+ Online and Offline Experiences of Aggression and Bullying: Views - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
+ Online and Offline Experiences of Aggression and Bullying: Views from Adolescents in the UK and South Africa Dr. Maa Popovac Presented at the World Anti-Bullying Forum, 2017 Stockholm, Sweden + Definitions Cyberaggression vs.
Presented at the World Anti-Bullying Forum, 2017 Stockholm, Sweden
Cyberaggression vs. Cyberbullying Cyberharassment Cyberbullying Cyberstalking Trolling, etc.
Cyberaggression vs. Cyberbullying Cyberharassment Cyberbullying Cyberstalking Trolling, etc.
(Patchin & Hinduja, 2006)
cyberbullying globally (Tokunaga,
2010)
Psychological distress and poor psychosocial adjustment
Suicide attempts Eating disorders Depression, sadness, hopelessness Anxiety Fear, anger, frustration Lower self-esteem Substance abuse Inability to concentrate, poor grades School drop-out/absenteeism Low school commitment
(Dempsey, Sulkowski, Nichols, & Storch, 2009; Mesch & Talmud, 2010; Olweus, 1993, Patchin & Hinduja, 2010)
Prevalence and impact on adolescents – online and offline Little research in developing countries
How do their experiences compare?
Study 1: Experiences of online aggression and
n = 993, 12-18 years SA: n = 673, 3 schools UK: n = 320, 2 schools
Study 2: Experiences of both online and offline
n = 424, 12-18 years SA: n = 277, 1 school UK: n = 146, 1 school
What are adolescents’ online experiences? (SA and UK) Where does the problem fit more broadly? (SA and UK)
79.5 34.4 68.8 43 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Cyberaggression Cyberbullying
SA UK
*** *
* = p < .05; ** = p < .01, *** = p < .001
24 27.1 30.6 37.9 45.6 44.3 26.3 71.2 17.8 31.4 33.5 34.9 43.5 47.8 53.6 69.9 20 40 60 80
Been impersonated through a fake profile or through someone gaining access to my account without my permission Had private messages forwarded, shared or posted so others could see them Had comments or questions posted about me online to hurt
Been threatened via email, text, messages or calls Received messages as if they were coming from one person but later found out they were written by someone else Had rumours or gossip spread about me online Had a picture posted online to embarrass me Called a hurtful name or received a hurtful or rude comment, message, email etc.
UK SA
* = p < .05; ** = p < .01, *** = p < .001
12.2 9.1 11.1 21.8 31.2 12.8 15.3 58.8 7.6 7.7 9.1 17.8 19.2 19.8 21.8 41.1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Impersonated someone through a fake profile or by accessing their account without their permission Posted comments or questions to hurt or embarrass someone Threatened someone via email, texts, messages, calls etc. Spread rumours or gossip about someone online Sent messages as if they were coming from another person Forwarded, shared or posted private messages from others so
Put up a picture to embarrass someone online Called someone a hurtful name or sent a hurtful or rude comment, message, email etc.
UK SA
*** ** * ***
* = p < .05; ** = p < .01, *** = p < .001
63.5 20.2 7.3 9 44.7 23.4 2.8 29.1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Both victim and perpetrator Victim only Perpetrator only No experience
SA UK
Females experienced more
cyberaggression and cyberbullying.
No gender differences in
cyberaggression or cyberbullying. BOTH
adolescence.
22.7 33.6 37 27.7 31.9 41.3 10 20 30 40 50
Did not want to go to school on some days due to something said or done online Been scared or worried about something that was said or done online Been hurt or made to feel sad about something that was said or done online
UK SA
Sadness and Depression “I was crying every day because of what they said and they were in my class” “I wanted to die, I cried and cried and cried” Low self-esteem “It made me feel less than what I am, useless, ugly, unwanted, unloved, hated, stupid, angry, like I was nothing” “It made me feel bad about myself and worthless” Rejection and isolation “It makes you feel hopeless and alone” “It made me feel as though I did not belong in the world anymore” Thoughts of suicide and self-harm behaviours “I felt like cutting myself, lying in the middle of the road and dying” “It made me feel like I should do what they told me to do and kill myself” “It made me think I did not deserve or want to live life anymore”
Key Findings Implications
Cyberaggression and
cyberbullying rates are high, with serious emotional effects.
Important issue and important to
intervene early (mental health and well-being).
Links between online victimisation
and perpetration.
Need to intervene at multiple
roles.
Peak at middle adolescence (14-
15 years).
Particular focus for intervention
efforts?
73.6 72.4 25.1 42.5 50.8 43.2 26 39.4 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Online Offline Online Offline Aggression Bullying SA UK
*** **
* = p < .05; ** = p < .01, *** = p < .001
73.6 72.4 25.1 42.5 50.8 43.2 26 39.4 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Online Offline Online Offline Aggression Bullying SA UK
*** **
* = p < .05; ** = p < .01, *** = p < .001
Perpetration
55.7 24.6 57.5 19.5
27.8 29.2 33.8 43.7 51.4 54.9 27.4 19.9 27.7 50.7 48.5 52 10 20 30 40 50 60
Been hit, kicked, punched, slapped or pushed Belongings been damaged or had something taken away Threatened to be hurt in any way Been lied about, had someone spread rumours or gossip about them or had someone try to make others dislike you Been left out of things on purpose, been excluded from a group or ignored on purpose Called a hurtful name, been made fun of or teased in a mean way face to face
SA UK
* = p < .05; ** = p < .01, *** = p < .001
7.1 7 11.3 12.7 18.6 26.8 7 16 18.5 19.6 28.3 44.2 10 20 30 40 50
Damaged someone's belongings or taken something away from someone Told lies about someone, spread rumours or gossip about someone, or tried to make others dislike someone Threatened to hurt someone in any way Hit, kicked, punched, slapped or pushed someone Left someone out of things on purpose, excluded someone from a group or ignored someone on purpose Called someone a hurtful name, made fun of someone, or teased someone in a mean way face to face
SA UK
*
* = p < .05; ** = p < .01, *** = p < .001
Same pattern also found in other studies (e.g. Ortega et al., 2009; Mishna et al., 2015)
47.9% of adolescents experienced some form of bullying in the past year 47.1% offline only 35.3% both online and
17.6% online only
(Popovac & Fine, in prep.)
47.5% of adolescents experienced some form of bullying in the past year 47.7% offline only 40.7% both online and
11.6% online only
Links between online and offline aggression and bullying Very similar types of experiences in SA and the UK, despite
“This [cyberbullying] is a problem in affluent schools. Our social problems with
We’re concerned with drug use, physical violence and weapons being brought to school and teenage pregnancy. Not this.” (Teacher, SA)
Children in developing contexts may be more vulnerable
Lower importance in relation to other social problems faced Little research to extend knowledge and strategies
Importance of online aggression and bullying forming part of
How to implement these on a large scale, especially in
developing contexts where little work is currently undertaken
Figure by: Johnson & Puplampu (2008), Johnson (2010a, 2010b, 2010c, 2011). Reproduced with permission from the authors.
Whole-school approach to online safety
Adolescents, parents, schools, policy and laws, media campaigns Intervention piloted in SA – goal of testing out on larger-scale in
UK and SA
Further research – moving beyond prevalence rates
Understanding the complexity of links between experiences Coping and resilience
* = p < .05; ** = p < .01, *** = p < .001
12.7 26.2 27.8 27.8 31.2 31.2 38 62.5 14.6 24.8 18 37.6 19.9 29.9 25.4 54.4 20 40 60 80 Been impersonated through a fake profile or through someone gaining access to my account without my permission Been threatened via email, text, messages or calls Had comments or questions posted about me online to hurt or embarrass me Received messages as if they were coming from one person but later found out they were written by someone else Had private messages forwarded, shared or posted so others could see them Had rumours or gossip spread about me online Had a picture posted online to embarrass me Called a hurtful name or received a hurtful or rude comment, message, email etc. SA UK
Face-to-face Victimisation Experiences (past 12 months) SA 𝒚𝟑 UK 𝒚𝟑 Male Female Male Female Called hurtful name, been made fun of you
50.0% (n = 41) 53.4% (n = 62) 0.23 53.6% (n = 15) 55.8% (n = 24) 0.03 Threatened to be hurt in any way 33.3% (n = 27) 24.8% (n = 29) 1.72 39.3% (n = 11) 30.2% (n = 13) 0.62 Been left out of things on purpose, been excluded from a group or ignored on purpose 33.8% (n = 27) 60.3% (n = 70) 13.40*** 32.1% (n = 9) 63.6% (n = 28) 6.79** Been lied about, had rumours/gossip spread about you or someone tried to make
43.2% (n = 35) 56.9% (n = 66) 3.58 44.4% (n = 12) 43.2% (n = 19) 0.01 Been hit, kicked, punched, slapped or pushed 40.7% (n = 33) 19.0% (n = 22) 11.24** 32.1% (n = 9) 25.0% (n = 11) 0.44 Belongings been damaged or had something taken away 23.5% (n = 19) 18.1% (n = 21) 0.85 35.7% (n = 10) 25.0% (n = 11) 0.95 (Note: * = < .05, ** = p < .01, *** = p < .001; † - medium effect, †† = large effect)
Face-to-face Perpetration (past 12 months) SA 𝒚𝟑 UK 𝒚𝟑 Male Female Male Female Called someone a hurtful name, made fun of someone, or teased someone in a mean way face to face 40.5% (n = 32) 47.4% (n = 55) 0.91 18.5% (n = 5) 31.8% (n = 14) 1.51 Threatened to hurt someone in any way 26.2% (n = 21) 12.9% (n = 15) 5.60* 11.1% (n = 3) 11.4% (n = 5) 0.001 Left someone out of things on purpose, excluded someone from a group or ignored someone on purpose 24.1% (n = 19) 30.4% (n = 35) 0.95 7.4% (n = 2) 25.6% (n = 11) 3.62 Told lies about someone, spread rumours or gossip about someone, or tried to make others dislike someone 15.0% (n = 12) 17.2% (n = 20) 0.17 7.4% (n = 2) 6.8% (n = 3) 0.01 Hit, kicked, punched, slapped or pushed someone 29.1% (n = 23) 12.9% (n = 15) 7.84** 7.4% (n = 2) 15.9% (n = 7) 1.09 Damaged someone’s belongings or taken something away from someone 8.8% (n = 7) 6.0% (n = 7) 0.53 7.4% (n = 2) 6.8% (n = 3) 0.01 (Note: * = < .05, ** = p < .01, *** = p < .001; † - medium effect, †† = large effect)
9.7 52.9 23.4 11.4 2.6 15.9 49 22.1 5.5 7.6 10 20 30 40 50 60
Nobody Friend Parent Other family member School personnel
SA UK