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On Programming Organization-Aware Agents Andreas Schmidt Jensen Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science Technical University of Denmark November 20, 2013 12th Scandinavian AI conference Doctoral Symposium Andreas Schmidt Jensen

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On Programming Organization-Aware Agents

Andreas Schmidt Jensen

Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science Technical University of Denmark

November 20, 2013 12th Scandinavian AI conference Doctoral Symposium

Andreas Schmidt Jensen SCAI2013 - Doctoral Symposium November 20, 2013 1 / 18

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Outline

1

Background

2

Motivation

3

Aim & Approach

4

Results

5

Ongoing & Future work

Andreas Schmidt Jensen SCAI2013 - Doctoral Symposium November 20, 2013 2 / 18

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Background

Background

Intelligent agents

Andreas Schmidt Jensen SCAI2013 - Doctoral Symposium November 20, 2013 3 / 18

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Background

Background

Intelligent agents

Can act and sense in their environment They are:

Proactive Reactive Autonomous Social

Beliefs, Desires and Intentions (BDI)

Andreas Schmidt Jensen SCAI2013 - Doctoral Symposium November 20, 2013 3 / 18

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Background

Background

Intelligent agents

Can act and sense in their environment They are:

Proactive Reactive Autonomous Social

Beliefs, Desires and Intentions (BDI)

Multi-agent systems

Andreas Schmidt Jensen SCAI2013 - Doctoral Symposium November 20, 2013 3 / 18

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Background

Background

Intelligent agents

Can act and sense in their environment They are:

Proactive Reactive Autonomous Social

Beliefs, Desires and Intentions (BDI)

Multi-agent systems

Multiple agents The whole is greater than the sum of its parts

Andreas Schmidt Jensen SCAI2013 - Doctoral Symposium November 20, 2013 3 / 18

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Motivation

Motivation

Open societies lets any agent participate

Andreas Schmidt Jensen SCAI2013 - Doctoral Symposium November 20, 2013 4 / 18

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Motivation

Motivation

Open societies lets any agent participate No control and no way to reach global objectives

Andreas Schmidt Jensen SCAI2013 - Doctoral Symposium November 20, 2013 4 / 18

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Motivation

Motivation

Open societies lets any agent participate No control and no way to reach global objectives Organizations

Andreas Schmidt Jensen SCAI2013 - Doctoral Symposium November 20, 2013 4 / 18

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Motivation

Motivation

Open societies lets any agent participate No control and no way to reach global objectives Organizations

Agent objectives meets system expectations Structures the agents into roles and groups Rights and norms Improves coordination and cooperation May prevent autonomy

Andreas Schmidt Jensen SCAI2013 - Doctoral Symposium November 20, 2013 4 / 18

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Motivation

Motivation

Open societies lets any agent participate No control and no way to reach global objectives Organizations

Agent objectives meets system expectations Structures the agents into roles and groups Rights and norms Improves coordination and cooperation May prevent autonomy

How to respect (or deliberately ignore) organization?

Andreas Schmidt Jensen SCAI2013 - Doctoral Symposium November 20, 2013 4 / 18

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Motivation

Motivation

Open societies lets any agent participate No control and no way to reach global objectives Organizations

Agent objectives meets system expectations Structures the agents into roles and groups Rights and norms Improves coordination and cooperation May prevent autonomy

How to respect (or deliberately ignore) organization?

Middleware Reasoning capabilities = ⇒ Organization-aware agents

Andreas Schmidt Jensen SCAI2013 - Doctoral Symposium November 20, 2013 4 / 18

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Aim & Approach

Aim & Approach

Main goal: Organization-Aware Agents Theoretical

Organizational models: OperA – Moise+ – ISLANDER Specification and verification: Logic of Agent Organizations

Practical

Agent frameworks: Jason – GOAL – Jadex

Andreas Schmidt Jensen SCAI2013 - Doctoral Symposium November 20, 2013 5 / 18

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Results

Results

Conflicts in decision making

Deciding Between Conflicting Influences. Andreas Schmidt Jensen. In Engineering Multi-Agent Systems, volume 8245 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, 2013 (to appear).

Formalizing organizational models

Formalizing Theatrical Performances Using Multi-Agent Organizations. Andreas Schmidt Jensen, Johannes Spurkeland & Jørgen Villadsen. In Proceedings of the 12th Scandinavian AI Conference, 2013.

Organizational reasoning

Dimensions of Organizational Coordination. Andreas Schmidt Jensen, Huib Aldewereld & Virginia Dignum. In Proceedings of the 25th Benelux Conference on Artificial Intelligence, p. 80-87, 2013.

Adding Organizational Reasoning to Agents

AORTA: Adding Organizational Reasoning To Agents. Andreas Schmidt Jensen & Virginia

  • Dignum. Submitted for the 13th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and

Multiagent Systems.

Andreas Schmidt Jensen SCAI2013 - Doctoral Symposium November 20, 2013 6 / 18

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Results Conflicts in decision making

Conflicts in decision making

Agent’s influences Desires Other agents Obligations

Andreas Schmidt Jensen SCAI2013 - Doctoral Symposium November 20, 2013 7 / 18

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Results Conflicts in decision making

Conflicts in decision making

Simple solution: A priori ordering.

Andreas Schmidt Jensen SCAI2013 - Doctoral Symposium November 20, 2013 8 / 18

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Results Conflicts in decision making

Conflicts in decision making

Simple solution: A priori ordering. Desires before obligations → Selfish agent Obligations before desires → Social agent

Andreas Schmidt Jensen SCAI2013 - Doctoral Symposium November 20, 2013 8 / 18

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Results Conflicts in decision making

Conflicts in decision making

Simple solution: A priori ordering. Desires before obligations → Selfish agent Obligations before desires → Social agent Better: Consequences of being in different situations

Andreas Schmidt Jensen SCAI2013 - Doctoral Symposium November 20, 2013 8 / 18

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Results Conflicts in decision making

Conflicts in decision making

Simple solution: A priori ordering. Desires before obligations → Selfish agent Obligations before desires → Social agent Better: Consequences of being in different situations ¬work → fired work → ¬fired

Andreas Schmidt Jensen SCAI2013 - Doctoral Symposium November 20, 2013 8 / 18

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Results Conflicts in decision making

Conflicts in decision making

Conflicts arise in the agent deliberation process Rules of preference and expectation are specified Model generation Conflicts resolved using expected consequences

In some cases the agent violates its obligation. In other cases it ignores its desire.

Andreas Schmidt Jensen SCAI2013 - Doctoral Symposium November 20, 2013 9 / 18

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Results Formalizing organizational models

Formalizing organizational models

Formal model required for agent reasoning

Models such as OperA and Moise+

We have shown correspondence with certain improvisational theatrical performances (my talk tomorrow) Multi-agent programming languages based on variants of Prolog (Jason, GOAL)

Andreas Schmidt Jensen SCAI2013 - Doctoral Symposium November 20, 2013 10 / 18

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Results Formalizing organizational models

Formalizing organizational models

Predicate Description role(r,O) Role r with objectives O. dependency(r1,r2,o,t) Dependency between roles r1 and r2 for objective

  • and dependency type t.

scene(s,R,Res) Scene script s with roles R and results Res. rea(a,r,s) Agent a enacts role r in scene s. ...

Andreas Schmidt Jensen SCAI2013 - Doctoral Symposium November 20, 2013 11 / 18

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Results Formalizing organizational models

Formalizing organizational models

responsible(Obj , Scene , Role) :- scene(Scene , Roles , Objectives), member(Role , Roles), member(Obj , Objectives), role(Role , RoleObjectives ), member(Obj , RoleObjectives ). delegate(Me , Objective , Scene , OtherAg , Type) :- rea(Me , MyRole , Scene), rea(OtherAg , OtherRole , Scene), dependency(MyRole , OtherRole , Objectives , Type), member(Objective , Objectives ).

Andreas Schmidt Jensen SCAI2013 - Doctoral Symposium November 20, 2013 12 / 18

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Results Organizational reasoning

Organizational reasoning

Org.

  • ptions

Org. actions Organizational reasoning Beliefs Desires Intentions

Andreas Schmidt Jensen SCAI2013 - Doctoral Symposium November 20, 2013 13 / 18

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Results Organizational reasoning

Organizational reasoning in GOAL

Option consideration and organizational deliberation:

forall bel(rea(A,R,S), responsible(O,S,R), active(O)) do insert(option(A,O,S)). if bel(option( ,injuredLocated, )) then adopt(injuredLocated).

Delegation:

if a-goal(in(X)), bel(room blocked(X), rea(Me,R,S), delegate(Me,blockingFanRemoved,S,Other, )) then send(Other, !do(blockingFanRemoved)).

Same objective:

forall a-goal(injuredLocated), bel(rea(A,R,S), responsible(injuredLocated,S,R)) do { forall <injured found> do send(A, <location>). forall <room checked> do send(A, <room>). }

Andreas Schmidt Jensen SCAI2013 - Doctoral Symposium November 20, 2013 14 / 18

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Results AORTA: Adding Organizational Reasoning to Agents

Conflicts in decision making Formalizing organizational models Organizational reasoning AORTA

Andreas Schmidt Jensen SCAI2013 - Doctoral Symposium November 20, 2013 15 / 18

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Results AORTA: Adding Organizational Reasoning to Agents

AORTA: Adding Organizational Reasoning to Agents

Organizational formulas

  • rg(objective(injuredFound,medic))∧¬bel(injuredFound)

Actions

consider(φ), enact(α,ρ), . . .

Reasoning rules

  • rg(role(r,Os)∧∀o(o ∈ Os → bel(cap(o))) ⇒ consider(rea(α,r))

Transitions

ρ= ⇒aO∈OR Σ,κ,σ,γ| =LR ρ TO(aO,κ,σ,γ)=γ′ Σ,κ,σ,γ− →Σ,κ,σ,γ′

Andreas Schmidt Jensen SCAI2013 - Doctoral Symposium November 20, 2013 16 / 18

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Ongoing & Future work

Ongoing & Future work

AORTA

Prototype Integration with existing tools (e.g. GOAL) Verification

Deciding between organizational and agent objectives

The multi-agent case Allow for more expressive objectives and consequences Integrate with AORTA

Applications

Computer games (e.g. real-time strategy) Theatrical improvisation

Andreas Schmidt Jensen SCAI2013 - Doctoral Symposium November 20, 2013 17 / 18

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Ongoing & Future work

Thank you for your attention

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