NREL/NASA Internal Short-Circuit Instigator in Lithium Ion Cells - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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NREL/NASA Internal Short-Circuit Instigator in Lithium Ion Cells - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Feb 15, 2023 660 likes •1.01k views

NREL/NASA Internal Short-Circuit Instigator in Lithium Ion Cells JRC Lithium Ion Safety Workshop Petten, Netherlands March 8-9,2018 Matt Keyser, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Eric Darcy, NASA - JSC NREL is a national laboratory of

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NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.

NREL/NASA Internal Short-Circuit Instigator in Lithium Ion Cells

JRC Lithium Ion Safety Workshop Petten, Netherlands March 8-9,2018

Matt Keyser, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Eric Darcy, NASA - JSC

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NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY

  • Background
  • Motivation
  • Objectives
  • NREL/NASA ISC Approach
  • ISC Studies
  • Pouch Cell – Flammable vs. Non-flammable Electrolyte
  • 18650 Cylindrical Cell – Shutdown Separator Study
  • Synchrotron Testing with ISC
  • Conclusions and Summary

Presentation Outline

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Background: Li-Ion Cell Internal Short, a Major Concern

  • Li-ion cells provide the highest energy density of all

rechargeable batteries to date with the longest life.

  • Many safety incidents that take place in the field
  • riginate due to an internal short that was not

detectable or predictable at the point of manufacture.

Aftermath of the Boeing Dreamliner 787 Battery Laptop Battery Fire

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Aftermath of a Hoverboard Battery Fire Samsung Galaxy Note 7 Fire/Recall

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Motivation

Lithium Ion Battery Field Failures - Mechanisms

  • Latent defect gradually moves into position to create an internal short while the battery is in use.
  • Inadequate design and/or off-limits operation (cycling) causes Li surface plating on anode,

eventually stressing the separator

Both mechanisms are rare enough that catching one in the act or even inducing a cell with a benign short into a hard short is inefficient. Current internal short abuse test methods may not be relevant to field failures

  • Mechanical (crush, nail penetration, etc.)
  • Thermal (heat to vent, thermal cycling, etc.)
  • Electrical (overcharge, off-limits cycling, etc.)

To date, no reliable and practical method exists to create on-demand internal shorts in Li-ion cells that produce a response that is relevant to the ones produced by field failures.

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NREL/NASA Objectives

Establish an improved ISC cell-level test method that:

  • Simulates an emergent internal short circuit.
  • Capable of triggering the four types of cell internal shorts
  • Produces consistent and reproducible results
  • Cell behaves normally until the short is activated – age cell

before activation.

  • We can establish the test conditions for the cell – SOC,

temperature, power, etc…

  • Provides relevant data to validate ISC models

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NREL/NASA Cell Internal Short Circuit Development

Internal short circuit device design

  • Small, low-profile and implantable

into Li-ion cells, preferably during assembly

  • Key component is an electrolyte-

compatible phase change material (PCM)

  • Triggered by heating the cell

above PCM melting temperature (presently 40°C – 60°C)

  • NREL has developed an ISC that

triggers at 47oC and 57oC.

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ISC in spiral wound cell

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NREL/NASA Internal Short Design

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Battery Separator Positive current collector (Al) Cathode electrode ISC device Wax Negative current collector (Cu) Anode electrode

Top to Bottom:

  • 1. Copper Pad
  • 2. Battery Separator with Copper Puck
  • 3. Wax – Phase Change Material
  • 4. Aluminum Pad

1 2 3 4 ISC Device in 2.4 Ah Cell US Patent #: 9,142,189

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Four Types of ISC

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Type ISC Device Description 1 Cathode – Anode 2 Collector – Anode 3 Cathode – Collector 4 Collector – Collector

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ISC Device Example for a Type 2 Short

Cathode current collector to Anode active material

Superglue used to hold ISC together.

Cathode Active layer 75.0 microns Aluminum ISC Pad 76.2 microns Cu Puck 25.4 microns Separator 20 microns Copper ISC Pad 25.4 microns Anode Active Layer 43 microns Cathode Active layer 75.0 microns Anode Active Layer 43 microns Wax layer ~15 microns Cathode Current Collector

7/16” in Diameter 1/8” in Diameter

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Cathode Active layer 75.0 microns Aluminum ISC Pad 76.2 microns Cu Puck 25.4 microns Separator 20 microns Copper ISC Pad 50.8 microns Anode Active Layer 43 microns Cathode Active layer 75.0 microns Anode Active Layer 43 microns Wax layer ~15 microns Anode Current Collector Cathode Current Collector

ISC Device Example for a Type 4 Short

Cathode current collector to Anode current collector

7/16” in Diameter 1/8” in Diameter Superglue used to hold ISC together.

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Dow Kokam 8 Ah Cell Activation at 10% SOC

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3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Cell Voltage (Volts) Time (Seconds) Active to Active Cathode to Copper Aluminum to Anode Aluminum to Copper

Different voltage responses for different ISC types

Hard short on Al-Cu short lasts < 50 ms before cell OCV bounces back to nominal

Aluminum-anode Active to Active Cathode to Copper

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Macro Image of Cathode DK Cell Tab – Al to Cu ISC

Tab was thermally overstressed, fused open during the hard short incident

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Photo Credits: Eric Darcy, NASA

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ISC Device Implantation and Test Results

  • Pouch Cell – Non-flammable (NF) electrolyte
  • 18650 Cylindrical Cell – Shutdown Separator Study
  • Synchrotron Testing with ISC Trigger

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Test Fixture

Test Fixture

~20 Ah cells were testing with two types electrolytes and with a Type 2 ISC – Al to Anode.

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Type 2 ISC – Aluminum to Anode ISC

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Type 2, Control Electrolyte

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Activatio n @ 80’C Event: Smoke and Fire

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Type 2, Control Electrolyte

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Type 2, Non-flammable (NF) Electrolyte

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Event: Smoke and Fire

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Type 2, NF Electrolyte

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ISC Device Implantation and Test Results

  • Pouch Cell – Non-flammable (NF) electrolyte
  • 18650 Cylindrical Cell – Shutdown Separator Study
  • Synchrotron Testing with ISC Trigger

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ISC Implantation – Active to Active

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Photo Credits: Mark Shoesmith, E-One Moli

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CT Scan of ISC in E-One Moli Cell

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Click on Image to see video – approximately 10 seconds into video the ISC will appear in the lower left hand corner

  • f the cell.

Photo Credits: Mark Shoesmith, E-One Moli

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Type 2 ISC vs. Type 4 ISC with Shutdown Separator

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Beginning SOC = 100% Type 4 ISC did not send cell into thermal runaway. Shutdown separator worked! Type 2 ISC did send cell into thermal runaway.

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Aluminum to Anode ISC Activation – 18650 Cell Activation – 100% SOC

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PP Separator Used - Non-Standard Separator

Photo Credit: Mark Shoesmith, E-One Moli

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ISC Device Implantation and Test Results

  • Pouch Cell – Non-flammable (NF) electrolyte
  • 18650 Cylindrical Cell – Shutdown Separator Study
  • Synchrotron Testing with ISC Trigger

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CT Images of ISC Device

Clearly shows that active material hole boundaries are much wider than the device Cu puck Al pad removed for clarity

Images courtesy of D. Finegan, UCL

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Single Cell TR – Moli 2.4Ah with ISC Device

Open air test with cell charged to 4.2V and with TCs welded to cell side wall (2) and bottom (1)

Tomography credits: University College of London

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2.4Ah Cell with ISC Device – JR Ejection

video courtesy of D. Finegan, UCL

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3.5Ah Cell #21 with ISC Device Video

Image and video courtesy of D. Finegan, University College of London

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3.5Ah Cell #21 with ISC Device

JR ejected Top edge of crimp shows reflow steel Side wall breach in neck of crimp is clocked with ISC device Smaller breach in can wall is slightly off the ISC device clocking and above it

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  • Used to Study
  • Type of Separators
  • Non-flammable electrolytes
  • Electrolyte Additives
  • Fusible Tabs
  • Propagation Studies
  • Top and bottom vents
  • Gas generation within a cell
  • Much more…
  • Being used to make batteries safer.

Summary and Conclusions

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Acknowledgments

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  • Funding provided through Energy Storage Research and Development

Program at the Vehicle Technologies Office in the U.S. Department of Energy.

  • Dave Howell
  • Brian Cunningham
  • Samuel Gillard
  • Acknowledgements

– NASA Thermal Runaway Severity Reduction Team

  • Chris Iannello, NESC Technical Fellow for Electrical Power, and Deputy, Rob Button
  • Paul Coman, PhD candidate with University of Denmark, and Ralph White, USC
  • Jacob Darst, Kyle Karinshak, and Stephanie Scharf, NASA summer/fall interns
  • Dereck Lenoir, Thomas Viviano, Tony Parish, Henry Bravo/NASA test
  • Gary Bayles, consultant, SAIC
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Contact Information

  • Matt Keyser - NREL
  • matthew.keyser@nrel.gov
  • 303/275-3876
  • Eric Darcy – NASA
  • eric.c.darcy@nasa.gov
  • 713/492-1753

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