Overview of HPM as a Pulsed Overview of HPM as a Pulsed Power - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Overview of HPM as a Pulsed Power Application at FOI Overview of HPM as a Pulsed Power Application at FOI

Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Defence & Security, Systems and Technology Presented at The IET International Conference on Pulsed Power, CERN, Geneva, 21-25 September 2009

Sten E Nyholm , Mose Akyuz, Patrik Appelgren, Mattias Elfsberg, Tomas Hurtig, Anders Larsson , Cecilia Möller Sten E Nyholm , Mose Akyuz, Patrik Appelgren, Mattias Elfsberg, Tomas Hurtig, Anders Larsson , Cecilia Möller

Overview Overview

Introduction High-voltage generators

Explosive flux compression generators Cable based high-voltage generator

Introduction High-voltage generators

Explosive flux compression generators Cable based high-voltage generator

Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Defence & Security, Systems and Technology Presented at The IET International Conference on Pulsed Power, CERN, Geneva, 21-25 September 2009

Repetitive Marx generator

Vircator studies System simulation and propagation models Summary

Repetitive Marx generator

Vircator studies System simulation and propagation models Summary

Introduction Introduction

Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Defence & Security, Systems and Technology Presented at The IET International Conference on Pulsed Power, CERN, Geneva, 21-25 September 2009

HPM generation research Electro-Thermal Chemical launch techniques Electromagnetic launch techniques Electric armour HPM generation research Electro-Thermal Chemical launch techniques Electromagnetic launch techniques Electric armour

Pulsed Power Applications at FOI Pulsed Power Applications at FOI

Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Defence & Security, Systems and Technology Presented at The IET International Conference on Pulsed Power, CERN, Geneva, 21-25 September 2009

Electric armour Electrohydrodynamic flow control Plasma-assisted combustion Electric armour Electrohydrodynamic flow control Plasma-assisted combustion

HPM research at FOI HPM research at FOI

HPM-susceptibility and protection 1988-2008 HPM-weapons technology 1993-2008 Joint project ”HPM” 2009-… HPM-susceptibility and protection 1988-2008 HPM-weapons technology 1993-2008 Joint project ”HPM” 2009-…

Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Defence & Security, Systems and Technology Presented at The IET International Conference on Pulsed Power, CERN, Geneva, 21-25 September 2009

Energy conversion efficiency Compactness for usage on mobile platforms Repetitive operation and durability Energy conversion efficiency Compactness for usage on mobile platforms Repetitive operation and durability

Issues considered in HPM source research Issues considered in HPM source research

Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Defence & Security, Systems and Technology Presented at The IET International Conference on Pulsed Power, CERN, Geneva, 21-25 September 2009

Repetitive operation and durability Output pulse parameter tuning Repetitive operation and durability Output pulse parameter tuning

High-voltage generators High-voltage generators

Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Defence & Security, Systems and Technology Presented at The IET International Conference on Pulsed Power, CERN, Geneva, 21-25 September 2009

Explosive flux compression generators Explosive flux compression generators

Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Defence & Security, Systems and Technology Presented at The IET International Conference on Pulsed Power, CERN, Geneva, 21-25 September 2009

length = 300 mm, diam = 70 mm Linitial = 23 µH, Lfinal = 0,2 µH Seed current 5.7 kA, 11.2 kA Peak current 269 kA, 436 kA Current amplification 47, 39 length = 300 mm, diam = 70 mm Linitial = 23 µH, Lfinal = 0,2 µH Seed current 5.7 kA, 11.2 kA Peak current 269 kA, 436 kA Current amplification 47, 39

Cable based high-voltage generator Cable based high-voltage generator

to spark gap from spark gap Spark gap

uBD=300e3 Conn1 Conn2 R=2e3

Pu lse form ing Linear Sw itch

tBD=0 Conn1 Conn2

Capacitor ban k

V c=50e3 Cc=4.15e-6 Lc=250e-9 Conn1 Conn2

Cable endin g Axial Vircator

C

• n

n 2 C

• n

n 1

1:12 Tran sform er (12 part segm en tation )

Conn1 Conn2 Conn3 Conn4

Simulink model, top level

Measured and simulated pulses across 10 Ω load

Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Defence & Security, Systems and Technology Presented at The IET International Conference on Pulsed Power, CERN, Geneva, 21-25 September 2009

Measured and simulated pulses across 10 Ω load

Repetitive Marx generator Repetitive Marx generator

Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Defence & Security, Systems and Technology Presented at The IET International Conference on Pulsed Power, CERN, Geneva, 21-25 September 2009

25 stages of 100 nF and 55 nH each length = 1.1 m (incl. charger), outer diameter = 0.3 m Characteristic impedance 18.5 Ω Repetition rate 10 Hz (burst mode) 25 stages of 100 nF and 55 nH each length = 1.1 m (incl. charger), outer diameter = 0.3 m Characteristic impedance 18.5 Ω Repetition rate 10 Hz (burst mode)

Vircator studies Vircator studies

Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Defence & Security, Systems and Technology Presented at The IET International Conference on Pulsed Power, CERN, Geneva, 21-25 September 2009

Initial experiments with a reflex triode and single shot Marx generator. Axial vircator and repetitive Marx generator used in Initial experiments with a reflex triode and single shot Marx generator. Axial vircator and repetitive Marx generator used in

Vircator studies Vircator studies

Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Defence & Security, Systems and Technology Presented at The IET International Conference on Pulsed Power, CERN, Geneva, 21-25 September 2009

Marx generator used in electrode material studies. Coaxial vircator and Marx generator used in radiation mode control experiments. Marx generator used in electrode material studies. Coaxial vircator and Marx generator used in radiation mode control experiments.

Axial vircator - experimental Axial vircator - experimental

Vacuum Pump Waveguide Resonance Cavity Marx Generator HV- HV+ Emitter

Resonance cavity with anode

Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Defence & Security, Systems and Technology Presented at The IET International Conference on Pulsed Power, CERN, Geneva, 21-25 September 2009

Cathode with graphite emitter

Axial vircator simulation in Magic Axial vircator simulation in Magic

Simulation volume with small anechoic chamber representation

Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Defence & Security, Systems and Technology Presented at The IET International Conference on Pulsed Power, CERN, Geneva, 21-25 September 2009

Simulated electric fields at one instant: TE21 dominant mode

Axial vircator geometries Axial vircator geometries

Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Defence & Security, Systems and Technology Presented at The IET International Conference on Pulsed Power, CERN, Geneva, 21-25 September 2009

Selectable output window towards waveguide. Cavity depth variation. Selectable output window towards waveguide. Cavity depth variation.

Coaxial vircator geometry Coaxial vircator geometry

Coaxial vircator with sectioned emitter

Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Defence & Security, Systems and Technology Presented at The IET International Conference on Pulsed Power, CERN, Geneva, 21-25 September 2009

Virtual cathodes oscillating in

• pposite phase =>

Recently verified in experiments !

Waveguide reflector Waveguide reflector

Two-strip waveguide reflector

Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Defence & Security, Systems and Technology Presented at The IET International Conference on Pulsed Power, CERN, Geneva, 21-25 September 2009

Simulations and experiments are performed this autumn.

System simulation and propagation models System simulation and propagation models

Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Defence & Security, Systems and Technology Presented at The IET International Conference on Pulsed Power, CERN, Geneva, 21-25 September 2009

Energy system simulation Energy system simulation

Electric circuit simulation models of

• FCG system
• Cable generator
• Marx generator

Electric circuit simulation models of

• FCG system
• Cable generator
• Marx generator

Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Defence & Security, Systems and Technology Presented at The IET International Conference on Pulsed Power, CERN, Geneva, 21-25 September 2009

together with a vircator model for comparison of normalised voltage pulses. together with a vircator model for comparison of normalised voltage pulses.

Energy system model in Simulink Energy system model in Simulink

Wheel Motor Vetronics PFN 3 Trig PFN 2 Ctrl PFN 1 Trig

HPMW control Gun fire control

HPM weapon Electric Armour ETC gun

E-armour activation Drive profile

Energy sources Intermediate storages Transmission and control

Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Defence & Security, Systems and Technology Presented at The IET International Conference on Pulsed Power, CERN, Geneva, 21-25 September 2009

DC-AC converter Electric transmission DC-DC converter DC-DC converter MDS Fuel Cells Diesel Generator 2 Diesel Generator 1 Capacitor Bus bar and control system Battery

Transmission and control Adaptation units Continuous consumers Pulsed consumers

Simulated power flows Simulated power flows

Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Defence & Security, Systems and Technology Presented at The IET International Conference on Pulsed Power, CERN, Geneva, 21-25 September 2009

HPM pulse propagation HPM pulse propagation

Wave propagation and attenuation Microwave induced breakdown Wave propagation and attenuation Microwave induced breakdown

Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Defence & Security, Systems and Technology Presented at The IET International Conference on Pulsed Power, CERN, Geneva, 21-25 September 2009

Microwave induced breakdown Energy loss due to absorption Energy loss due to pulse shortning Microwave induced breakdown Energy loss due to absorption Energy loss due to pulse shortning

HPM pulse propagation HPM pulse propagation

Electric field strength as function

• f distance for different systems

Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Defence & Security, Systems and Technology Presented at The IET International Conference on Pulsed Power, CERN, Geneva, 21-25 September 2009

Critical electric field strength as function of the microwave pulse length for three atmospheric pressures

HPM pulse propagation HPM pulse propagation

Radiation frequency 1 GHz 10 GHz Energy input 1 kJ 1 kJ Resistive losses in waveguide 0.4 J 13 J

Energy budget calculation for a 1 GW, 1 µs, TE01 HPM pulse injected in rectangular copper wave guide, without microwave breakdown, but with microwave power absorption in atmosphere, primarily due to heavy rain.

Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Defence & Security, Systems and Technology Presented at The IET International Conference on Pulsed Power, CERN, Geneva, 21-25 September 2009

Resistive losses in waveguide 0.4 J 13 J Energy loss caused by microwave breakdown Energy loss caused by rain (r=100 mm/h) 0.5 J 400 J Energy loss caused by fog (visibility 30 m) 0.1 J 17 J Energy loss caused by snow (r=10 mm/h) 0.2 J 1.7 J Energy loss caused by ambient atmosphere 1.4 J 1.4 J

Summary Summary

Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Defence & Security, Systems and Technology Presented at The IET International Conference on Pulsed Power, CERN, Geneva, 21-25 September 2009

Summary Summary

Studies of pulsed power supplies for HPM includes explosive flux compression, cable based pulse forming line generator, and repetitive Marx generator. The Marx generator has been used extensively in various vircator studies. Studies of pulsed power supplies for HPM includes explosive flux compression, cable based pulse forming line generator, and repetitive Marx generator. The Marx generator has been used extensively in various vircator studies.

Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Defence & Security, Systems and Technology Presented at The IET International Conference on Pulsed Power, CERN, Geneva, 21-25 September 2009

The work focuses on means to improve the energy efficiency of HPM generation, compactness for mobile use, and on repetitive operation combined with dynamic parameter tuning. The work focuses on means to improve the energy efficiency of HPM generation, compactness for mobile use, and on repetitive operation combined with dynamic parameter tuning.