[PPT] - Overview The Achievement Gap Among cities that participate in NAEP, PowerPoint Presentation

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No More Excuses

Roland G. Fryer, Jr. Robert M. Beren Professor of Economics Harvard University EdLabs NBER

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CONFIDENTIAL

Among cities that participate in NAEP, the magnitude of racial differences in educational achievement is startling.

Overview The Achievement Gap

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Percent Proficient, 8th Grade Math, NAEP 2011

white black Hispanic 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Percent Proficient, 8th Grade Reading, NAEP 2011

white black Hispanic

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CONFIDENTIAL

3

Overview Education and Later-Life Outcomes

Accounting for educational achievement drastically reduces racial and socioeconomic inequality across a wide range of important life outcomes.

28% 190% 283% 250% 87% 234%

27%

141% 0.6% 90% 87% 76% 42% 114% 137% 33%

50%

0% 50% 100% 150% 200% 250% 300% Wages Unemployment Have Savings Less than 10K in savings Negative Net Worth Do not own home Any College Public Assistance

Black-White Differences in Economic Outcomes (NLSY79) Before and After Controlling for 8th Grade Test Scores

Raw B/W Gap After controlling for AFQT

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CONFIDENTIAL

Test Score Gap Does Not Exist at 9 months old
The correlation between 9 month old scores and 12 year old scores is 0.3
Black kids lose ground starting at age 2

Basic Facts

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CONFIDENTIAL

Black kids enter kindergarten 0.64 SD (or 8 months) behind their white peers
The gap can be accounted for by 13 simple variables that proxy for Pre-K home environment
The gap grows 0.1 SD per year from Kindergarten through eighth grade
We don’t really know why

Basic Facts

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 9 months Pre-K Kindergarten 1st grade 3rd Grade 5th Grade 8th grade

The Evolution of the Racial Achievement Gap through 8th grade

Months behind in math Months behind in reading

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CONFIDENTIAL

Possible Explanations We tested dozens of hypotheses, including:

Poor parenting
Racist Teachers
Summer Setback
Flawed Standardized Tests
School Quality

16% 75% 41% 45% 17% 49% 9% 48% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% Spank child Give child a "time-out"

How parents respond to misbehavior, by race

White Black Hispanic Asian 0.093 0.09 0.103 0.097 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 Reading Reading, accounting for parenting Math Math, accounting for parenting

Lost ground from Fall Kindergarten to Spring 1st grade, before and after accounting for parenting practices, ECLSK

Lost Ground

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CONFIDENTIAL

22.3 :1 20.4 :1 18.7 :1 17.9 :1 17.2 :1 17.3 :1 16.0 :1 15.6 :1 14:1 16:1 18:1 20:1 22:1 24:1 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Student to Teacher Ratio

$5,243 $6,049 $6,268 $7,347 $8,790 $8,949 $10,508 $11,438 $0 $2,000 $4,000 $6,000 $8,000 $10,000 $12,000 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Total Expenditure Per Pupil (2008-09 $))

$12,11 6 23.5% 27.5% 49.6% 53.1% 56.8% 61.8% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2006

Percentage of Teachers with a Master's Degree or Higher

175 200 225 250 275 300 325 1971 1975 1980 1984 1988 1990 1994 1996 1999 2004 2008

Reading and Math Achievement of 9, 13, and 17 year-olds, 1971-2008

9 year-

lds

13 year-

lds

17 year-

lds

Conventional Wisdom Seems Ineffective

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CONFIDENTIAL

Distributed a total of $10 million to kids in 5 cities.

A. Input Experiments
Dallas
Houston
Washington DC
B. Output Experiments
New York City
Chicago
Teacher Incentives

Financial Incentives

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CONFIDENTIAL

Financial Incentives

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CONFIDENTIAL

The Achievement Gap

0.2

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Annual Treatment Effect on Student Achievement (in SD units)

Past Interventions vs. the Racial Achievement Gap

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CONFIDENTIAL

Results From High-Performing Charters

Harlem Children’s Zone

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CONFIDENTIAL

Results From Charter Schools

0.1

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 Notes: Solid bars represent experimental estimates. Striped bars represent quasi-experimental estimates. *Oversubscribed Schools

nly.

Math Reading

A. Broad Surveys
B. Studies of High-Performing Schools

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CONFIDENTIAL

Finding the Vaccine

0.41

0.01

0.40
0.45
0.31

0.79 0.75 0.93 0.80 0.70 0.59

0.50
0.25

0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 Months of Schooling

Traditional vs. Non-Traditional School Inputs and School Effectiveness

Average Correlation with Reading and Math Effectiveness (in months of schooling)

vs.

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CONFIDENTIAL

The key goal is to translate charter schools’ successful policies into common principles and then transplant them into traditional public schools. To this end, EdLabs initiated a multi-year study of NYC charters that determined that the following five policies and practices have the greatest correlation with student achievement:

More Time in School

Extended day, week, and school years are all integral components of successful school
models. In the case of Harlem Children’s Zone’s Promise Academy, students have

nearly doubled the amount of time on task compared to students in NYC public schools. Small Group Tutoring

In top performing schools, classroom instruction is supplemented by individualized

tutoring, both after school and during the regular school day. Human Capital Management

Successful charters reward teachers for performance and hold them accountable if they

are not adding value. Data Driven Instruction and Student Performance Management

In the top charter schools, students are assessed frequently, and then, in small groups,

re-taught the skills they have not yet mastered. Culture and Expectations

In successful schools, students buy into the school’s mission and into the importance of

their education in improving their lives.

An Experiment in Houston: The Five Tenets

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CONFIDENTIAL

Results In Math, we see positive and statistically significant results in elementary and secondary schools. The gains in grades that received high-dosage tutoring were dramatic. The reading results are mixed. Elementary schools have small positive and statistically significant results. Secondary school results are insignificant.

0.05

0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 Elementary School Secondary School

Apollo Treatment Effects

Math Reading

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CONFIDENTIAL

Results In Context Pooling all grades together, the results are similar to those achieved by the Harlem Children’s Zone Promise Academy Middle Skill and KIPP – two

f the country’s most recognized charter operators.
0.05

0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

Average NYC Charter Harlem Children's Zone (MS) Average KIPP (MS) Apollo Elementary School Apollo Middle School

Math Reading

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CONFIDENTIAL

Cost-Benefit Analysis Initiative Cost/Student IRR Apollo 20 Elementary $355 26.70% Apollo 20 Secondary $1,837 13.42 % “No Excuses” Charter School $2,496 18.50 % Early Childhood Education $8,879 7.60 % Reduced Class Size $3,501 6.20 % Using an estimate of the correlation between test scores and future earnings, we can calculate a rough rate of return for the first year of the Apollo experiment and compare it to other popular education interventions.

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CONFIDENTIAL

Long-Term HCZ Effects

5 10 15 20 25 Enrolled in College Enrolled in 4-year College

College-Going

0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 Math Reading

Woodcock Johnson

0.06
0.04
0.02

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 Mental Health Physical Health Index Nutrition Index

Health Outcomes

1 2 3 4 5 6 Pregnancy (Girls) Incarceration (Boys)

Social Outcomes (Odds Ratios)

18

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CONFIDENTIAL