Oral submission to support the application of APP203853 to release - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Oral submission to support the application of APP203853 to release Pauesia nigrovaria as a bio-control

• f the giant willow aphid

Environmental Protection Agency Hearing 24 October 2019

Will illow is is a key species that provides polle llen and nectar for beehiv ives in in sprin ing

• Difficult to under-estimate the value of

willow for spring forage.

• Continuous supply of forage needed.
• Hives need to be at pollination strength for

pip & stone fruit, avocados, apples, kiwifruit and other crops.

• 7000 sq. cm of brood – 4 full frames of

brood

• 12 frames bees
• Stores of pollen and nectar
• Young queen and AFB free.

Supplementary ry feeding of f hives

• Supplementary only
• Potential for artificial or cane sugars to show up in honey. C4 test > rejection in

international markets.

• There is more to natural pollen than found in an artificial supplement.

Paper - Honey constituents up-regulate detoxification and immunity genes in the western honey bee Apis mellifera - p-coumaric acid Wenfu Mao, Mary A. Schuler, and May R. Berenbaum, Departments of a Entomology and bCell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana– Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 Contributed by May R. Berenbaum, March 21, 2013 (sent for review September 8, 2012)

The value of f poll llination to New Zealand

• Historic value of apiculture at $5 billion

annually

• Kiwifruit $1.85 billion 2017/18 $4.5 billion by
• 2025. (Zespri projections.)
• Add in horticulture, seed crops and pasture

legumes = figure much higher.

• Increasing demand for hives
• Recognized threat to willow health and bee

health in 2013.

Wil illow honey dew Sugar Composition

ex T. E. Mittler 1958

• Ex stylet sap (~25 mm3/day)
• sucrose only

<<aphid>>

• In honeydew
• sucrose (G-F)
• glucose (G)
• fructose (F)
• melezitose (G-F-G)

Sugars in Willow Honeydew Honey cf Manuka

unit WH1 WH2 WH3 WH4 Manuka Fructose g/100g 29.25 28.80 32.62 30.28 39.8 Glucose g/100g 16.69 16.43 21.93 20.18 29.9 Sucrose g/100g <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Melezitose g/100g 17.88 17.00 11.47 15.31 0.1 F+G+M g/100g 63.82 62.23 66.02 65.77 69.8 Ex Terry Braggins, Analytica

Melezitose sugar is indigestible by bees

• Over 30% melezitose sugar in willow honey dew.
• Melezitose sugar at 17%> in a honey changes it from liquid to a solid. Happens

when bees are ripening the honey in the frames.

• False weight in stores for a wintering hive.
• Bees use energy to remove it.
• Difficult if not impossible to extract with honey processing.

White crystals also seen on monitoring boards and base boards

The Wasp problem exacerbated by GWA around 12.1 .1% annual lo loss

Threat to international trade in NZ honey

• The melezitose in willow honey dew honey if found through testing of

export shipments of New Zealand mono-floral honey can lead to the re-labelling or rejection of export shipments.

• Willow honey dew leads to the need for more testing and hence cost

before packing for markets.

• International markets are very aware of any potential contaminants in
• r adulteration of natural honey.