P❡r♠✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣♦✐♥ts
❚❤❡ ❣r♦✉♣ ♦❢ s②♠♠❡tr✐❡s ✐s ❙②♠ ❳ ❙ ✻ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛s ✼✷✵ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts✳ P❡r♠✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣♦✐♥ts
✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛s ✼✷✵ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts✳ P❡r♠✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣♦✐♥ts ❚❤❡ ❣r♦✉♣ ♦❢ s②♠♠❡tr✐❡s ✐s ❙②♠ ( ❳ ) = ❙ ✻
P❡r♠✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣♦✐♥ts ❚❤❡ ❣r♦✉♣ ♦❢ s②♠♠❡tr✐❡s ✐s ❙②♠ ( ❳ ) = ❙ ✻ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛s ✼✷✵ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts✳
❙②♠♠❡tr✐❡s ♦❢ ❛ r❡❣✉❧❛r ♣♦❧②❣♦♥
❙②♠♠❡tr✐❡s ♦❢ ❛ r❡❣✉❧❛r ♣♦❧②❣♦♥
❙②♠♠❡tr✐❡s ♦❢ ❛ r❡❣✉❧❛r ♣♦❧②❣♦♥
❙②♠♠❡tr✐❡s ♦❢ ❛ r❡❣✉❧❛r ♣♦❧②❣♦♥
❚❤❡ ❣r♦✉♣ ♦❢ s②♠♠❡tr✐❡s ✐s ❙②♠ ❳ ❉ ✶✷ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛s ✶✷ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts✳ ❙②♠♠❡tr✐❡s ♦❢ ❛ r❡❣✉❧❛r ♣♦❧②❣♦♥
✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛s ✶✷ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts✳ ❙②♠♠❡tr✐❡s ♦❢ ❛ r❡❣✉❧❛r ♣♦❧②❣♦♥ ❚❤❡ ❣r♦✉♣ ♦❢ s②♠♠❡tr✐❡s ✐s ❙②♠ ( ❳ ) = ❉ ✶✷
❙②♠♠❡tr✐❡s ♦❢ ❛ r❡❣✉❧❛r ♣♦❧②❣♦♥ ❚❤❡ ❣r♦✉♣ ♦❢ s②♠♠❡tr✐❡s ✐s ❙②♠ ( ❳ ) = ❉ ✶✷ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛s ✶✷ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts✳
❚❤❡ ❣r♦✉♣ ♦❢ s②♠♠❡tr✐❡s ✐s ❙②♠ ❳ ✐❞ ❳ ✳ ❙②♠♠❡tr✐❡s ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦❧♦✉r❡❞ ♣♦❧②❣♦♥
❙②♠♠❡tr✐❡s ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦❧♦✉r❡❞ ♣♦❧②❣♦♥ ❚❤❡ ❣r♦✉♣ ♦❢ s②♠♠❡tr✐❡s ✐s ❙②♠ ( ❳ ) = { ✐❞ ❳ , ρ } ✳
❙②♠♠❡tr✐❡s ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦❧♦✉r❡❞ ♣♦❧②❣♦♥ ❚❤❡ ❣r♦✉♣ ♦❢ s②♠♠❡tr✐❡s ✐s ❙②♠ ( ❳ ) = { ✐❞ ❳ , ρ } ✳
❚❤❡ ❣r♦✉♣ ♦❢ s②♠♠❡tr✐❡s ✐s ❙②♠ ❳ ✐❞ ❳ ✳ ❙②♠♠❡tr✐❡s ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦❧♦✉r❡❞ ♣♦❧②❣♦♥
❙②♠♠❡tr✐❡s ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦❧♦✉r❡❞ ♣♦❧②❣♦♥ ❚❤❡ ❣r♦✉♣ ♦❢ s②♠♠❡tr✐❡s ✐s ❙②♠ ( ❳ ) = { ✐❞ ❳ } ✳
❚❤❡♥ ❙②♠ ❱ ●▲ ❦ ❱ ✐s t❤❡ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠❛♣s ❱ ❱ s✉❝❤ t❤❛t✿ ❢♦r ❛❧❧ ✉ ✈ ❱ ✱ ♦♥❡ ❤❛s ✉ ✈ ✉ ✈ ❀ ❢♦r ❛❧❧ ❦ ❛♥❞ ✈ ❱ ✱ ♦♥❡ ❤❛s ✈ ✈ ❀ t❤❡ ♠❛♣ ✐s ❜✐❥❡❝t✐✈❡✳ ■❢ ❱ ❤❛s ✜♥✐t❡ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥ ♥ ♦✈❡r ❦ ✱ t❤❡♥ ●▲ ❦ ❱ ●▲ ♥ ❦ ✳ ❙②♠♠❡tr✐❡s ♦❢ ❛ ✈❡❝t♦r s♣❛❝❡ ▲❡t ❦ ❜❡ ❛ ✜❡❧❞ ❛♥❞ ❧❡t ❱ ❜❡ ❛ ✈❡❝t♦r s♣❛❝❡ ♦✈❡r ❦ ✳
❢♦r ❛❧❧ ❦ ❛♥❞ ✈ ❱ ✱ ♦♥❡ ❤❛s ✈ ✈ ❀ t❤❡ ♠❛♣ ✐s ❜✐❥❡❝t✐✈❡✳ ■❢ ❱ ❤❛s ✜♥✐t❡ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥ ♥ ♦✈❡r ❦ ✱ t❤❡♥ ●▲ ❦ ❱ ●▲ ♥ ❦ ✳ ❙②♠♠❡tr✐❡s ♦❢ ❛ ✈❡❝t♦r s♣❛❝❡ ▲❡t ❦ ❜❡ ❛ ✜❡❧❞ ❛♥❞ ❧❡t ❱ ❜❡ ❛ ✈❡❝t♦r s♣❛❝❡ ♦✈❡r ❦ ✳ ❚❤❡♥ ❙②♠ ( ❱ ) = ●▲ ❦ ( ❱ ) ✐s t❤❡ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠❛♣s α : ❱ → ❱ s✉❝❤ t❤❛t✿ • ❢♦r ❛❧❧ ✉ , ✈ ∈ ❱ ✱ ♦♥❡ ❤❛s α ( ✉ + ✈ ) = α ( ✉ ) + α ( ✈ ) ❀
t❤❡ ♠❛♣ ✐s ❜✐❥❡❝t✐✈❡✳ ■❢ ❱ ❤❛s ✜♥✐t❡ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥ ♥ ♦✈❡r ❦ ✱ t❤❡♥ ●▲ ❦ ❱ ●▲ ♥ ❦ ✳ ❙②♠♠❡tr✐❡s ♦❢ ❛ ✈❡❝t♦r s♣❛❝❡ ▲❡t ❦ ❜❡ ❛ ✜❡❧❞ ❛♥❞ ❧❡t ❱ ❜❡ ❛ ✈❡❝t♦r s♣❛❝❡ ♦✈❡r ❦ ✳ ❚❤❡♥ ❙②♠ ( ❱ ) = ●▲ ❦ ( ❱ ) ✐s t❤❡ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠❛♣s α : ❱ → ❱ s✉❝❤ t❤❛t✿ • ❢♦r ❛❧❧ ✉ , ✈ ∈ ❱ ✱ ♦♥❡ ❤❛s α ( ✉ + ✈ ) = α ( ✉ ) + α ( ✈ ) ❀ • ❢♦r ❛❧❧ λ ∈ ❦ ❛♥❞ ✈ ∈ ❱ ✱ ♦♥❡ ❤❛s α ( λ ✈ ) = λα ( ✈ ) ❀
■❢ ❱ ❤❛s ✜♥✐t❡ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥ ♥ ♦✈❡r ❦ ✱ t❤❡♥ ●▲ ❦ ❱ ●▲ ♥ ❦ ✳ ❙②♠♠❡tr✐❡s ♦❢ ❛ ✈❡❝t♦r s♣❛❝❡ ▲❡t ❦ ❜❡ ❛ ✜❡❧❞ ❛♥❞ ❧❡t ❱ ❜❡ ❛ ✈❡❝t♦r s♣❛❝❡ ♦✈❡r ❦ ✳ ❚❤❡♥ ❙②♠ ( ❱ ) = ●▲ ❦ ( ❱ ) ✐s t❤❡ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠❛♣s α : ❱ → ❱ s✉❝❤ t❤❛t✿ • ❢♦r ❛❧❧ ✉ , ✈ ∈ ❱ ✱ ♦♥❡ ❤❛s α ( ✉ + ✈ ) = α ( ✉ ) + α ( ✈ ) ❀ • ❢♦r ❛❧❧ λ ∈ ❦ ❛♥❞ ✈ ∈ ❱ ✱ ♦♥❡ ❤❛s α ( λ ✈ ) = λα ( ✈ ) ❀ • t❤❡ ♠❛♣ α ✐s ❜✐❥❡❝t✐✈❡✳
❙②♠♠❡tr✐❡s ♦❢ ❛ ✈❡❝t♦r s♣❛❝❡ ▲❡t ❦ ❜❡ ❛ ✜❡❧❞ ❛♥❞ ❧❡t ❱ ❜❡ ❛ ✈❡❝t♦r s♣❛❝❡ ♦✈❡r ❦ ✳ ❚❤❡♥ ❙②♠ ( ❱ ) = ●▲ ❦ ( ❱ ) ✐s t❤❡ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠❛♣s α : ❱ → ❱ s✉❝❤ t❤❛t✿ • ❢♦r ❛❧❧ ✉ , ✈ ∈ ❱ ✱ ♦♥❡ ❤❛s α ( ✉ + ✈ ) = α ( ✉ ) + α ( ✈ ) ❀ • ❢♦r ❛❧❧ λ ∈ ❦ ❛♥❞ ✈ ∈ ❱ ✱ ♦♥❡ ❤❛s α ( λ ✈ ) = λα ( ✈ ) ❀ • t❤❡ ♠❛♣ α ✐s ❜✐❥❡❝t✐✈❡✳ ■❢ ❱ ❤❛s ✜♥✐t❡ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥ ♥ ♦✈❡r ❦ ✱ t❤❡♥ ●▲ ❦ ( ❱ ) ∼ = ●▲ ♥ ( ❦ ) ✳
❚❤❡♥ ❙②♠ ❦ ❆✉t ❦ ✐s t❤❡ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠❛♣s s✉❝❤ t❤❛t✿ ●▲ ❦ ❀ ❢♦r ❛❧❧ ① ② ✱ ♦♥❡ ❤❛s ①② ① ② ✳ ✭ ❢♦r ❛❧❧ ① ❦ ✱ ♦♥❡ ❤❛s ① ① ✮ ■❢ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ❦ ✐s ●❛❧♦✐s✱ t❤❡♥ ●❛❧ ❦ ❆✉t ❦ ✳ ❙②♠♠❡tr✐❡s ♦❢ ✜❡❧❞ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥s ▲❡t ℓ/ ❦ ❜❡ ❛♥ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✜❡❧❞s✳
Recommend
More recommend