J.F. Hübner (1,2) , R. Kitio (1) , A. Ricci (3) , J.S. Sichman (4) (4) LTI/USP (1) MAS/G2I/ENSM.SE (2) GIA/DSC/FURB (3) DEIS/Univ. Bologna Brazil France Brazil Italy Organisation Oriented Programming of MAS LIP6 26th January 2009
• Organisation in MAS is a supra-agent pattern of emergent or ( pre ) defined agents cooperation, for a purpose, that could be defined by the designer or by the agents themselves. Pattern of emergent/potential cooperation • Organisation entity, institution, social relations, commitments Pattern of (pre)defined cooperation • Organizational structure, norms, … Organisation Oriented Programming of MAS LIP6 26th January 2009
Designer / Observer Organisation Oriented Programming of MAS LIP6 26th January 2009
Agent Centred Emergent Pattern of cooperation Predefined Pattern of cooperation Organisation Centred Designer / Observer Organization Specification Bottom-up Top-down Organization Entity Observed Organization Organisation Oriented Programming of MAS LIP6 26th January 2009
Agent Centred Agents know Agents don’t know about organization about organization Organisation Centred Local Representation Designer / Observer Organization Specification Bottom-up Top-down Organization Entity Observed Organization Organisation Oriented Programming of MAS LIP6 26th January 2009
Agent Centred Social Reasoning Swarms, AMAS, SASO Coalition formation Self-organisations … Contract Net Protocol … Organisation is observed. Organisation is observed. Implicitly programmed Coalition formation in Agents, Interactions, mechanisms programmed Environment. in Agents. Agents know Agents don’t know about organization about organization AOSE TAEMS, STEAM, AGR MASE, GAIA, MESSAGE, … MOISE+, OPERA, … Organisation is Organisation-Oriented a design model. Programming of MAS It is hard-coded in Agents Organisation Centred Local Representation Designer / Observer Organization Specification Bottom-up Top-down Organization Entity Observed Organization Organisation Oriented Programming of MAS LIP6 26th January 2009
1. Introduction 2. Organisation Oriented Programming 3. Organisation Modeling Language 4. Organisation Infrastructure 5. Conclusion and Perspectives Organisation Oriented Programming of MAS LIP6 26th January 2009
• Organisations are usefull to program multi-agent systems: • To deal with heterogeneous agents’ autonomy i.e. controlling their actions, goals, … while keeping their autonomy • To help heterogeneous agents to coordinate to achieve common goals • e.g. when someone adopts the role of master student in a laboratory, she remains autonomous to perform its research but should follow some rules of the laboratory. These rules can be: ‘‘ the access to computers requires an username ’’ ‘‘ a master thesis should be written in two years ’’ • The master student is free to adopt the role, but once adopted the organisation expects her to limit her autonomy. Organisation Oriented Programming of MAS LIP6 26th January 2009
Environment Agents’ desired behavior: P E P ∩ E ∩ O not too big • increases performance O • constrains agents’ autonomy P ∩ E ∩ O not too small • increases adaptation • keeps agents’ autonomy B B: agents’ possible behaviors P: agents’ behaviors that lead to global purpose E: agents’ possible behaviors constrained by the environment O: agents’ possible/permitted/obliged behaviors constrained by the organisation Organisation Oriented Programming of MAS LIP6 26th January 2009
MAS “Multi-Agent Platform” AMS DF ACC Infrastructure/Platforms for MAS in which domain agents operate on top of a middleware layer Supporting the implementation of agents Providing fundamental global generic services e.g. JADE, FIPA-OS, SACI, … Organisation Oriented Programming of MAS LIP6 26th January 2009
Deontic Specification (DS) MAS “Multi-Agent Platform” AMS DF ACC Functional Specification (FS) Structural Specification (SS) Organisation Modeling Language (OML): Declarative specification of Multi-Agent Organisation(s), collecting and expressing specific constraints and cooperation patterns imposed on the agents e.g. AGR [Ferber 98], Teamwork [Tambe 98], Islander [Esteva 01], Moise+ [Hubner 02], … Organisation Oriented Programming of MAS LIP6 26th January 2009
MAS Organisation Interaction Environment MAS Services Infrastructure Infrastructure Infrastructure “Multi-Agent Platform” AMS DF ACC Org. Specification written with Organisation Modeling Language (OML) Organisation Implementation Architecture (OIA) supports the management of the Organisation Entity Organisation-awareness agent mechanisms transforming agents into organisation-deliberative agent (e.g. Jason-MOISE [Hubner 06], Autonomy based reasoning [Carabelea 07]) Organisation Infrastructure e.g. Madkit [Gutknecht 98], Karma [Pynadath 03], Ameli [Esteva 04], S-Moise+ [Hubner 05], SYNAI [Gateau 07], … Organisation Oriented Programming of MAS LIP6 26th January 2009
1. Introduction 2. Organisation Oriented Programming 3. Organisation Modeling Language MOISE+, MOISE inst , … 4. Organisation Infrastructure 5. Conclusion and Perspectives Organisation Oriented Programming of MAS LIP6 26th January 2009
• Organisation is explicitly represented as: • Organisation specification, • Organisation entity, • Local representations of organisation entity • Agents can ‘‘reason’’ about the organisation • to enter into/leave from the organisation entity during execution • to change/adapt the organisation entity, organisation specification • to obey/disobey the organisation • organisation is no more a regimentation • Organisation Infrastructure can • Manage the organisation entity and support the agents in their cooperation • Monitor and regulate the agents in the organisation entity Organisation Oriented Programming of MAS LIP6 26th January 2009
• M odel of O rganisation for mult I -agent S yst E ms [Hannoun 98, Hübner 03] • http://moise.sourceforge.net/ • Distinguishes three main dimensions in the organisation of a Multi-Agent System: • Structural Specification • Functional Specification • Deontic Specification Organisation Oriented Programming of MAS LIP6 26th January 2009
Environment P E O S Functional O F Structural Specification B Specification Global goals, plans, Groups, links, roles Missions, schemas, Compatibilities, multiplicities Deontic Specification: preferences inheritance Permissions, Obligations Agents' autonomy is considered! Organisation Oriented Programming of MAS LIP6 26th January 2009
Graphical view of SoccerGame Application Organisation Entity SS : 3-5-2 from OS 3-5-2 soc Marcos goalkeeper Lucio player coach Edmilson back Roque Jr. 1..2 leader Cafu Gilberto Silva back middle Juninho middle 3..3 5..5 Ronaldinho attacker Roberto Carlos leader goalkeeper 2..2 Ronaldo 0..1 0..1 attacker Rivaldo 1..1 1..1 1..1 attack • Roles team • Links defense 1..1 • Groups Organisation Oriented Programming of MAS LIP6 26th January 2009
Graphical view of SoccerGame Application FS Social Scheme : side_attack m1, m2, m3 Score a goal m3 m1 Shot at the === Get the ball opponent’s goal m2 Kick the ball to m1 the goal area m2 Go toward the Go to the opponent opponent field m2 back line Be placed in the middle field m1 Kick the ball to the agent m3 Committed to m2 Be placed in the opponent goal area mission goal sequence choice parallelisme Organisation Oriented Programming of MAS LIP6 26th January 2009
Explicit relation between the functional and structural specifications • Permissions and obligations to commit to missions in the context of a role • To make explicit the normative dimension of a role Role Deontic Mission Temporal Constraint Relation (cf. [carron 01] ) Back Permission m1 In [0 30] Middle Obligation m2 during [Attacker] Attacker Obligation m3 Any Organisation Oriented Programming of MAS LIP6 26th January 2009
m1, m2, m3 Score a Goal Permissions m1 Obligations m1 m3 m2 Shoot at Get the The opponent’s Ball soc m3 m2 goal Kick the ball === m2 m1 In the center area Go to the Go toward the player Opponent back line Opponent field coach m2 m1 Kick the ball to the agent Be placed in 1..2 Committed to m2 The middle field m3 Be placed in the back middle Opponent goal area 5..5 attacker leader 3..3 0..1 2..2 1..1 0..1 goalkeeper Organisation Entity attack 1..1 Lucio ----- m1 1..1 Cafu ----- m2 team defense Rivaldo ----- m3 1..1 Graphical view of SoccerGame Application DS Organisation Oriented Programming of MAS LIP6 26th January 2009
Contextual Specification Environment P E O S Functional O F Structural Specification B Specification Global goals, plans, Groups, links, roles Missions, schemas, Compatibilities, multiplicities Normative Specification: preferences inheritance Permissions, Obligations Organisation Oriented Programming of MAS LIP6 26th January 2009
STEAM [Tambe 98] TAEMS [Decker 96] ISLANDER [Esteva 01] AGT [Ferber 98] Organisation Oriented Programming of MAS LIP6 26th January 2009
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