Overview of Drugs and Prison in Minnesota PRESENTATION TO - - PDF document

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Overview of Drugs and Prison in Minnesota PRESENTATION TO PRISON POPULATION TASKFORCE SEN. RON LATZ & REP. TONY CORNISH, CO CHAIRS NOVEMBER 18, 2015 NATE REITZ,

SLIDE 1

OverviewofDrugsand PrisoninMinnesota

PRESENTATIONTOPRISONPOPULATIONTASKFORCE SEN.RONLATZ&REP.TONYCORNISH,COCHAIRS NOVEMBER18,2015 NATEREITZ,MSGCEXECUTIVEDIRECTOR

MINNESOTASENTENCINGGUIDELINESCOMMISSION

Over52,000Minnesotansareadmitted forsubstanceabusetreatmentannually

Alcoholonly 26% Alcohol+secondary drug 18% Amphetamines 17% Marijuana 16% Heroin 10% Otheropiates 8% Cocaine 3% Tranquilizers,sedatives, hallucinogens, inhalants,PCP,

ther/unknown

2014treatmentadmissionsbysubstanceofabuse(SOURCE:SAMHSA)

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SLIDE 2

Nationalriseindrugoverdosedeaths

5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Nationaloverdosedeathsfromselectprescriptionandillicitdrugs (SOURCE:NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE) RxOpioidPainRelievers RxBenzodiazepines Cocaine Heroin

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30yeartrendsinnationalarrestratesfor drugpossessionvs.sale

Possessionarrestrate Salearrestrate

100 200 300 400 500

Arrestsper100,000 U.S.arrestrates,drugpossession/useanddrugsale (SOURCE:BUREAU OF JUSTICE STATISTICS)

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SLIDE 3

13foldriseindrugimprisonmentin33yrs.

accordingtonationalsentencingreformadvocacygroup

1980, 19,000 1980, 4,700 1980, 17,200 2013, 210,200 2013, 98,200 2013, 180,600

50,000

100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000

U.S.stateprisons Federalprisons U.S.jails

Numberofpeopleinprisonsandjailsfordrugoffenses,1980and2013

(SOURCE:THE SENTENCING PROJECT,USING BUREAU OF JUSTICE STATISTICS DATA) 1980 2013

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Minnesota’sdrugcrimeprisoner populationtripledfrom19982005

Drug,1998, 704 Drug,2005, 2,178 Drug,2015, 1,911

Person,1998, 3,368 Person,2015, 5,215 Property,1998, 1,079 Property,2015, 1,144 DWI,2015, 683 Weapons,2015, 683 Other,1998, 334 Other,2015, 454

Total,1998, 5,485 Total,2005, 8,708 Total,2015, 10,090

2,000

4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 PRISONPOPULATION (EXCLUDESPSIHOLDS)(SOURCE:MNDOC)

Minn.stateprisonpopulationbyoffensetype,19982015

Drug Person Property DWI Weapons Other

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SLIDE 4

In2014,mostMinn.prisontimefordrug crimeswaslinkedtoamphetamines(meth)

65%,Meth/ amphetamine 20%,Cocaine 7%,Heroin 3%,Syn.narcotic 2%,Marijuana 1%,Hallucinogen 2%,Other/unknown

200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800

Drugtype,ascodedoncriminalcomplaints

Drugcrimeprisonbeds

(ofsentencesexecutedin2014)

Sale(incl.methmfg.andpossessionofprecursors) Possession(incl.methcrimesinchild'spresence)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

(Minnadults.,2010) Meth/amphetamine Cocaine Heroin Syntheticnarcotic Marijuana Hallucinogen Other/unknown Totalofalldrugbeds (Minn.prisoners,2015)

Raceofoccupantsofdrugcrimeprisonbeds

(sentenced2014) White Black AmericanIndian Hispanic Asian Other

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Sentencingin1st and2ndDegree drugcases

1stDegree 33% 2ndDegree 33% 3rdDegree 18% 4thDegree 2% 5thDegree 14%

Prisonbedsfromsentencesexecuted201214

Therestofthispresentationwillfocus almostexclusivelyonsentencingfor 1stand2ndDegreecontrolled substancecrime Why?

Mostserious,andmoststudied,

drugoffenses

Prisonpresumedinallcases
Mostprisonbeds,comparedto
therdegrees

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SLIDE 5

Fewerthanhalfof1stand2ndDegree drugoffendersgetpresumptivesentence

1STDEGREEDRUGSENTENCES,201214

Nomitigated departure (executed sentence) 34% Executed,but mitigated duration 29% Sentencenotexecuted (mitigateddisposition) 37%

2NDDEGREEDRUGSENTENCES,201214

Nomitigated departure (executed sentence) 45% Executed,but mitigatedduration 21% Sentencenotexecuted (mitigateddisposition) 34%

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Reasonsforthesedeparturesvary

MOSTCOMMONREASONSFORDEPARTURE

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

Remorse/acceptsresponsibility Amenabletoprobation/rehab Amenabletotreatment,etc. Courtservicesrecommends Longersupervision Minorroleincrime Crimelessseriousthanordinary Savetaxpayerstrialcosts Cleanrecord Cooperationwithpolice

PROSECUTOR’SPOSITIONONDEPARTURE

Prosecutor

bjects

18% Prosecutordoes notobject 61% Noposition recorded 21%

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All1stand2ndDegreedrugsentenceswithamitigateddeparture,201214

SLIDE 6

Departureratesvarybyrace

40% 34% 52% 48% 43% 40% 18% 39% 18% 27% 20% 25% 42% 27% 30% 25% 37% 35% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

White Black Am.Indian Hispanic Asian Overall

Departureratesfor1st and2nd Degreedrugoffenders,sentenced201214

Nomitigateddeparture(executedsentence) Executed,butmitigatedduration Sentencenotexecuted(mitigateddisposition)

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Departureratesvarybyjudicialdistrict

40% 34% 67% 17% 44% 44% 53% 63% 58% 43% 40% 15% 25% 5% 53% 14% 15% 19% 8% 9% 17% 25% 45% 41% 28% 30% 42% 41% 28% 29% 33% 40% 35% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 1st(South Metro;incl. Eagan) 2nd(Ramsey; incl.St.Paul) 3rd(SE;incl. Rochester) 4th (Hennepin; incl.Mpls.) 5th(SW;incl. Mankato) 6th(NE;incl. Duluth) 7th(West Central;incl. St.Cloud) 8th(West; incl.Willmar) 9th(NW;incl. Bemidji) 10th(North Metro;incl. Woodbury) Statewide

Departureratesfor1st and2nd Degreedrugoffenders,sentenced201214

Nomitigateddeparture(executedsentence) Executed,butmitigatedduration Sentencenotexecuted(mitigateddisposition)

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SLIDE 7

Significanteffectsonmitigateddepartures

Regressionanalysis:1st and2nd Degreedrugoffensessentencedin2011

RACE/ETHNICITY Comparedtowhites,Hispanicswere64%less likelytogetamitigateddeparture.Thiswas theonlystatisticallysignificant effectforrace/ethnicity. JUDICIALDISTRICT Comparedto10th District,offenderssentenced in3rd and8th districtswerelesslikelytoget departures,whileoffendersinthe4th Districtweretwiceaslikely togetdepartures.**

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HISPANIC WHITE

Forevery6whiteoffenderswhoreceived adeparture,alittleover2Hispanic

ffendersreceivedadeparture.

Foreverythreeoffendersreceivinga departureinthe10th district,six receivedadepartureinthe4th districtandlessthanone receivedadepartureinthe3rd and8th districts.

Significanteffectsonmitigateddepartures

Regressionanalysis:1st and2nd Degreedrugoffensessentencedin2011

CRIMINALHISTORY Offenderswithcriminalhistoryscoresof1or morewere65%lesslikelytogetdepartures. DRUGWEIGHT Offenderswithdoublethethresholdamount

rmorewere38%lesslikelytogetdepartures.

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CHS1+ CHS0

Forevery6offendersatCHS0 whoreceivedadeparture,alittle

ver2offendersataCHSof1or

morereceivedadeparture.

DOUBLE UNDERDOUBLE

Forevery6offenderswith adrugamountunder doublethethresholdwho receivedadeparture,less than4offenderswitha drugamountdoublethe thresholdor morereceived adeparture.

SLIDE 8

For1st&2ndDegreedrugoffenses,probationers reoffendslightlylessoftenthanexprisoners

PROBATIONERS

No,80% 4% 3% 5% 9% Yes,21%

Person Property Drug Other NewConviction?

OffenseType

EXPRISONERS

No,73% 5% 3% 10% 8% Yes,27%

No Person Property Drug Other

NewConviction? OffenseType

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3yearoutcomesfor1st and2nd Degreedrugoffenders placedonprobationorreleasedfromprison,200709

Feds:Retroactivelyreducinglongcrack sentencesdidnotaffectrecidivism

No recidivism 57% Arrested 34% Revoked 9%

Retroactivitygroup (average22month/20%reduction)

No recidivism 52% Arrested 37% Revoked 11%

Comparisongroup (nosentencereduction)

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SOURCE:U.S.SENTENCING COMMISSION

SLIDE 9

Presumptivesentencesin comparableguidelinesstates

ExampleofMinn.1stDegreeSaleoffense

Typical1stDegreeSaledrugoffender—2011profile Crime:Sell,orpossessw/intenttosell,10ormoregrams

fcocaine,heroin,ormethina90dayperiod

Offensesentenced:1stDegree Sale 31 yearsold WhiteorHispanicmale SentencedintheMetroarea Criminalhistoryscoreof0

Drug

Cocaineormeth Less than20grams

Act

Aconfidential,reliableinformant(CRI)wasused Actualsaletransaction(s) Convictedofafirsttimedrugoffense

Other

Agunwasnotinvolved,norwerechildrenpresent Mostlikelysentencedtoprobation

Example1

Saleof19gramsofcocaine,noweaponinvolved Criminalhistoryscoreof0,firsttime drugoffense

Jurisdiction Presumptive sentence Minnesota

Prison 86mo. Range74103mo.

Kansas

Prison 49mo. Range4651mo.

Washington

Prison 16 mo. Range12+to20mo.

Oregon

Prison Range1618mo. Probation/treatment opt

Federal

Prison Range1016mo.

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Presumptivesentencesin comparableguidelinesstates

ExampleofMinn.1stDegreePossessionoffense

Typical1stDegreePossessiondrugoffender—2011profile Crime:Possess25ormoregramsofcocaine,heroin,or methina90dayperiod

Offensesentenced:1stDegree Possession 35 yearsold Whitemale SentencedintheMetroarea Criminalhistoryscoreof0

Drug

Cocaineormeth Less than50grams

Act

NoCRIwasused Originallychargedwith1stDegreePossession Convictedofafirsttimedrugoffense

Other

Agunwasnotinvolved,norwerechildrenpresent Mostlikelysentencedtoprobation

Example2

Possess49gramsofcocaine,noweaponinvolved Criminalhistoryscoreof0,firsttime drugoffense

Jurisdiction Presumptive sentence Minnesota

Prison 86mo. Range74103mo.

Kansas

Probation 11mo. Range1012mo.

Washington

Jail 3mo. Range06mo.

Oregon

Probation 90180daysjail 3yearssupervision

Federal

Noprisonrequired Range06mo.

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SLIDE 10

Presumptivesentencesin comparableguidelinesstates

ExampleofMinn.2ndDegreeSaleoffense

Typical2ndDegreeSaledrugoffender—2011profile Crime:Sell,orpossessw/intenttosell,3ormoregramsof cocaine,heroin,ormethina90dayperiod

Offensesentenced:2ndDegree Sale 32 yearsold Whitemale SentencedinGreaterMinnesota Criminalhistoryscoreof0or1

Drug

Meth Less than10grams

Act

ACRIwasused Actualsaletransaction(s);originallychargedwith2ndDegreeSale Convictedofafirsttimedrugoffense

Other

Agunwasnotinvolved,norwerechildrenpresent Mostlikelysentencedtothepresumptivesentence

Example3

Saleof9gramsofmeth,noweaponinvolved Criminalhistoryscoreof1,firsttime drugoffense

Jurisdiction Presumptive sentence Minnesota

Prison 58mo. Range5069mo.

Kansas

Prison 104mo. Range99110mo.

Washington

Prison 16 mo. Range1220mo.

Oregon

Probation 90180daysjail 3yearssupervision

Federal

Prison Range1521mo.

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Presumptivesentencesin comparableguidelinesstates

ExampleofMinn.2ndDegreePossessionoffense

Typical2ndDegreePossessiondrugoffender—2011profile Crime:Possess6ormoregramsofcocaine,heroin,ormeth ina90dayperiod

Offensesentenced:2ndDegree Possession 34 yearsold Whitemale SentencedintheMetroarea Criminalhistoryscoreof0or1

Drug

Meth Between12and25grams

Act

NoCRIwasused Originallychargedwith1stDegreePossession Convictedofafirsttimedrugoffense

Other

Agunwasnotinvolved,norwerechildrenpresent Mostlikelysentencedtothepresumptivesentence

Example4

Possess24gramsofmeth,noweaponinvolved Criminalhistoryscoreof1,firsttime drugoffense

Jurisdiction Presumptive sentence Minnesota

Prison 58mo. Range5069mo.

Kansas

Prison,104mo.(99110) (Unlesspresumption of intenttosellisrebutted)

Washington

Jail 16mo. Range1220mo.

Oregon

Probation 90180daysjail 3yearssupervision

Federal

Noprisonrequired Range06mo.

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SLIDE 11

Appendix: DrugPrisonerProfiles

ORIGINALLYPRESENTEDTOPRISONPOPULATIONTASKFORCE OCTOBER21,2015

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>1yr.to<2

yrs, 357 2yrs.to<4 yrs., 501 4yrs.to<6 yrs., 602 6yrs., 1,202

EstimatedPrisonBedsfromExecuted PrisonSentencesforDrugOffensesin 2014,GroupedbySentenceDuration

>1yr.to<2 yrs,426 2yrs.to<4 yrs.,268 4yrs.to<6 yrs.,189 6yrs.,218

NumberofDrugOffendersSentenced toExecutedPrisonSentencesin2014, GroupedbySentenceDuration

ExaminingDrugOffenders,Groupedby ExecutedSentenceDuration

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Note:DatacorrectedfromOctoberpresentation

SLIDE 12

CRIM. HISTORYSCORE

FELONYRECORD RACE SEX AGE

Drug,136 BothDrug& Person,76 Person, 57 Other (Only), 36 None, 121

CharacteristicsofCohortSentencedto PrisonforMoreThan1,LessThan2Yrs.

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Histo ry, 131 Mand. Min.,1 Agg.Departure,294 3rd, 10 4th,15 5th, 401 Sale,26 Posse ssion, 400 Cocaine,36 Marijuana,36 Amph./Meth,241 Halluc.,11 Heroin,22 Synth.Narc.,33 Other/Unkn.,47 0,81 1,58 2,50 3,46 4,34 5,30 6+,127 White,307 Black,53 Am.Indian,46 Hispanic,13 Asian,7 Male, 323 Female, 103 <21,56 2225,72 2630, 94 3140,125 4150,61 51+,18 No,426

REASON FORPRISON DRUGOFFENSEDEGREE ACTTYPE DRUGTYPE DANGEROUSWEAPON

CharacteristicsofCohortSentencedto Prisonfor2toLessThan4Years

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Severity,70 History,142 Mand. Min.,50 Agg.Departure,6 1st,8 2nd, 62 3rd, 149 4th,15 5th,34 Sale,126 Posse ssion, 140 MethMfg.,2 Cocaine,64 Marijuana,10 Amph./Meth,143 Halluc.,4 Heroin,32 Synth.Narc.,10 Other,5 0,40 1,26 2,42 3,33 4,46 5,26 6+,55 White,134 Black,91 Am.Indian,17 Hispanic,22 Asian,4 Male, 233 Female, 35 <21,9 2225,42 2630, 64 3140,86 4150,50 51+,17 No,257 Firearm,10 NonFirearm,1

REASON FORPRISON DRUGOFFENSEDEGREE ACTTYPE DRUGTYPE DANGEROUSWEAPON

CRIM. HISTORYSCORE

FELONYRECORD RACE SEX AGE

Drug,126 BothDrug& Person,50 Person, 24 Other (Only), 21 None, 47

SLIDE 13

CharacteristicsofCohortSentencedto Prisonfor4toLessThan6Years

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Severity, 146 History,43 1st,37 2nd, 109 3rd, 43 Sale,81 Posse ssion, 106 MethMfg.,2 Cocaine,35 Marijuana,3 Amph./Meth,130 Halluc.,3 Heroin,15 Synth.Narc.,3 0,42 1,24 2,37 3,28 4,8 5,13 6+,37 White,109 Black,41 Am.Indian,11 Hispanic,25 Asian,3 Male, 161 Female, 28 <21,14 2225,27 2630, 53 3140,62 4150,23 51+,10 No,185 Firearm,4

REASON FORPRISON DRUGOFFENSEDEGREE ACTTYPE DRUGTYPE DANGEROUSWEAPON

CRIM. HISTORYSCORE

FELONYRECORD RACE SEX AGE

Drug,77 BothDrug& Person,20 Person, 18 Other (Only), 15 None, 59

CharacteristicsofCohortSentencedto Prisonfor6orMoreYears

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Severity, 218 1st, 124 2nd, 94 Sale,99 Posse ssion, 116 MethMfg.,3 Cocaine,50 Marijuana,1 Amph./Meth,150 Halluc.,2 Heroin,11 Synth.Narc.,3 Other,1 0,22 1,16 2,24 3,33 4,37 5,22 6+,64 White,128 Black,54 Am.Indian,7 Hispanic,21 Asian,8 Male, 197 Female, 21 <21,9 2225,22 2630, 45 3140,93 4150,37 51+,12 No,210 Firearm,7 NonFirearm,1

REASON FORPRISON DRUGOFFENSEDEGREE ACTTYPE DRUGTYPE DANGEROUSWEAPON

CRIM. HISTORYSCORE

FELONYRECORD RACE SEX AGE

Drug,117 BothDrug& Person,32 Person, 18 Other (Only), 11 None, 40